Assignment 1

Kainat Sajjad Regno. 2018gu1340

Aima Ayoub Regno.2018gu1327
Narjis Batool Regno.2018gu1326
Aqse - Zahra Regno.2018gu1183
Group Name Ag scholars

Subject: Hort-501
Submitted to sir Mateen Sajid
 Topic: Parthenocarpy and
Seed lessness in fruits
Parthenocarpy and Seed lessness
Parthenocarpy is the formation of fruits without fertilization. These fruits are either non-viable or
seedless.
o Parthenocarpy is also desirable in fruit crops that may be difficult to pollinate or fertilize,
such as tomato and summer squash.
o Parthenocarpy is undesirable in nut crops, such as pistachio.
o In natural populations parthenocarpy is caused by
I. lack of pollination
II. pollination occurs but fertilization does not
III. fertilization is followed by embryo abortioned is the edible part.

Seed lessness in Fruits

• Seed lessness is appreciated by consumers both in fruits for fresh consumption
• E.g., grape, citrus, and banana) as well as in conserved or processed fruits
• E.g., frozen eggplant, tomato sauce.
• Seed lessness can increase the quality of the fruits when seeds are hard or have a bad
taste.
 • Seed lessness is a very desirable trait in edible fruit with hard seeds such as pineapple,
banana, orange and grapefruit.
• Seedless fruits can develop in one of two ways: either the fruit develops without
any fertilization Parthenocarpy
• The PHDEB is Confident that the development of seedless variety and fruits increase the
export.
• Kinnowe is major export item of Pakistan.
• Due to 20-25 seeds per fruit they are not given importance in Europe countries as they
cause problem in juice industry.
• There are around 200 minnow processing unit in Pakistan
• Work on seedless variety is underway at NIAB in collaboration with PAEC.
• Major export market for Pakistani kinnow is Iran, Russia, UAE, Saudi Arabia
and Takistan.
Parthenocarpy: Types
1. Natural Parthenocarpy
Natural parthenocarpy is when seedless fruits are produced without any special treatment.
Seedless fruits are produced from the ovaries in the absence of pollination and
fertilization without any special treatment. Because this is the natural process by which
seedless fruits are produced so that the process is called natural parthenocarpy.
Examples of natural parthenocarpy-
There are so many examples found the nature Such as Grapes, Banana, Pineapple,
Noval orange are very popular examples of natural parthenocarpy.

2.
 3. Induced Parthenocarpy
Induced parthenocarpy is when seedless fruits are produced from the ovary by giving
with special treatment to the flower. In this case, special treatments are given to flower to
produce seedless fruits. The special treatment used to induced parthenocarpy is either
water extract of pollen grains or growth-promoting hormones. As the name suggests
induced (Artificial) + Parthenocarpy (Production of Seedless Fruit). So, an Artificial
Process to produce seedless fruits so this is called induced parthenocarpy.
Examples of induced parthenocarpy- Tomato, Lemon, Apple, Orange, Pear,
BlackBerry.

Types of Parthenocarpy based on Stimulation

Based on the nature of the initiation of Parthenogenesis.
There are two types of Parthenocarpy found in nature.
1. Some plants require pollination or another stimulation for parthenocarpy, termed
Stimulative parthenocarpy.
Example- Seedless Watermelon
2. Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce
parthenocarpic fruit termed vegetative parthenocarpy. Example- Seedless
cucumbers
Parthenocarpy: Hormones
Natural parthenocarpy doesn’t need any special treatment. So, there is no use of
any type of chemical or Hormone in natural parthenocarpy. Treatment is only the
requirement in induced parthenocarpy to produce seedless fruits. These are some
examples of chemical or hormones used in induced parthenocarpy.
1) Water extract of pollen grains- This Extract of pollen grains with water is
very useful for parthenocarpy.
 2) Growth promoting hormones- Growth-Promoting hormones are those
hormones which are helpful in the growth of plants. These hormones
induced the growth of flowers and fruits also.
Names of Growth-Promoting Hormones
1. Indole acetic acid (IAA)
2. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
3. Gibberellic acid (GA)
Process of Parthenocarpy:
There are two processes of Parthenocarpy.
1) Naturally
2) Artificially
Banana, Cucumber, Grapes, Lemon Tomato, and Watermelon are a few examples of
seedless fruits which have been produced by Parthenocarpy process.
Parthenocarpy is a form of asexual reproduction in flowering plants.
Process of Parthenocarpy:
As mentioned earlier, the process of producing or developing fruits without the seed is
carried out both by the natural and artificial process. The causes of Parthenocarpy
naturally include:
• Dioecious
• Male sterility
• Self-incompatibility
• Adverse environmental condition
• The absence of pollinizer and pollinators
Causes:
The causes of Parthenocarpy artificially include:
• Irradiated pollen
• By spraying plant growth hormones – Auxin and Gibberellins to enable the
growth of the fruits.
Advantages of Parthenocarpy
1. Parthenocarpic fruits are healthier as compared to natural fruits. We can get our
desired results with the help of parthenocarpy.
2. Parthenocarpy improves quality of fruits. We can get high-quality fruits with the help
of parthenocarpy which is not possible by nature.
3. Parthenocarpy reduces the complete cost of cultivation of crops.
4. Parthenocarpy can reduce the total time required by a crop.
5. Parthenocarpy improves the yield of the crop. We can get more profit from a crop
with the help of parthenocarpy.
6. Parthenocarpy keeps the insects and pests away because there is no need for
pollination. Insects are required for pollination. So parthenocarpy protects the plant
from being attacked by pesticides.
7. Parthenocarpy is a desirable trait at present in edible fruit such as banana, pineapple,
orange and grapefruit, tomato and summer squash.
8. In dioecious species, parthenocarpy increases fruit production because there is no
need to be planted to provide pollen for staminate trees.
Disadvantages of Parthenocarpy
1. Seedless fruits cannot be used to produce new progeny of any plant. The seed is only
the medium by which any plant can be produced.
2. Parthenocarpy is undesirable in nut crops because the seed is the edible part.
3. Quality and Size of fruits get changed in case of Parthenocarpic fruits as compared to
the normal state.