FE-LAB REPORT

M. Yahya Khan, Roll No. 565

11/16/2024
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LAB #01
Introduction to Computer, H/W, S/W, Input/Output devices, Operating System, Memory,
etc.

Description:

Computer: A computer is an integrated set of data structures and algorithms capable of

storing and executing programs.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The “brains” of your computer. If you have a 1.6 GHz CPU, then your processorcan
handle 1.6 billion instructions in a second.
• The CPU is responsible for all calculations performed within the PC.
• It determines how fast the PC will work and what systems will work on it.
• Additionally, it gets involved in other activities, such as overseeing the transfer ofdata
from the hard disk into RAM.
• Latest CPUs are Core 2 Duo and Core i series (core i-3, core i-5, core i-7)

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Classification of Storage capacity:

1 byte = 8 bits
1 KB = 1024 bytes
1 MB = 1024 KB
1 GB = 1024 MB
1 TB = 1024 GB

Examples of Storage Capacity

• Byte – One character typed in plain text editor e.g Text files
• Kilobyte – 1,024 byes e.g Web pages, Office documents
• Megabytes – 1,024 kilobytes e.g MP3 files, videos, large software, RAM
• Gigabytes – 1,024 megabytes e.g Hard drives, RAM

Hardware: All the devices such as keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, cabinet, circuits,
microprocessor (except CPU), floppy disk drive, hard disk drive and other storage devices are
called the hardware of a computer.

Software: A set of instructions is called a program and a set of programs is called software.
Software used on computers may be of different types: (1) Application Software, (2) System
Software, (3) Utility Software

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Application Software: Software suited for specific applications is called as application

software e.g Payroll, Banking, Life Insurance, Hospital Management, Electricity Billing,
Telephone Billing, Railway/Airlines/Bus reservation, etc.

System Software: Programs that control and direct the operations of the computerhardware
are called as system software e.g. Compilers, Linkers, Loaders, Interpreters, Assemblers,
Operating systems viz. DOS, UNIX, and Windows, etc .

Utility Software: These are the supporting software packages e.g MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-
Access, Oracle, etc.

Input Devices: An input device is a device which accepts data from the outside world, and
translates it into a form which the computer can interpret. Several input devices are available
today. They can be broadly classified into the following categories:
1. Keyboards
2. Point-and-draw devices
3. Data scanning devices

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Output Devices: An output device is a device which accepts data from a computer and
translates it into a form which is suitable for use by the outside world. Several output devices
are available today. They can be broadly classified into the following categories:

1. Monitors
2. Printers
3. Plotters
4. Screen image projector
5. Voice response systems

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Operating System: The software used to operate or run a computer is called an operating
system. This software is responsible for the working of a computer.

The two primary objectives of an operating system are:

1. Making a computer system convenient to use.
2. Managing the resources of a computer system.

Main functions of an operating system:

1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. File Management
4. Security
5. Command Interpretation.

Memory: A computer system has storage area, which is referred to as memory. The memory
can receive, hold and deliver data when instructed to do so. Data that are being processed are
held in primary memory, which is capable of sending and receiving thedata at very high
speed. Secondary memory stores data not currently being used and operates more slowly. For
example, floppy diskettes, magnetic tape, magnetic drums, magnetic disk.

Types of computer Memory:

(I) Primary storage

Primary storage typically consists of three kinds of storage:

• Processor registers
• Cache memory
• Main memory

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The main memory consists of...

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

– Read/write memory
– DOS and application programs are loaded into RAM

• Any data to be processed must be stored in memory rather than on the hard
drive. This makes access much faster since the RAM can be accessed quicker
than the hard drive. When you start a program, the program is loaded from the
hard drive into memory. When a computer does not have enough memory,
information must be swapped from RAM to the hard drive, thus slowing down
performance extensively.
• When application software is running in memory, an icon appears on the task
bar. However, system software does not appear on the task bar.
• You can purchase additional RAM chips to gain more memory for your PC. A
currently acceptable amount of RAM is up to 8 GB.

2. ROM (Read-Only Memory)

– Contains hard coded information that is used by the operating system
– ROM-BIOS
– Video ROM
– Hard disk ROM

• ROM is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices.
Because it cannot (easily) be written to, its main uses lie in the distribution of
firmware.
• Modern semiconductor ROMs typically take the shape of IC packages, i.e.
"computer chips", not immediately distinguishable from other chips like RAMs
but for the text printed on the chips.
• "ROM" in its strictest sense can only be read from, but all ROMs allow data to
be written into them at least once during initial manufacturing or during a step
called "programming".
• Some ROMs can be erased and re-programmed multiple times, although they
are still referred to as "read only" because the reprogramming process involves
relatively infrequent, complete erasure and reprogramming, not the frequent,
bit- or word at a time updating that is possible with random access memory

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(RAM).

Types:
1. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

CPU cache
A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to
access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most
frequently used main memory locations.

1. Secondary and off-line storage

Secondary storage requires the computer to use its input/output channels to access the
information, and is used for long-term storage of persistent information. However most computer
operating systems also use secondary storage devices as virtual memory to artificially increase
the apparent amount of main memory in the computer. Secondary storage is also known as "mass
storage". Secondary or mass storage is typically of much greater capacity than primary storage
(main memory), but it is also much slower.

Floppy disk

A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible
("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell.
Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD.

CD-ROM:

CD-ROM is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer. While the
Compact Disc (CD) format was originally designed for sound recordings the format
was later adapted to hold any form of binary data.

Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs. However several
other formats were further derived from these, including write-once (CD-R),
rewritable media (CD-RW). CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer
software, including games and multimedia applications, though any data can be

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stored. Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being
played on a CD player, whilst data is only usable on a computer. These are called
Enhanced CDs.

Compact disk is an optical storage medium. Data on the CD-ROM is stored in spiral
fashion called tracks. Each track contains pits and lands. CD-ROMS are read in CD-
Drives. A laser is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of
pits and lands. Then the pattern of changing intensity of the reflected beam is
converted into binary data.
Hard disk

A hard disk (commonly known as a hard disk drive or hard drive and formerly
known asa fixed disk) is a non-volatile storage device which stores data on rapidly
rotating platterswith magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to an entire
unit containing multiple platters, a read/write head assembly, driver electronics, and
motor while "hard disk" refers to the storage medium itself.

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
2. What is input device?
1. What is output device?
2. Is keyboard input or output device?
3. What different types of memory you know?
4. What is RAM? How many types of RAM are there?
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5. What is computer?
6. How data is stored on disk?
7. What is pen drive used nowadays?
8. What is the capacity of normal CD?
9. What is floppy?

Microsoft Word
Detailed Explanation:
Microsoft Word is a versatile word processing software that allows you to create, format, and edit text-
based documents.

Key Features and Functions:

1. Document Creation: You can start by creating a new document or opening an existing one.

2. Text Formatting: Microsoft Word provides extensive options for text formatting, including font
styles, sizes, colors, and effects.

Paragraph Formatting: It allows you to control paragraph alignment, line spacing, indentation,
and bulleting/numbering.

3. Page Layout: Customize the page size, margins, and orientation (portrait or landscape).

4. Graphics and Media: Insert images, shapes, charts, and SmartArt graphics. You can format them
to suit your needs.

5. Tables and Lists: Create tables, lists, and other structured content.

6. Headers and Footers: Add consistent header and footer content throughout the document.

7. Styles and Themes: Apply document-wide styles and themes for a consistent look.

8. Spelling and Grammar Check: Word includes a built-in spell checker and grammar checker to
help you maintain accuracy.

9. Reviewing Tools: Collaboration is made easy with features like track changes, adding comments,
and comparing documents.

10. Templates: Pre-designed templates for various document types are available, saving you time
and effort.

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How to Use Microsoft Word (Step-by-Step):

Open Microsoft Word: Launch Microsoft Word from your computer or Office suite.

Create a New Document: Click on "New Blank Document."

You'll be presented with a blank page to start your document.

Enter and Format Text: Click in the document and start typing your text.

To format text, select the text you want to format, and use the formatting options in the "Home" tab on
the Ribbon.

Insert Images and Other Elements: Place the cursor where you want to insert an image or other
elements.

Go to the "Insert" tab on the Ribbon and choose the element you want to insert.

Review and Edit: Use the "Review" tab on the Ribbon to access tools like spell check and track changes.

Save Your Document: Click on "File" > "Save" and choose where you want to save your document. Give it
a name and save it.

Printing and Sharing: To print the document, go to "File" > "Print."

To share the document, you can save it in various formats like PDF or email it directly from Word.

This is just a high-level overview of using Microsoft Word. The program offers a wide range of advanced
features that can be explored for more complex document creation.

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LAB TASKS :-
• CV
• Flyer
Microsoft PowerPoint
Detailed Explanation:
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software that enables users to create dynamic and engaging
slideshows for various purposes.

Key Features and Functions: Slide Creation: Create, organize, and design individual slides within a
presentation.

1. Text and Media: Insert text, images, audio, video, and other multimedia elements into slides.
2. Animations and Transitions: Apply animations and slide transitions for visually engaging
presentations.
3. Design Templates: Choose from a variety of themes and design templates to maintain a
consistent look and feel throughout the presentation.
4. Speaker Notes: Add speaker notes to help you during the presentation.
5. Slide Master: Customize the layout and design of slides for a unified appearance.
6. Charts and Graphs: Create data visualizations using charts and graphs.
7. Collaboration: Share presentations for collaborative editing and presenting online.
8. Slideshow Setup: Configure slide timings, rehearse timings, and set up presenter tools.
9. Export and Sharing: Save presentations in various formats (e.g., PDF, video) and share them
easily.

How to Use Microsoft PowerPoint (Step-by-Step):

Open Microsoft PowerPoint: Launch PowerPoint from your computer or Office suite.

Create a New Presentation:

Click on "New Blank Presentation."

You'll see a default title slide to start your presentation.

Design and Organize Slides: Use the left-hand pane to add, reorder, and organize slides.

Customize the layout and design using the "Design" tab on the Ribbon.

Add Content and Multimedia: Click on a slide to add text and media (images, videos, charts) using the
"Insert" tab.

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Apply Animations and Transitions: Access animations and transitions through the "Animations" tab to
add visual effects.

Speaker Notes: Use the "Notes Page" view to add speaker notes below each slide.

Rehearse and Present: Click "Slide Show" to rehearse your presentation with slide timings.

Present your slideshow to your audience.

Save and Share:

Save your presentation by clicking "File" > "Save" and choose a location.

Share your presentation by sending it via email or saving it in different formats (e.g., PDF).

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LAB TASKS :-
• Programming Languages
• Digital Jewelry
• Artificial Intelligence

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Microsoft Excel
Detailed Explanation:
Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet application that is used for data analysis, calculations, and data
organization.

Key Features and Functions:

1. Spreadsheets: Excel allows users to create worksheets and organize them into workbooks.
2. Data Entry and Manipulation: You can enter data, perform calculations, and manipulate data
using formulas and functions.
3. Formulas and Functions: Excel provides an extensive library of built-in functions for
mathematical, statistical, and financial operations.
4. Charts and Graphs: You can visualize data using various chart types.
5. Data Sorting and Filtering: Organize and analyze data by sorting and filtering it.
6. Conditional Formatting: Apply formatting rules based on data conditions.
7. PivotTables: Create PivotTables to analyze and summarize large datasets.
8. Data Validation: Ensure data accuracy by setting validation rules.
9. What-If Analysis: Perform scenario analysis using data tables and goal seek.
10. Data Import and Export: Import data from external sources and export worksheets to various
file formats.

How to Use Microsoft Excel (Step-by-Step):

Open Microsoft Excel: Launch Excel from your computer or Office suite.

Create a New Worksheet:

Click on "New Blank Workbook."

You'll be presented with a blank spreadsheet to start.

Enter and Manipulate Data: Click in a cell and start entering data.

You can use basic arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /) for calculations.

Formulas and Functions: To perform more complex calculations, use built-in functions. For example, use
SUM to add numbers in a range.

Start a formula by typing an equal sign (=), followed by the function and arguments.

Create Charts: Highlight data you want to visualize, go to the "Insert" tab, and select the chart type.

Sorting and Filtering Data: Use the "Data" tab to sort and filter data according to your needs.

Conditional Formatting: Apply formatting to cells based on conditions, like highlighting cells that contain
specific values.

PivotTables: Use the "PivotTable" feature to summarize and analyze large sets of data.

Data Validation: Ensure data accuracy by setting rules for cell entries (e.g., date formats).

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What-If Analysis: Perform scenario analysis by setting up data tables and using goal seek for specific
outcomes.

Data Import and Export: Import data from external sources via the "Data" tab.

Save your workbook in different formats through the "File" menu.

Microsoft Excel is a powerful tool for data analysis, and there are advanced features such as Power
Query and Power Pivot for even more complex tasks.

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LAB TASKS :-
1. Excel Data:

a) Weather Data

b) Educational Data

c) Laptops Data

2. Take 3 Excel data from Kaggle or any other website

a) 1st Excel Data = 50 rows

b) 2nd Excel Data = 75 rows

c) 3rd Excel Data = 150 rows

3. Apply Formatting, sorting, formulas implementation (SUM, TOTAL,

AVG, MIN, MAX)

4. Make Pivot Table and Charts for visual representation of data.

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