PIOUS LEARNING REVISION ASSIGNMENT

LIFE PROCESSESS

Question 1. Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
Answer:small intestine

Question 2.Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), water, light and chloroplast.

Question 3.State the location and function of gastric glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach. They secrete gastric juices containing mucus,
protein digesting enzymes pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Question 4.Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for digestion of food.
Write the three components of secretion that are released by these glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:Stomach’s muscular wall contains gastric glands. These glands secrete gastric juices which contain
dilute hydrochloric acid, mucus and two protein digesting enzymes rennin and pepsin.

Question 5.Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

Answer: a – Hydrochloric acid (HCl) b – Protein digesting enzyme pepsin c – Mucus

d – HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme pepsin.
e – Pepsin acts in acidic medium which breaks down proteins into peptones.
f – Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding action of HCl.

Question 6.(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :
(i) Enzyme trypsin (ii) Enzyme lipase-
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine. (2020)
Answer: (a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an inactive form called
trypsinogen. Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones and the peptones into peptides and amino
acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and
glycerol.

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like projections called villi. Two
functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid absorption of digested food.
Question 7. Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation involved in the
process. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer: Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:
(i) Food : By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from simple raw materials like CO2 and H2O.
Thus, it sustains life on earth.

(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis is needed by animals and humans for
respiration. It is also required for respiration of microbes. Oxygen also supports combustion of fuels.
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are forms of stored solar energy synthesised millions of
years ago through photosynthesis. Balanced chemical equation involved in the process of photosynthesis is
given as :

Question 8. Differentiate between autotrophs and hetero- trophs and give one example of each.
Answer:Differences between autotrophs and hetero- trophs are as follows:

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

(i) These organisms are able to They cannot produce organic compounds
form organic substances from from inorganic sources and therefore
simple inorganic substances such completely rely on consuming other
as CO2 and H2S and water. organisms for its food requirement.

(ii) They have chlorophyll to trap Chlorophyll is absent, so they cannot

solar energy. trap solar energy.

(iii) They can be chemoautotroph They can be saprophytic, parasitic

and photoautotroph. and holozoic in mode of nutrition.

(iv) Autotrophs are placed at the Heterotrophs are placed above

bottom of the food chain as autotrophs in the food chain as
producers. consumers.

(v) Green plants, some bacteria

Mushrooms, Euglena, cow, goat, etc.,
and some protists like Euglena are
are examples of heterotrophs.
examples of autotrophs.
Question 9.Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved in nutrition
in Amoeba. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer: The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called
phagocytosis.

1. Amoeba ingests food by using its finger-like projections called pseudopodia.

2. The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. The
food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes.
3. Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by diffusion.
4. Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
 5. When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell membrane
ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food. Diagrammatic representation of different
stages in the holozoic nutrition (feeding) of Amoeba is as follows:

Question 10. (a) What is peristaltic movement?

(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do photosynthesis?
Answer: (a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards throughout the
alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO2). Stomata remain closed during
daytime to prevent the loss of water by transpiration. They store the CO2 in their cells until the sun comes
out so that they can carry on with photosynthesis during the daytime.

Question 11. (a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? (2020)
Answer: (a) Human body continuously require energy for their life activities like respiration, circulation,
excretion, etc. Energy is required even we are sleeping because a number of biological processes keep on
occurring. All these processes require energy and this energy is obtained from nutrition. Nutrition is also
needed for growth and repair of human body.

(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and expand alternately. The
contraction and expansion movement of the walls of foodpipe is called peristaltic movement. The peristaltic
movement moves the partially digested food in all the digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.

(c) Herbivores eat plants which is rich in cellulose. Cellulose takes longer time for complete digestion by the
enzymes present in symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they have longer small intestine. Carnivores, feed on flesh
which is easier to digest and do not contain cellulose also. Therefore, they have shorter intestine for
digestion of food eaten by them.

(d) Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus, rennin and pepsin enzymes. Mucus protects the inner lining of
stomach from the action of HCl and enzymes. In the absence of mucus, there would be erosion of inner
lining of stomach leading to acidity and ulcers.

Question 12. (a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
Answer: (a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of complex sugar known as starch.
They are later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when energy is needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical bonds. Their bond energy is released by
oxidation in the cell. This energy is trapped by forming bonds between ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and
inorganic phosphate (Pi) to synthesise ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are later
broken by enzymatic hydrolysis and the energy released is utilised for cellular processes.

Question 13. Anaerobic process

(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy. (2020)
Answer: (a) takes place in yeast during fermentation

Question 14. Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like human.
State reason. (Board Term 1,2017)
Answer: Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so large that oxygen cannot diffuse
into all cells of the body quickly as oxygen will have to travel large distances to reach each and every cell.
So diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen demand of multicellular organisms.

Question 16.
(a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial organisms. Give reasons.
Answer: (a) Functions of alveoli are :
(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and
blood.(b) Aquatic animals like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in the dissolved form through their
gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air.
Therefore, to obtain required oxygen from water, aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than the
terrestrial organisms.
Question 17.Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:Differences between breathing and respiration are as follows:

Breathing Respiration

(i) It is a physical process. It It is a biochemical process. It

involves inhalation of fresh air involves exchange of respiratory
and exhalation of foul air. gases and also oxidation of food.

(ii) It is an extracellular It is both an extracellular as well

process. as intracellular process.

(iii) It does not involve enzyme

It involves a number of enzymes
action rather two types of muscles
required for oxidation of food.
are involved in this process.

(iv) It does not release energy,

It releases energy.
infact it consumes energy.

(v) It is confined to certain It occurs in all the cells of the

organs only. body.
Question 18.Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways. (Board Term I,
2016)
Answer:
Breakdown of glucose by various pathways:

Question 19. Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.
Answer:Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as follows:

Plant respiration Animal respiration

(i) All parts of plants, like roots,

Animal performs respiration as a
stem and leaves, perform respiration
single unit.
individually.

Respiratory gases are usually

(ii) There is little transport of
transported over long distance
respiratory gases from one part to the
inside an animal during
other during respiration.
respiration.

(iii) Respiration occurs at a very

It is a fast process in animals.
slow rate.

Gases are transported by

(iv) There is no special gas transport
specialised blood vascular
system.
system.

(v) Respiratory organ in plants are

Respiratory organ in animals are
generally stomata in leaves, lenticels
generally lungs and gills.
in stem and general surface of roots.
Question 21. (a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases.
Answer: (a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of carnivores because their diet is mostly
grass and plants, that contains more fibres and cellulose which are hard to digest.

(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A primary bronchus divides into
secondary bronchus, which in turn forms tertiary bronchus. Tertiary bronchus divides repeatedly into
bronchioles which finally terminate into alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which are
extremely thin- walled and possess a network of capillaries, for the exchange of gases. Due to vast surface
area of alveoli, exchange of gases becomes a fast and effective process. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into
pulmonary blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out from capillaries into alveoli.

Question 22.. Name the respiratory pigment present in human beings. State the function of rings of
cartilage present in our throat. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer: Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C in shape, stacked one on top of the other. These cartilaginous rings prevent the
trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.

Question 23. (a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label: Trachea, Bronchi and Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:

(a) (b) (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the breathing
cycle, when air is inhaled and exhaled, there must be sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the
carbon dioxide to be released. It is also important as it prevents the lungs from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in filtration of inhaled air. It traps harmful substances and
germs present in air.

Question 25. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from lungs. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart.

Question 26.
Define translocation in reference to plants. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer: The transport of food prepared in the leaves, by the process of photosynthesis, to various parts
(roots, stem, branches, etc.) of the plant is called translocation.

Question 27. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii) veins and (iii) capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to various parts of the body. The walls of
arteries are thick, elastic and muscular that enables them to dilate but not rupture when the heart
contracts and forces blood into them.

(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the body back to the heart. They are larger
and hold more blood than the arteries. The lumen of veins are provided with valves to prevent the backflow
of blood.
(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels which occur at the terminals of artery
and vein. The wall of capillaries are permeable to water and dissolved substances so that the exchange of
materials between the blood and body cells can take place.

Question 28.
(a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water enter continuously into the root
xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. (AI 2019)
Answer:
(a) Xylem tracheids and vessels are two water conducting tissues present in plants that help in rapid
movement of water. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected
to form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant.

Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by root hairs from the soil by the process of osmosis
and take in minerals by the process of diffusion. Thus, a difference in concentration of ions is created
between the roots and the soil which enables the water to enter into roots to compensate the difference in
concentration. The water, alongwith dissolved minerals from root hairs, passes into xylem vessels through
cells of the cortex, endodermis and pericycle and then ascent of sap (i.e., upward movement of water and
mineral salts from roots to the aerial parts of the plant against the gravitational force) takes place from
xylem of the roots to the xylem of stem and leaves through vessels and tracheids. Evaporation of water
molecules from the cells of leaves creates a suction pressure which pulls the water from xylem cells.

(b) Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another in search of their food.
Movements in a plant are usually at the cellular level and hence they required less amount of energy.
Whereas animals are heterotrophic and locomote in search of food and other activities, hence require higher
amount of energy than of plants.

Question 29.
Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is achieved by utilising energy. (Board
Term I, 2017)
Answer: The phloem cells transport the soluble food materials to all parts of plant. The transport of food
from leaves to different parts of plant is termed as translocation. Components of phloem are sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. The food is manufactured in the mesophyll cells
(or photosynthetic cells) of a leaf. The manufactured food enters into sieve tubes of the phloem and is
transported as a dilute aqueous solution either in upward or downward direction. Food is transported to all
non-green parts of the plant for their growth and metabolic activities. Besides food molecules, phloem also
transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.

In this process, glucose is transferred to phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic
pressure of the tissue causing the water to move into it (endosmosis). Soluble material is then transferred
from phloem tissue to other tissues which have less pressure than in the phloem. Thus, according to plants
requirement, the material is translocated from higher osmotic pressure areas to lower osmotic pressure
areas.

Question 30. What do the following transport?

(i) Xylem (ii) Phloem (iii) Pulmonary vein (iv) Vena cava (v) Pulmonary artery (vi) Aorta
Answer:(i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to
all aerial parts of plants which occurs against gravitational force with the help of ascent of sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through photosynthesis, to various parts of plant.
This process is called translocation. Phloem also transports amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot
tips and root tips and other metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings oxygenated blood from lungs to the left
atrium of heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins of body except pulmonary vein and pass
it to the right atrium of heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right atrium of heart to lungs for oxygenation.
(vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to systemic arteries which further take the blood
to various body parts and organs.

Question 31. Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants. (Board Term I,
2014)
Answer:
Significance of transpiration in plants:
(i) The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through xylem vessels which is greatly influenced
by transpiration pull.
(ii) The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals with it. Transpiration also helps in
distributing these minerals throughout the plant.
(iii) The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling effect to the leaves.

Question 33. Give reasons:

(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not. (2020)
Answer: (a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with high pressure, they have thicker
walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as plants are less active, so their cells do
not need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(c) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. The flow of blood in a fish is single
circulation because the blood passes through the heart only once in one complete cycle of body. The
terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have double circulation as the blood travels heart twice in one
complete cycle of blood and they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
(d) It is because during daytime rate of transpiration is higher.
(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one direction. Thus
prevent back flow of blood.

Question 35. (a) Mention any two components of blood.

(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and veins. (2018)
Answer:
(a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
(b) Deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in the lungs, from there it moves to heart and pumped to
different parts of the body. Its path can be traced out as
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart → Aorta → Arteries → Body parts
(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back flow of blood between ventricles and atria. They open and
allow the right amount of blood to flow from one chamber to the other.
(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:
Veins:
Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls. They have valves to prevent back flow of blood.

Arteries:
Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls with no valves.

Question 36.
Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer: Diagram of human excretory system is as follows:

Question 38.Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram.
Answer:Structure of nephron is as follows:

The function of nephron is filtration of blood and elimination of waste material from it. Blood is filtered
from the blood capillaries into Bowmans capsule and pour the filtrate into the renal tubule. In this part,
large amount of water and useful substances like glucose, amino acid, minerals ions, etc., are reabsorbed.
Nitrogenous waste along with little amount of water is sent to the urinary bladder, which later expels the
urine to the outside through urethra.

Question 39.
(a) Name four types of metabolic wastes produced by humans.
(b) Name any two human excretory organs other than kidney. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Four types of metabolic wastes produced by human are urea, carbon dioxide, water and salts.

(b) Two human excretory organs other than kidneys are:

(i) Lungs : They help to eliminate carbon dioxide.
(ii) Liver : It is an excretory organ as it converts harmful amino acids to harmless urea and haemoglobin of
worn out RBCs to bilirubin and biliverdin that can be excreted out of the body.

Question 43. (a) Draw a well-labelled diagram of structural and functional unit of kidney.
(b) Explain the mechanism of the urine formation. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Structural and functional unit of kidney is nephron. Its structure is as follows:

(b) Main function of nephron is to form urine. The three main processes involved in the urine formation are:
(i) Ultrafiltration: It is the filtration of body fluids and solutes from the blood, out of the glomerular
capillaries into the Bowmans capsule due to the pressure of the glomerulus. All substances from the blood
are filtered out except the large protein molecules and blood corpuscles. This fluid in the glomerular capsule
is called glomerular filtrate. It consists of water, urea, salts, glucose and other plasma solutes.

(ii) Selective reabsorption : Glomerular filtrate contains a lot of useful materials like water, glucose and salts
such as sodium. These substances are reabsorbed by blood capillaries surrounding the nephron from the
renal tubule at various levels and to various extents.

(iii) Tubular secretion : This occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the collecting duct of the nephron. It is a
process performed by the cells of the cuboidal epithelium lining the tubules which excrete additional wastes
from the blood stream into the filtrate by active transport. In this process substances like potassium,
hydrogen, creatinine and certain drugs like phenol, penicillin, etc., are directly excreted by the tubular cells
from the blood. The fluid which now flows through collecting tubule is urine which consists of water, urea,
uric acid, mineral ions like sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphates, etc.