UNIT 5

NETWORK APPLICATIONS
HTTP
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is application-level protocol
for collaborative, distributed, hypermedia information systems.
• It is the data communication protocol used to establish
communication between client and server.
Features of HTTP
• It is the protocol that allows web servers and browsers to exchange data
over the web.
• HTTP is media independent: It specifies that any type of media content
can be sent by HTTP as long as both the server and the client can handle
the data content.
• HTTP is connectionless: It is a connectionless approach in which HTTP
client i.e., a browser initiates the HTTP request and after the request is sent
the client disconnects from server and waits for the response.
• HTTP is stateless: The client and server are aware of each other during a
current request only. Afterwards, both of them forget each other. Due to
the stateless nature of protocol, neither the client nor the server can retain
the information about different request across the web pages.
SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• SMTP is an application layer protocol.

• The client who wants to send the mail opens a TCP connection to the
SMTP server and then sends the mail across the connection.
• The SMTP server is an always-on listening mode. As soon as it listens
for a TCP connection from any client, the SMTP process initiates a
connection through port.
• After successfully establishing a TCP connection the client process
sends the mail instantly.
Components of SMTP
• Mail User Agent (MUA): It is a computer application that helps you in
sending and retrieving mail. It is responsible for creating email
messages for transfer to the mail transfer agent(MTA).
• Mail Submission Agent (MSA): It is a computer program that receives
mail from a Mail User Agent(MUA) and interacts with the Mail
Transfer Agent(MTA) for the transfer of the mail.
• Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) It is software that has the work to transfer
mail from one system to another with the help of SMTP.
• Mail Delivery Agent (MDA): A mail Delivery agent or Local Delivery
Agent is basically a system : that helps in the delivery of mail to the
local system.
FTP
• FTP stands for File transfer protocol.
• FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for
transmitting the files from one host to another.
• It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator
to the computer that acts as a server for other computers on the
internet.
• It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other
servers.
Objectives of FTP

• It provides the sharing of files.

• It is used to encourage the use of remote computers.
• It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.
Electronic Mail
• Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a method of exchanging
messages over the internet.
• An email address: This is a unique identifier for each user, typically in
the format of [email protected].
• An email client: This is a software program used to send, receive and
manage emails, such as Gmail, Outlook, or Apple Mail.
Electronic Mail
• An email server: This is a computer system responsible for storing and
forwarding emails to their intended recipients.
• Electronic Mail (e-mail) is one of most widely used services of
Internet. This service allows an Internet user to send a message in
formatted manner (mail) to the other Internet user in any part of
world. Message in mail not only contain text, but it also contains
images, audio and videos data.
Components of an Email:
• Sender: The sender creates an email in which he records the
information that needs to be transferred to the receiver.
• Receiver: The receiver gets the information sent by the sender via
email.
• Email address: An email address is just like a house address where
the communication arrives for the sender and receiver and they
communicate with each other.
Components of an Email:
• Mailer: The mailer program contains allows the ability to read, write,
manage and delete the emails like Gmail, Outlook, etc.
• Mail Server: The mail server is responsible for sending, receiving,
managing, and recording all the data proceeded by their respective
mail programs and then processing them to their respective users.
• SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. SMTP basically
uses the internet network connection to send and receive email
messages over the Internet.
WORKING OF EMAIL
• When the sender sends the email using the mail program, then it gets
redirected to the simple mail transfer protocol which checks whether
the receiver’s email address is of another domain name or it belongs
to the same domain name as that of the sender (Gmail, Outlook,
etc.). Then the email gets stored on the server for later purposes
transfer using POP or IMAP protocols.
WORKING OF EMAIL
• If the receiver has another domain name address then, the SMTP
protocol communicates with the DNS (domain name server) of the
other address that the receiver uses. Then the SMTP of the sender
communicates with the SMTP of the receiver which then carries out
the communication and the email gets delivered in this way to the
SMTP of the receiver.
WORKING OF EMAIL
• If due to certain network traffic issues, both the SMTP of the sender
and the receiver are not able to communicate with each other, the
email to be transferred is put in a queue of the SMTP of the receiver
and then it finally gets receiver after the issue resolves. And if due to
very bad circumstances, the message remains in a queue for a long
time, then the message is returned back to the sender as undelivered.
WORKING OF EMAIL
WORKING OF EMAIL
• From Sender to Receiver:
• The sender first needs the email address of the receiver to send the
information to be communicated via email. When the sender writes
all the information in the email along with the email address of the
receiver and clicks on the send button, the mail program transfers the
message to the MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) which is transferred from
the local computer of the sender to the mail server via the SMTP
protocol.
WORKING OF EMAIL
• Then the webmail server looks out for the similar mail transfer agent
of the receiver and locates it whether it is using the same DNS
(domain name server) or a different service. The DNS looks for the
mail exchanger service of the receiver. Now, the SMTP protocol
transfers the message between both mail servers through their
mailing agents. Then the receiver’s MTA finally transfers this message
to the receiver’s local computer.
DNS
• DNS stands for Domain Name System.
• It is a naming system that is used to identify devices across the internet.
• It is an application layer protocol and is used to map the domain names to
the IP addresses.
Why it is needed?
• It is very difficult to remember IP addresses for every website that we
check out. For example, if we want to do online shopping, we search for
some online shopping websites' names. It will be really difficult for us to
visit a website if we have to remember IP addresses for every website
instead of their name.
DNS
TELNET – Terminal Network
• It is a client/server application software that may be used for a variety of
purposes.
• Telnet, developed in 1969, is a protocol that provides a command line
interface for communication with a remote device or server, sometimes
employed for remote management but also for initial device setup like
network hardware.
• This software allows the connection to the distant system to be established
in such a way that the local system begins to appear as a terminal at the
remote system.
• It is a TCP/IP standard that is used for virtual terminal service.
• TELNET allows the user to connect to a distant computer. After signing in,
the user can utilise the remote computer’s services and then transmit the
results back to the local computer.