WATER POLUTION 2

EXAMPLE 1
The BOD5 of waste water is 150 mg/l at 200C and the coefficient of deoxygenation k = 0.23 d-
1
. What would BOD5 and BOD8 be if the test was conducted at 150C?

SOLUTION
a) First find the ultimate L0 from the BOD rate equation

BODt = L0 (1 - e –kt )

Taking t = 5 days, k = 0.23 d-1 and substitute above gives

BOD5 = L0 (1 - e –0.23(5) )
150 = L0 (1 – 0.3166) = 0.6833 L0

L0 = 150/0.6833 = 219.5 mg/l

b) Next find k at 150C using

kd,T = kd,20 (1.047)T-20

!
kd,15 = 0.23 (1.047)15-20 = 0.23 %!.#$%! & =0.23(0.794) = 0.183 d-1

c) Now find BOD5 from BODt = L0 (1 - e –kt )

k = 0.183, t = 5 days, L0 = 219.5 mg/l. Substituting gives

BOD5 = 219.5(1 - e –0.183(5) )

BOD5 = 219.5(1 – 0.401) = 219.5 (0.599) = 131.5 mg/l

For t = 8 days we have

BOD8 = 219.5(1 - e –0.183(8) ) =219.5 (1-0.231) = 168.7 mg/l

EXAMPLE 2
The 5-day 300C BOD of a sewage is 110 mg/l. Calculate its 5-day 200C BOD.
Assume the deoxygenation constant KD at 200C is 0.1 d-1. Use the rate equation
in base 10.

SOLUTION
 BOD rate equation in base 10:
BODt = L0 (1 – 10–Kt)

Also kd,T = kd,20 (1.047)T-20

kd,20 = 2.303 (Kd,20) = 2.303 ( 0.1) = 0.2303

At 300C
kd,30 = kd,20 (1.047)T-20 = 0.2303 (1.047)30-20 = .2303(1.583) = 0.365 d-1

kd,30 = 2.303 (Kd,30)

%
!,#$ 0.365
𝐾!,#$ = &.#$# = 2.303 = 0.158

Next find L0 given BOD5,30 and KD,30

BOD5,30 = L0 (1 – 10–K t)

K = KD,30 = 0.158, BOD5,30 = 110 mg/l

()*%,#$ 110 110

𝐿$ = &'(,#$ ×% = (,-,$&$.+%,×% ) = (,-$.,/&) = 131.26 mg/l
(,-,$ )

Next find BOD5 at 200C as

BOD5,20 = L0 (1 – 10–Kt) = 131.26(1- 10–0.1(5)) = 131.26(1-0.316) = 89.8 mg/l

EXAMPLE 3
The BOD5 of a waste has been measured as 600 mg/l. If k = 0.23 d-1 (base e)
what is the ultimate BOD of the waste. What proportion of the ultimate BOD
will remain unoxidized after 20 days?

SOLUTION
The BOD rate equation to base e is

BODt = L0 (1 - e –kt )

k = kD,20 = 0.23 d-1, t =5 days

()*%,-$ 600 600

𝐿$ = &.(,-$ ×% = (,-0 &$.-#×% ) = (,-$.#,//) = 878 mg/l
(,-0 )
BOD after 20 days is
BOD20 = L0 (1 - e –0.23(20) ) = 878 (1 – 0.01 ) =869.17 mg/l

BOD left after 20 days = 878 -869.17 = 8.826 mg/l

BOD left after 20 days/Ultimate BOD = 8.826/878 = 0.01 = 1%

EXAMPLE 4
The 3 days 150C BOD of a sample of sewage is 150 mg/l. Draw a graph of
5-day BOD as a function of temperature in the range of 100C to 300C in
steps of 50C. Assume. k = 0.23 d-1 at 200C (base e).

SOLUTION
a) First find L0 given BOD3 at 15 C
0

𝐵𝑂𝐷#,,1
𝐿$ =
(1 − 𝑒 -%(,+% ×# )
!
kd,15 = kd,20 (1.047)T-20 = 0.23(1.047)15-20 = 0.23(!.#$%! ) = 0.183

,1$ ,1$ ,1$

𝐿$ = == == = 355.33 mg/l
(,-0 &.+,#×# ) (,-$.134) ($.5&&)

The calculation is best done in a table as shown below using excel

Temp k20 K15 BODT

5 0.23 0.034 29.768
10 0.23 0.065 89.825
15 0.23 0.122 158.135
20 0.23 0.23 186.397
25 0.23 0.433 188.286
30 0.23 0.816 188.29
 160

140

120

100
BOD5 in mg/l

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Temperature 0C

EXAMPLE FIVE
A stream having a flow of 0.8 m3/s and a BOD5 of 4 mg/l is saturated with DO.
It receives an effluent discharge of 0.20 m3/s with a BOD5 of 18 mg/l and DO of
4 mg/l from a soap factory. If the average velocity of flow is 0.15 m/s, calculate
(a) the DO deficit at point 25 km and 50 km downstream, b) what is the DO at
25 km and 50 km, (c) at what distance will the critical DO occur? Assume same
temperature through out of 20 0C and DOsat = 9.10 mg/l. assume also that KD
and Kr are 0.12 d-1 and 0.30 d-1.

SOLUTION
1. Find BOD5 of the mixture

𝑄9 𝐵𝑂𝐷1,9 + 𝑄: 𝐵𝑂𝐷1,:
𝐵𝑂𝐷1,678 =
𝑄9 + 𝑄:
From data given we have
Qw = 0.2 m3/s; BOD5,w = 18 mg/l; Qr = 0.8 m3/s; BOD5,r = 4 mg/l

Substituting gives

(0.20 × 18) + (0.8 × 4) 3.6 + 3.2 6.8

𝐵𝑂𝐷1,678 = = = = 6.8 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
(0.20 + 0.8) 1.0 1.0

2. Find ultimate BOD of mix using

BODt = L0 (1 - e –kt )
Rewrite as
 BOD5,mix = L0 (1 - 10 –kt )

𝐵𝑂𝐷1,678
𝐿$ =
(1 − 10-;(,-$ ×1 )

Given 𝐾*,&$ = 0.12, then

6.8 6.8 6.8

𝐿$ = = = = 9.08 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
(1 − 10-$.,&×1 ) 1 − 0.251 . 749

3. Find DO of mixture using

𝑄9 𝐷𝑂9 + 𝑄: 𝐷𝑂:
𝐷𝑂678 =
𝑄9 + 𝑄:

From data given we have

Qw = 0.2 m3/s; DOw = 4 mg/l; Qr = 0.8 m3/s; DOr = DOsat = 9.12 mg/l

Substituting gives

($.&×5)<($.4×=.,$) $.4<3.&4
𝐷𝑂678 = $.&<$.4
= ,
= 8.08 mg/l

4. Find initial DO deficit

𝐷> = 𝐷𝑂? − 𝐷𝑂678 = 9.10 – 8.08 = 1.02 mg/l

5. DO deficit at point 25 km away is found using Streeter – Phelps

equation in base 10 written as

𝐾! 𝐿>
𝐷= (10-;! @ − 10-;/ @ ) + 𝐷$ 10-;/ @
𝐾: − 𝐾!

Now velocity = distance/time.

The average velocity of flow = 0.15 m/s (given)
Then time = distance/velocity
 𝑑 25 𝑘𝑚 25000 𝑚 166,667 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡= = = = 166,667 sec = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
. 𝑣 0.15 𝑚/𝑠 0.15 𝑚/𝑠 (24 × 60 × 60) 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 1.93 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ≈ 2 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

Given KD = 0.12 d-1 , Kr = 0.30 d-1. Also D0 = 1.02 mg/l, t = 2 d, L0 = 9.1 mg/l, then

0.12 × 9.1
𝐷= (10-$.,&×& − 10-$.#×& ) + 1.02 × 10-$.#×&
0.3 − 0.12

1.092
𝐷= (0.575 − 0.251) + 1.02 × 0.251
0.18

𝐷 = 6.0667(0.324) + 0.256 = 2.22 mg/l

6. DO deficit at point 50 km away

𝑑 50 𝑘𝑚 50000 𝑚 2 × 166,667 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑡= = = = 2 × 166,667 sec = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
. 𝑣 0.15 𝑚/𝑠 0.15 𝑚/𝑠 (24 × 60 × 60) 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 3.86 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ≈ 4 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

0.12 × 9.1
𝐷= (10-$.,&×5 − 10-$.#×5 ) + 1.02 × 10-$.#×5
0.3 − 0.12

1.092
𝐷= (0.331 − 0.063) + 1.02 × 0.063
0.18

𝐷 = 6.0667(0.268) + 0.064 = 1.69 mg/l

7. The DO at 25 km and 50 km are calculated as DO after 2 days and 4 days

a. DO = DOsat – Deficit = DOsat – D = 9.10 – 2.22 = 6.88 mg/l (after 2
days)
b. DO = DOsat – Deficit = DOsat – D = 9.10 – 1.69 = 7.41 mg/l (after 4
days)
c.

8. The critical DO will occur at the critical time

 1 𝑘: 𝑘: − 𝑘!
𝑡A = ln M N1 − 𝐷B OP
𝑘: − 𝑘! 𝑘! 𝑘! 𝐿B

1 𝐾: 𝐾: − 𝐾!
𝑡A = 𝑙𝑜𝑔,$ M N1 − 𝐷$ OP
𝐾: − 𝐾! 𝐾! 𝐾! 𝐿$

We have earlier that

KD = 0.12 d-1 , Kr = 0.30 d-1. D0 = 1.02 mg/l, L0 = 9.1 mg/l, then substituting

1 0.3 0.3 − 0.12

𝑡A = 𝑙𝑜𝑔,$ M N1 − 1.02 × OP
0.3 − 0.12 0.12 0.12 × 9.1

1 0.18
𝑡A = 𝑙𝑜𝑔,$ M2.5 N1 − 1.02 × OP
0.18 1.092

1
𝑡A = 𝑙𝑜𝑔,$ [2.0796] = 1.767 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
0.18

𝑥A
𝑡A = = 1.767 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
v

𝑥A = 𝑡A × 𝑣 = 1.767 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 × 0.15 𝑚/𝑠

𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑥A = 1.767 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 × (24 × 60 × 60) × 0.15 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑥A = 22,900 𝑚 = 22.9 𝑘𝑚
 EXERCISE
1. What is the deoxygenation rate constant at a temperature of 35 0C .
Assume k = 0.1 d-1 at 20 0C. Ans: 0.2 d-1
2. Using base 10 BOD equation, determine the ultimate BOD for a sewage
having 5-day BOD of 200 mg/l at 20 0C. Ans: 292.5 mg/l
3. Calculate the 2-day BOD for sewage whose temperature is 370C. The 5-
day 200C BOD of the sewage is 100 mg/l. Assume the deoxygenation
constant KD at 200C is 0.1 d-1. Use BOD equation in base e. Ans =89.9
mg/l
4. The BOD of a sewage incubated for 1 day at 300C has been found to be
110 mg/l. What will be the 5-day 200C BOD. Assume the deoxygenation
constant KD at 200C is 0.1 d-1. Use BOD equation in base 10. Ans = 247.4
mg/l
5. A stream having a flow of 6 m3/s, BOD5 OF 2 mg/l and saturated with
oxygen (DOsat = 9.10 mg/l) receives a waste water discharge from aneaby
factory of 2.5 m3/s with BOD5 of 25 mg/l and DO of 5 mg/l. The average
velocity of flow is 0.45 m/s. Assume KD = 0.2 d-1 and Kr = 0.4 d-1 both at
200C. Find
a. the ultimate BOD of the mixture
b. the initial DO deficit
c. the DO deficit at a point 30 km away
Ans: a) 9.73 mg/l b) 1.21 mg/l c) 2.64 mg/l
6. Using the following data for a river and waste water find the DO at end
of 2 days. Assume KD = 0.12 d-1 and Kr = 0.42 d-1 both at 200C.

Parameter Unit River Waste water

Flow m3/s 19 1
DO mg/l 9 0
BOD5 mg/l 3 200

Ans: 5.92 mg/l