Systems of Linear Equations & Matrices(Problem Set 2 – 1)

CHAPTER-2

Systems Linear Equations & Matrices

Problem Set 2 – 1
Text: G. D. Prichett & J. C. Saber
Solutions: Muhammad Shamim
Solve the following systems of equations:
1. x + y = 5
2x + y = 7
Solution: Given x + y = 5……………..(1)
2x + y = 7……………..(2)
(2) – (1)  (2x + y) – (x + y) = 7 – 5
 x=2
(1)  x + y = 5
 2+y=5
 y=3
(x, y) = (2, 3) [Ans.]

2. 2x + 3y = 10
3x + y = 1
Solution: Given 3x + y = 1
 y = 1 – 3x ……………..(1)
 2x + 3y = 10
 2x + 3(1 – 3x) = 10
 2x + 3 – 9x = 10
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 7x = – 7
 x=–1
(1)  y = 1 – 3x = 1 – 3(– 1) = 1 + 3 = 4
(x, y) = (– 1, 4) [Ans.]

3. 5x – 2y = 3
2x + y = 3
Solution: Given 2x + y = 3
 y = 3 – 2x ……………..(1)
 5x – 2y = 3
 5x – 2(3 – 2x) = 3
 5x – 6 + 4x = 3
 9x = 9
 x=1
(1)  y = 3 – 2x = 3 – 2(1) = 3 – 2 = 1
(x, y) = (1, 1) [Ans.]

4. 2x + 3y = 9
4x – 2y = 2
Solution: Given 2x + 3y = 9 ……………..(1)
 4x – 2y = 2 ……………..(2)

(1)  2 – (2)  2(2x + 3y) = 2(9)

 4x + 6y = 18 ……………..(3)
(3) – (2)  (4x + 6y) – (4x – 2y) = 18 – 2
 8y = 16
 y=2

 2x + 3y = 9
 2x + 3(2) = 9
 2x = 3
 x = 3/2

(x, y) = (3/2, 2) [Ans.]

5 4x + 3y = 4
2x + 6y = 5
Solution: Here 2x + 6y = 5
2x = 5 – 6y………………(1)
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 Systems of Linear Equations & Matrices(Problem Set 2 – 1)
 4x + 3y = 4
 2(2x) + 3y = 4
 2(5 – 6y) + 3y = 4
 10 – 12y + 3y = 4
 – 9y = – 6
 y = 2/3
 2x = 5 – 6y
 2x = 5 – 6(2/3)
 2x = 5 – 6(2/3)
 2x = 1
 x = 1/2
 (x, y) = (1/2, 2/3) [Ans.]

6 3x + 5y = 9
4x + 2y = 5
Solution: Here 3x + 5y = 9
3x = 9 – 5y………………(1)
 4x + 2y = 5
 x + 3x + 2y = 5
 x + 9 – 5y + 2y = 5
 x = 3y – 4 ………………(1)
 3x = 9 – 5y
 3(3y – 4) = 9 – 5y
 9y – 12 = 9 – 5y
 14y = 21
 y = 21/14
 y = 3/2
 x = 3y – 4 = 3(3/2) – 4 = 1/2
 (x, y) = (1/2, 3/2) [Ans.]

7 2x + 3y = 10
3x + y = 1
– 5x + y = 9
Solution: Here 3x + y = 1
y = 1 – 3x………………(1)
 2x + 3y = 10
 2x + 3(1 – 3x) = 10
 2x + 3 – 9x = 10
 – 7x = 7
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x=–1
 y = 1 – 3x = 1 – 3(–1) = 1 + 3 = 4
 (x, y) = (– 1, 4) [Ans.]
Verification: To verify, we put the values of (x, y) in the third equation as
follows:
– 5x + y = 9
 – 5(– 1) + 4 = 9
 5+4=9
 9 = 9 [Verified]
8 5x – 2y = 3
2x + y = 3
– 4x + y = – 3
Solution: Here 2x + y = 3
y = 3 – 2x………………(1)
 5x – 2y = 3
 5x – 2(3 – 2x) = 3
 5x – 6 + 4x = 3
 9x = 9
 x=1
 y = 3 – 2x = 3 – 2(1) = 3 – 2 = 1
 (x, y) = (1, 1) [Ans.]
9 4x + 3y = 4
2x + 6y = 5
– 6x + 6y = 1
Solution: Given 4x + 3y = 4………………(1)
2x + 6y = 5………………(2)
– 6x + 6y = 1………………(3)
 (2) – (1)  8x = 4
 x = 4/8
 x = 1/2
 (2)  2x + 6y = 5
 2(1/2) + 6y = 5
 1 + 6y = 5
 6y = 4
 y = 4/6
 y = 2/3
 (x, y) = (1/2, 2/3) [Ans.]

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 Systems of Linear Equations & Matrices(Problem Set 2 – 1)
10 3x + 5y = 9
4x + 2y = 5
– 4x + 2y = 1
Solution: Given 3x + 5y = 9………………(1)
4x + 2y = 5………………(2)
– 4x + 2y = 1………………(3)

 (2) + (3)  4y = 6
 y = 6/4
 y = 3/2
 (2)  4x + 2y = 5
 4x + 2(3/2) = 5
 4x + 3 = 5
 4x = 2
 x = 2/4
 x = 1/2
 (x, y) = (1/2, 3/2) [Ans.]
11 2x + y + 2z = 5
x+y–z=0
3x – 2y + z = 1
Solution: Given 2x + y + 2z = 5………………(1)
x + y – z = 0 ………………(2)
3x – 2y + z = 1………………(3)
 (2) + (3)  4x – y = 1
 y = 4x – 1
 (1) + 2(2)  4x + 3y = 5
 4x + 3(4x – 1) = 5
 4x + 12x – 3 = 5
 16x = 8
 x = 1/2
 y = 4x – 1 = 4(1/2) – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1

x+y–z=0
 1/2 + 1 – z = 0
 3/2 – z = 0
 z = 3/2
 (x, y, z) = (1/2, 1, 3/2) [Ans.]

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12 x – 2y + z = 7
x–y+z=4
2x + y – 3z = – 4
Solution: Given x – 2y + z = 7………………(1)
x – y + z = 4………………..(2)
2x + y – 3z = – 4…………….(3)
 (1) – (2)  – y = 3
 y=–3
 (2)  x – y + z = 4
 x – (– 3) + z = 4
x+z=1
x=1–z
 (2)  2x + y – 3z = – 4
 2(1 – z) – 3 – 3z = – 4
 2 – 2z – 3 – 3z = – 4
 – 5z = – 3
 z = 3/5
 x = 1 – z = 1 – 3/5 = 2/5
 (x, y, z) = (2/5, – 3, 3/5) [Ans.]
13 2x + z = 5
x+y=3
–y+z=1
Solution: Given 2x + z = 5………………(1)
x + y = 3………………(2)
– y + z = 1………………(3)
 (2) + (3)  x + z = 4
 x=4–z
 (1)  2x + z = 5
 2(4 – z) + z = 5
 8 – 2z + z = 5
z=3
x=4–z=4–3=1

 (2)  x + y = 3
1+y=3
 y=2
 (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3) [Ans.]

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 Systems of Linear Equations & Matrices(Problem Set 2 – 1)
14 2x – 5y + z = 7
– 3x + y – 2z = – 7
x + 2y + 3z = 14
Solution: Given 2x – 5y + z = 7…………………(1)
– 3x + y – 2z = – 7 ………………(2)
x + 2y + 3z = 14………………(3)
 (2) + 3(3)  7y + 7z = 35
 y+z=5
 y=5–z
 (1) – 2(3)  – 9y – 5z = – 21
 – 9(5 – z) – 5z = – 21
 – 45 + 9z – 5z = – 21
 4z = 24
 z=6
y=5–z=5–6=–1
 (1)  2x – 5y + z = 7
 2x – 5(– 1) + 6 = 7
 2x = – 4
 x=–2
 (x, y, z) = (– 2, – 1, 6) [Ans.]

15 2x – 3y = 5
6x – 9y = 8
Solution: Given 2x – 3y = 5………………(1)
6x – 9y = 8………………(2)
 (2) – 3(1)  6x – 9y – 3(2x – 3y) = 8 – 3(5)
 6x – 9y – 6x + 9y = 8 – 15
 0 = – 7, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.
16 3x – 6y = 8
– 5x + 10y = 12
Solution: Given 3x – 6y = 8…………………(1)
– 5x + 10y = 12………………(2)
 5(1) + 3(2)  5(3x – 6y) + 3(– 5x + 10y) = 5(8) + 3(12)
 15x – 30y – 15x + 30y = 40 + 36
 0 = 76, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.
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17 2x + 3y = – 15
– (8/3)x – 4y = 25
Solution: Given 2x + 3y = – 15 …………………(1)
– (8/3)x – 4y = 25………………..(2)
 4(1) + 3(2)  4(2x + 3y) + 3(– 8/3x – 4y) = 4(– 15) + 3(25)
 8x + 12y – 8x – 12y = – 60 + 75
 0 = 15, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.
18 7x + 2y = 9
17.5x + 5y = 14
Solution: 7x + 2y = 9
 2y = 9 – 7x
 y = (9 – 7x)/2

 17.5x + 5y = 14
 17.5x + 5[(9 – 7x)/2] = 14
 17.5x + (45 – 35x)/2 = 14
 (35x + 45 – 35x)/2 = 14
 45 = 28, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.

19 3x + 12y = – 9
– 2x – 8y = 6
Solution: – 2x – 8y = 6
 x + 4y = – 3
 x = – 3 – 4y

 3x + 12y = – 9
 3(– 3 – 4y) + 12y = – 9
 – 9 – 12y + 12y = – 9
 – 9 = – 9, which is true.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y will be
determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
3x + 12y = – 9
 12y = – 3x – 9
 y = 3(– x – 3)/12
 y = (– x – 3)/4
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 y = (–¼)x – 3/4 [Ans.]

20 5x + 3y = 15
2x + 1.2y = 6
Solution: 5x + 3y = 15
 3y = 15 – 5x
 y = 5 – 5/3x ……………(1)
 2x + 1.2y = 6
 2x + 1.2(5 – 5/3x) = 6
 2x + 6 – 2x = 6
 6 = 6, which is true.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y will be
determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
5x + 3y = 15
 3y = 15 – 5x
 y = 5 – 5/3x [Ans.]

21 2x + 3y = 15
8/3x + 4y = 20

Solution: 2x + 3y = 15
 3y = 15 – 2x
 y = 5 – 2/3x

 8/3x + 4y = 20
 8/3x + 4(5 – 2/3x) = 20
 8/3x + 20 – 8/3x = 20
 20 = 20, which is true.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.

If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y will be

determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
2x + 3y = 15
 3y = 15 – 2x
 y = 5 – 2/3x [Ans.]

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22 6x – 15y = – 3
– 10x + 25y = 5
Solution: 6x – 15y = – 3
 15y = 6x + 3
 y = 6/15x + 3/15
 y = 2/5x + 1/5

 – 10x + 25y = 5
 – 10x + 25(2/5x + 1/5) = 5
 – 10x + 10x + 5 = 5
 5 = 5, which is true.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y will be
determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
6x – 15y = – 3
 15y = 6x + 3
 y = 6/15x + 3/15
 y = 2/5x + 1/5 [Ans.]

23 x + y + z = 10
3x – y + 2z = 14
2x –2y + z = 8
Solution: Given x + y + z = 10 …………………(1)
3x – y + 2z = 14 …………………(2)
2x –2y + z = 8 …………………(3)
(1)+ (2) 4x + 3z = 24 …………………(4)
(2)2 – (3) 6x –2y + 4z – (2x –2y + z) = 28 – 8
 4x + 3z = 20 …………………(5)
(4) – (5) 0 = 4, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.

24 x = 4
x–y–z=7
x+y+z=2
Solution: Given x = 4 …………………(1)
x – y – z = 7 …………………(2)
x + y + z = 2 …………………(3)

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 Systems of Linear Equations & Matrices(Problem Set 2 – 1)
(1) – (2) y + z = – 3 …………………(4)
(1) – (3) – y – z = 2 …………………(5)
(4) + (5) 0 = – 1, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.

25 2x + y – 3z = 12
x + 3y – 4z = 6
x – 2y + z = 4
Solution: Given 2x + y – 3z = 12 …………………(1)
x + 3y – 4z = 6 …………………(2)
x – 2y + z = 4 …………………(3)
(1) – (2) y + z = – 3 …………………(4)
(1) – (3) – y – z = 2 …………………(5)
(4) + (5) 0 = – 1, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.

26 2x – y + 2z = 5
x+y+z=2
x – 2y + z = 1
Solution: Given 2x – y + 2z = 5 …………………(1)
x + y + z = 2 …………………(2)
x – 2y + z = 1 …………………(3)

(1) + (2) 3x + 3z = 7 …………………(4)

(2)2 + (3) 3x + 3z = 5 …………………(5)
(4) – (5) 0 = 2, which is invalid.
Since the equations are inconsistent, so the equations have no solution.

27 x + z = 5
y+z=3
x–y=2
Solution: Given x + z = 5 …………………(1)
y + z = 3 …………………(2)
x – y = 2 …………………(3)
(1) – (2) x – y = 2 …………………(4)
(3) – (4) 0 = 0, which is valid.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y and z will be
determined.
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If x is arbitrary, then
x+z=5
 z=5–x
Again, if x is arbitrary, then
x–y=2
 y=x–2

 x arbitrary, y = x – 2, z = 5 – x [Ans.]

28 5x + y + z = 8
x + 2y – z = 1
2x + y = 3
Solution: Given 5x + y + z = 8 …………………(1)
x + 2y – z = 1 …………………(2)
2x + y = 3 …………………(3)

(1) + (2) 6x + 3y = 9 …………………(4)

(3)3 – (4) 0 = 0, which is valid.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y and z will be
determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
2x + y = 3
 y = 3 – 2x

Again, if x is arbitrary, then

5x + y + z = 8
 5x + 3 – 2x + z = 8
 3x + z = 5
 z = 5 – 3x

 x arbitrary, y = 3 – 2x, z = 5 – 3x [Ans.]

29 2x – y + z = 5
x + 4y – 3z = 2
3x + 3y – 2z = 7
Solution: Given 2x – y + z = 5 …………………(1)
x + 4y – 3z = 2 …………………(2)
3x + 3y – 2z = 7 …………………(3)

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(1)3 + (2)  6x – 3y + 3z + x + 4y – 3z = 15 + 2
 7x + y = 17 …………………(4)
(2)2 – (3)3  2x + 8y – 6z – 9x – 9y + 6z = 4 – 21
 – 7x – y = – 17 …………………(5)
(4) + (5) 0 = 0, which is valid.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y and z will be
determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
7x + y = 17
 y = 17 – 7x
Again, if x is arbitrary, then
2x – y + z = 5
 2x – (17 – 7x) + z = 5
 2x – 17 + 7x + z = 5
 z = 22 – 9x

 x arbitrary, y = 17 – 7x, z = 22 – 9x [Ans.]

30 x + y + z = 10
3x – y + 2z = 14
x – y + (1/2)z = 2
Solution: Given x + y + z = 10 …………………(1)
3x – y + 2z = 14 …………………(2)
x – y + (1/2)z = 2 …………………(3)

(1) + (2)  4x + 3z = 24 …………………(4)

(2) – (3)  3x – y + 2z – x + y – (1/2)z = 14 – 2
 2x + (3/2)z = 12 …………………(5)
(4) – (5)2  4x + 3z – 4x – 3z = 24 - 24
 0 = 0, which is valid.
So the equations have unlimited and arbitrary solutions.
If we choose x as arbitrary, then the corresponding value of y and z will be
determined.

If x is arbitrary, then
4x + 3z = 24
 z = 8 – (4/3)x

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Again, if x is arbitrary, then
x + y + z = 10
 x + y + 8 – (4/3)x = 10
 y – (1/3)x = 2
 y = 2 + (1/3)x

 x arbitrary, y = 2 + (1/3)x, z = 8 – (4/3)x [Ans.]

31 to 32 Use the Gaussian-Jordan elimination method to prove them.

33 to 39 These are computer generated problems. So these are not required

for business students.

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