Scribd
Upload
8 views6 pages

Communication Network IA

Uploaded by

20ME263 GOWTHAM.K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views6 pages

Communication Network IA

Uploaded by

20ME263 GOWTHAM.K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Communication Network IA – 1

Mari Perumal

How many invalid (unused) code sequences can we have in 5B/6B encoding?
How many in 3B/4B encoding?

Introduction to Line Coding and 5B/6B, 3B/4B Encoding:

Line Coding: In digital communication, line coding is a technique used to


convert digital data into a digital signal. It involves representing binary
data with electrical waveforms suitable for transmission over
communication channels. Line coding is crucial for synchronization and
error detection in communication systems.

5B/6B Encoding: 5B/6B encoding is a specific line coding scheme widely


used in networking and data communication. It takes 5-bit data sequences
and maps them into 6-bit code words for transmission. The primary
objectives of 5B/6B encoding include maintaining a balance of 0s and 1s
for clock recovery, providing error detection capabilities, and allowing the
use of control characters.

3B/4B Encoding: Similarly, 3B/4B encoding is another line coding


scheme that converts 3-bit data sequences into 4-bit code words. It shares
similar goals with 5B/6B encoding, aiming to ensure transition density for
clock synchronization, offering error detection features, and
accommodating control characters.

Importance of Encoding:

 Clock Synchronization: Both encoding schemes contribute to


maintaining a sufficient number of transitions in the transmitted data,
facilitating clock recovery at the receiver.
 Error Detection: The structured encoding patterns aid in detecting
errors that may occur during transmission.
 Control Characters: Reserved code words allow the incorporation of
control characters and signaling features.

5B/6B Encoding:

In 5B/6B encoding, 5-bit data is encoded into 6-bit code words. There are
25=3225=32 possible 5-bit data sequences. However, not all of them are used for
data encoding. Some are reserved for control characters, and some are used for
ensuring sufficient transitions. The number of unused or invalid sequences can be
calculated as follows:

Unused sequences=26−25Unused sequences=26−25


This is because there are 26=6426=64 possible 6-bit sequences, but 2525 of them are
used for valid data.

3B/4B Encoding:

In 3B/4B encoding, 3-bit data is encoded into 4-bit code words. Similar to the
previous case, not all 4-bit sequences are used for valid data. Some are reserved for
special purposes. The number of unused or invalid sequences can be calculated as
follows:

Unused sequences=24−23Unused sequences=24−23

This is because there are 24=1624=16 possible 4-bit sequences, but 2323 of them are
used for valid data.

In summary:

 For 5B/6B encoding, there are 26−25=3226−25=32 unused sequences.


 For 3B/4B encoding, there are 24−23=824−23=8 unused sequences.
In 5B/6B, we have 2^5 = 32 data sequences and 2^6 = 64 code sequences.

The number of unused code sequences is 64 − 32 = 32. In 3B/4B, we have 2^3

= 8 data

sequences and 2^4 = 16 code sequences. The number of unused code sequences is

16 − 8 = 8.

Applications:

 Networking: 5B/6B and 3B/4B encoding are commonly used in


networking protocols, including Ethernet, to ensure reliable
communication.
 Data Transmission: These encoding techniques are applied in high-
speed data transmission scenarios where synchronization and error
detection are critical.

Conclusion: Line coding, exemplified by 5B/6B and 3B/4B encoding, plays a


fundamental role in digital communication, contributing to the robustness and
efficiency of data transmission. These encoding schemes address challenges
related to synchronization, error detection, and control signaling in
communication systems.

Mithun Varshan

The input stream to a 4B/5B block encoder is 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001
Answer the following questions:
a. What is the output stream?
b. What is the length of the longest consecutive sequence of 0s in the input?
c. What is the length of the longest consecutive sequence of 0s in the output?

Introduction to Block Encoding:

Block encoding is a technique used in digital communication to transform


groups of bits, known as blocks, into encoded sequences for transmission
over a communication channel. This encoding method is employed to
achieve specific objectives such as ensuring a balance of signal
transitions, facilitating clock recovery, and providing error detection
capabilities.

Key Concepts:

1. Data Transformation:
 In block encoding, a set of bits, typically organized into fixed-size
blocks, undergoes a systematic transformation.
 The transformation is designed to meet specific requirements for
reliable data transmission.
2. Transition Density:
 One of the primary goals of block encoding is to maintain a
sufficient number of signal transitions (0 to 1 or 1 to 0) within the
encoded sequences.
 Adequate transition density assists in clock recovery at the receiver
end.
3. Error Detection:
 Block encoding often incorporates mechanisms to detect errors in
the transmitted data.
 By encoding data in a structured manner, certain error patterns
become recognizable.
4. Control Characters:
 Some block encoding schemes reserve specific codes for control
characters or signaling purposes.
 Control characters help convey information about the start and end
of data frames, among other functions.

Purpose: The primary goals of 4B/5B encoding include:

1. Transition Density: Ensuring a balance of 0s and 1s to help maintain


clock synchronization during data transmission.
2. Error Detection: Facilitating the detection of errors by encoding data in
a way that guarantees a specific pattern of transitions.
3. Control Characters: Reserving specific code words for control
characters or special signaling functions.
Encoding Process: Each 4-bit data sequence is mapped to a unique 5-bit code
using a predefined lookup table. The mapping is designed to provide enough
transitions and avoid long sequences of 0s or 1s, which could lead to clock
synchronization issues.
Let's analyze the given input stream using a 4B/5B block encoding
scheme.

a. What is the output stream?


The 4B/5B encoding replaces each 4-bit input with a corresponding 5-bit
code to ensure sufficient transitions. The encoding is typically done using
a predefined lookup table. Let's encode each 4-bit block:

0100→111100100→11110 0000→111000000→11100
0000→111000000→11100 0000→111000000→11100
0001→000010001→00001

11110 11100 11100 11100


So, the output stream is
000011111011100111001110000001.

b. What is the length of the longest consecutive


sequence of 0s in the input?

0100 0000 0000 0000 0000


The input sequence is
0001010000000000000000000001. The longest consecutive sequence of
0s in the input is 5.

The maximum length of consecutive 0s in the input stream is 21.

c. What is the length of the longest consecutive


sequence of 0s in the output?

11110 11100 11100 11100


The output sequence is
000011111011100111001110000001. The longest consecutive sequence of
0s in the output is 3.

The maximum length of consecutive 0s in the output stream is 2.

Applications:

1. High-Speed Data Communication:


 Block encoding is frequently utilized in high-speed communication
protocols and networking standards.
 It plays a crucial role in maintaining signal integrity and
synchronization.
2. Digital Communication Systems:
 Various digital communication systems, including Ethernet and
other data transmission protocols, leverage block encoding to
enhance the reliability of data transfer.

Conclusion:

Block encoding is an essential aspect of digital communication, offering


solutions to challenges related to clock synchronization, error detection,
and control signaling. By systematically transforming data blocks, these
encoding techniques contribute to the efficiency and reliability of
communication systems in various applications.

Mani Kandan

A Manchester signal has a data rate of 100 Kbps. Using Figure 4.8, calculate the value of the
normalized energy

(P) for frequencies at 0 Hz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz.

Introduction to Manchester Encoding:

Manchester encoding is a binary encoding scheme commonly used in


digital communication systems to transmit data over a communication
channel. In Manchester encoding, each bit of data is represented by a
transition between high and low voltage levels during a fixed time period.
The transitions occur in the middle of each bit period, allowing for
synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.

The basic idea behind Manchester encoding is to ensure a sufficient


number of transitions within a bit period to facilitate clock recovery and
minimize errors in data transmission. This encoding method is often
employed in Ethernet, token ring networks, and other digital
communication systems.

Normalized Energy in Communication Systems:

Normalized energy is a measure used to assess the energy distribution of


a signal across different frequencies. In the context of communication
systems, it provides insights into how signal energy is distributed over the
frequency spectrum. The normalized energy at a specific frequency is
often expressed relative to the total signal energy.
The formula for calculating normalized energy P(f) at a given frequency f
involves the Fourier transform of the signal. In the case of Manchester
encoding, understanding the energy distribution at specific frequencies is
crucial for analyzing the signal's performance and characteristics

You might also like