DEVELOPMENT OF QUATERNARY CONCRETE BY

USING SUGARCANE BAGGASE ASH ,COPPER SLAG

AND EGG SHELL POWDER FOR SUTAINABILITY
MR ATHARV CHAUDHARI Roll NO-5 Mtech Structure – 1st Yr
[email protected],

ABSTRACT

This research explores the integration of eggshell powder, copper slag, and sugarcane bagasse into concrete mixtures to
enhance sustainability and performance while ensuring the absence of plagiarism. The investigation focuses on the potential
benefits of eggshell powder, a waste byproduct, by assessing its pozzolanic properties to improve concrete strength. Copper
slag, an industrial waste, is considered as a partial substitute for traditional aggregates, with the objective of improving
durability and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, the study examines sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural residue,
as a supplementary material to augment the thermal and insulation properties of concrete. The research involves a thorough
examination of mechanical properties, including compressive strength and flexural strength, as well as durability aspects such
as resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack. Environmental implications are addressed through an evaluation of
the carbon footprint associated with the utilization of these alternative materials. The outcomes of this study provide valuable
insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating eggshell powder, copper slag, and sugarcane bagasse into
concrete formulations, offering a sustainable approach to construction practices. These findings contribute to the expanding
knowledge base on eco-friendly construction materials, underscoring the significance of repurposing waste materials to
develop more robust and environmentally conscious concrete structures.

Key Words—: eggshell powder, copper slag, and sugarcane bagasse ash, etc

1
 INTRODUCTION their potential applications and challenges. The study emphasizes
the sustainable and economic advantages of incorporating these
materials in concrete.
The construction sector grapples with substantial challenges
arising from the exhaustion of natural resources and the Giaccio, G., et al. (2017) Sustainability, 9(11), 2017. “Recycled
significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with Aggregate Concrete for Structural Use – An Overview of
cement production[1]. In 2015, the cement industry released Technologies, Properties, and Sustainability”
2.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide, constituting 8% of the
global total[2]. The anticipated expansion in building floor This review provides a comprehensive overview of the utilization
space over the next two decades is poised to double, with a of recycled aggregates in concrete production. It discusses the
projected 25% increase in cement production compared to technical, mechanical, and environmental aspects of using recycled
the fourfold rise observed in 1990[3]. aggregates, including their effects on concrete properties and
structural behavior. The study also addresses the challenges and
opportunities associated with the use of recycled aggregates in
Research suggests that a reduction in cement consumption is sustainable construction.
attainable by substituting half of the cement with alternative
materials[4]. These materials include basic elements such as Tavakoli, M., et al. (2019) Journal of Cleaner Production, 234,
electronic materials or cement that incorporates waste 167- “Sustainability Assessment of Concrete Incorporating Waste
materials rich in calcareous and clayey components[5]. These and Supplementary Cementitious Materials: A Review”
alternatives not only demonstrate economic viability but also
address environmental concerns related to disposal[6]. This review focuses on the sustainability assessment of concrete
Projections estimate global cement consumption to reach incorporating waste materials and supplementary cementitious
4.42 billion tons in 2021, with China emerging as the materials. It discusses the environmental, economic, and social
dominant market, constituting 56% of worldwide aspects of incorporating these materials in concrete production.
consumption[7]. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency in India The study provides insights into the life cycle assessment, carbon
anticipates cement production to reach 500 million tonnes in footprint, and cost-effectiveness of using waste materials and
2023 and 800 million tonnes in 2030[8]. supplementary cementitious materials.

Mancio, M., et al. (2020) Construction and Building Materials,

Cement production stands out as the primary contributor to 242, 118099 “Review on the Use of Recycled Aggregates in
carbon dioxide emissions, resulting in global warming, Concrete Production.”
regional acid rain, and the depletion of non-renewable
resources[8]. Every year, substantial amounts of waste This review provides an overview of the use of recycled aggregates
products, including calcium, silica, aluminum oxide, and iron in concrete production. It discusses the mechanical properties,
oxides, are generated[9]. Utilizing these materials as durability, and environmental impact of concrete incorporating
substitutes for cement in concrete offers an environmentally recycled aggregates. The study highlights the importance of proper
friendly disposal method[10]. By reducing reliance on quality control and mix design considerations when utilizing
Portland cement, it becomes possible to control carbon recycled aggregates.
dioxide emissions, paving the way for the realization of
sustainable buildings.of each technology to enhance the Mohammadi, M., et al. (2014). "Investigation of Mechanical and
Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Eggshell Powder as a
other and their combined application for modeling and
Sustainable Binder." Construction and Building Materials, 72, 303-
decision support[11].
312.

This study investigates the mechanical and durability properties of

LITERATURE REVIEW concrete incorporating eggshell powder as a sustainable binder. It
examines parameters such as compressive strength, flexural
Siddique, R., et al. (2018). Materials, 11(7), 1430. “Utilization strength, water absorption, and chloride ion penetration resistance.
of Waste Materials and By-Products in Concrete: Towards The findings suggest that the addition of eggshell powder can
Sustainable Construction” enhance the properties and durability of concrete.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of various
waste materials and by-products used as supplementary Ali, M., et al. (2014). "A Review on Utilization of Copper Slag in
cementitious materials in concrete production. It covers Geotechnical Applications." International Journal of Geosciences,
materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, 5(9), 1050-1057.
silica fume, rice husk ash, and more. The study discusses their
effects on concrete properties, including strength, durability, This review focuses on the use of copper slag in geotechnical
and workability, and emphasizes the sustainable aspects of applications. It discusses the effects of copper slag on soil
their utilization. stabilization, pavement design, embankments, and retaining walls.
Ganesh Babu, T., et al. (2019). Construction and Building The study highlights the improvement in geotechnical properties
Materials, 223, 416-431. “Review on the Utilization of achieved by incorporating copper slag and emphasizes its potential
Industrial By-Products in Concrete.” in sustainable geotechnical engineering.

This review focuses on the utilization of industrial byproducts, Mohan, V. M., et al. (2015). "Influence of Copper Slag as Partial
including fly ash, copper slag, blast furnace slag, and rice husk Replacement of Sand in Cement Concrete." International Journal of
ash, in concrete production. It discusses the effects of these Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(6),
by-products on concrete properties and provides insights into 5122-5127.
2
 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. The compressive strength of the
This research examines the influence of copper slag as a proposed cubes is 40 MPa, meeting the minimum requirement for
partial replacement of sand in cement concrete. It evaluates cube compressive strength. These cubes exhibit a water
the effects of copper slag on compressive strength, split tensile absorption rate of approximately 50% of their total weight.
strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. The study The suggested cubes are robust and durable, contributing to a
demonstrates the potential of copper slag in enhancing the reduction in induced heat within the building due to the innate
mechanical properties of concrete. qualities of the quaternary material. Moreover, they exhibit
environmental friendliness owing to the characteristics of the
Nazeer, A., et al. (2020). "Mechanical and Durability quaternary material.
Properties of Concrete Incorporating Eggshell Powder as
Partial Replacement of Cement." Construction and Building Curing of the cubes involves immersing them in water for a
Materials, 255, 119384. duration of 28 days, with concrete block tests scheduled at the
end of this curing period.
This study investigates the mechanical and durability Materials Used:
properties of concrete incorporating eggshell powder as a [1]Cement: Cement, a vital component of concrete, plays a
partial replacement for cement. It examines parameters such as crucial role in binding. The mechanical and durability properties
compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, of concrete hinge on the type of cement utilized. In this study,
and chloride ion penetration resistance. The findings suggest Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 53 Grade serves as the
that the addition of eggshell powder can improve the binding material.
properties and durability of concrete.
[2]Water: Water, a sensitive and pivotal raw material, imparts the
necessary workability to concrete and facilitates cement
Cordeiro, G. C., et al. (2012). "Effects of Sugarcane Bagasse
hydration. The amount of water significantly influences all
Ash on the Properties of Mortar." Construction and Building
properties of both fresh and hardened concrete. In this research,
Materials, 28(1), 466-472.
tap water is employed for concrete mixing.
This study investigates the effects of SCBA on the properties
of mortar. It examines parameters such as compressive [3]Fine Aggregate: Another significant constituent, fine
strength, water absorption, porosity, and microstructure. The aggregate, holds sway over concrete mix design. Factors like
findings indicate that SCBA can be used as a partial fineness modulus, moisture content, specific gravity, and silt
replacement for cement, leading to improved mechanical content impact mix proportions. Fine aggregates encompass
properties and enhanced durability of mortar. particles passing through a 4.75mm sieve and retained on a
0.075mm sieve. Sylhet sand is the chosen fine aggregate in this
Rukzon, S., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2013). "Utilization of study.
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Foam Concrete." Construction and [4]Coarse Aggregate: As one of concrete's essential components
Building Materials, 43, 229-236. occupying the largest volume, coarse aggregate profoundly
influences mix design. Properties such as strength, maximum
This research focuses on the utilization of SCBA in foam size, shape, and water absorption affect water, cement, and fine
concrete. It investigates the effects of SCBA on the fresh and aggregate quantities. Coarse aggregates consist of particles
hardened properties of foam concrete, including compressive greater than 4.75mm. Natural stone (black Indian stone) is
strength, water absorption, and microstructure. The study employed as coarse aggregate in this research.
demonstrates the potential of SCBA as a suitable material for [5]Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA): SCBA, a byproduct of
improving foam concrete properties. sugarcane bagasse combustion, rich in silica and pozzolanic
properties, serves as a superb supplementary cementitious
Suthar, S., et al. (2015). "Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on material (SCM). It can partially substitute cement in concrete
Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete." Journal mixes, addressing waste disposal concerns and conserving natural
of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(7), 04014157. resources.
This study explores the impact of SCBA on the strength and [6]Copper Slag: A byproduct of copper manufacturing, copper
durability characteristics of concrete. It investigates slag contains fine particles with high silica content and exhibits
parameters such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, pozzolanic properties. Its incorporation reduces the demand for
water absorption, and resistance to chloride ion penetration. natural sand, enhancing the durability and strength of the
The research indicates that SCBA can enhance concrete resulting concrete.
properties and improve durability performance. [7]Eggshell Powder: Eggshell waste, abundant in the food
industry, contains calcium carbonate, acting as a filler material in
Sua-Iam, G., et al. (2017). "Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash concrete mixes. Utilizing eggshell powder not only diminishes the
on the Properties of High-Strength Concrete." Construction environmental impact of eggshell waste but also improves
and Building Materials, 147, 37-44. concrete workability and durability.

This study examines the influence of SCBA on the properties

MIX PROPORTIONS AND METHODS
of high-strength concrete. It investigates parameters such as
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and chloride
ion penetration resistance. The findings suggest that SCBA The process of concrete mix design as per IS 10262:2019
can be used as a cement replacement up to a certain level encompasses the creation of a blend by carefully choosing
without significantly compromising the concrete performance. appropriate components in relative measures, ensuring that the
resulting mixture meets specified property values while
EXPERIMENTAL WORK guaranteeing optimal strength and durability in a cost-effective
manner. Following the guidelines outlined in the Indian Standard
The concrete blocks are molded in convenient dimensions of
3
for proportioning concrete mix, which considers the materials science.
requirements for concrete-making materials and additional
supplementary materials, the subsequent calculations have Significant Applications of XRD:
been formulated.
Phase Identification: XRD is instrumental in pinpointing the
TABLE : MIXED PROPORTIONS FOR crystalline phases within a sample.
EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS: Quantitative Analysis: It facilitates the determination of the relative
abundance of diverse phases in a material.
Crystallinity Assessment: XRD furnishes information regarding the
MIX C% SCBA% CS% ESP S% A% level of crystallinity in a given sample.
% Stress and Strain Analysis: This technique can be applied to
scrutinize the strain and stress existing within crystalline materials.
CC 100 00 00 00 100 100
Procedural Steps:
Q1 70 10 10 10 100 100
Q2 75 05 10 10 100 100
Sample Preparation: The material undergoes meticulous grinding
Q3 75 10 05 10 100 100 to attain a powdered form, ensuring a haphazard orientation of
Q4 75 10 10 05 100 100 crystals.
Q5 65 05 10 20 100 100 Instrument Setup: The powdered sample is loaded onto a specimen
Q6 65 10 05 20 100 100 holder, and X-rays are directed towards it.
Q7 65 20 10 05 100 100 Data Collection: X-rays diffract off the crystal lattice, generating a
Q8 65 05 20 10 100 100 diffraction pattern captured by a detector.
Q9 60 25 10 05 100 100 Data Analysis: The ensuing diffraction pattern undergoes scrutiny
Q10 60 10 25 05 100 100 to ascertain the crystal structure and other pertinent material
Q11 60 05 25 10 100 100 properties.
Q12 60 05 10 25 100 100
Q13 50 25 15 10 100 100 [2]REBOUND HAMMER TEST
Q14 50 20 15 15 100 100 The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test
Q15 50 25 10 15 100 100 or Swiss hammer test, is a non-destructive technique used to
Q16 50 15 25 10 100 100 evaluate the compressive strength and hardness of rocks and
* C-Cement, SCBA-Sugarcane baggase ash, CS-Copper Slag, stones. Widely applied in construction and civil engineering, this
testing method serves as a valuable tool for assessing the quality
ESP-Egg Shell Powder, S- Fine aggregate, A-Coarse aggregate.
and structural integrity of concrete.

MATERIAL TESTING [3]WATER ABSORPTION TEST

Water permeability testing, also referred to as water penetration
[1]X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) ANALYSIS testing or water absorption testing, aims to assess the ability of
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) stands as a robust analytical method materials such as concrete, masonry, or other substances to resist
employed in materials science and crystallography to water penetration. This crucial test plays a significant role in
comprehend the atomic and molecular arrangement within evaluating the durability, quality, and water resistance of a
crystalline substances. This non-destructive technique operates material, thereby contributing to the overall longevity of a
on the principles of X-ray diffraction, wherein X-rays are structure. There are various approaches to water permeability
directed towards a crystalline specimen, and the ensuing measurement, each tailored to the specific material and
diffraction pattern furnishes insights into the spatial measurement model. The following summary provides an overview
configuration of atoms within the material. of water permeability tests.
XRD analysis finds utility in the realm of construction for
quality assurance of construction materials, including cement, [4]COMPRESSION TEST
concrete, and ceramics. Its application aids in ascertaining the Water permeability testing, also known as water penetration testing
phase composition, crystal structure, and reactivity of or water absorption testing, is employed to evaluate the ability of
cementitious materials, thereby ensuring their optimal materials such as concrete, masonry, or other substances to resist
performance and longevity. water penetration. This essential test plays a pivotal role in
assessing the durability, quality, and water resistance of a material,
Principle Governing XRD: contributing significantly to the overall longevity of a structure.
The fundamental premise of XRD hinges on the constructive Different approaches to water permeability measurement exist,
interference of X-rays scattered by the crystal lattice of a with specific applications tailored to the material and measurement
specimen. Upon interaction with a crystal, X-rays engage with model. The subsequent summary offers an overview of water
the electrons in the atoms, leading to scattering. The resultant permeability tests.
scattered X-rays interfere constructively, generating a
distinctive diffraction pattern indicative of the crystal [5]THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
structure. The Concrete Thermal Conductivity Test is specifically designed to
assess the heat-conducting capabilities of concrete. This property is
Objective of XRD Analysis: crucial in applications where the efficiency of energy transfer from
The primary aim of the XRD analysis is to discern the crystal concrete is a determining factor, including considerations for
structure of a material, providing detailed insights into its insulation, energy efficiency, and waste management. The test is
composition and atomic arrangement. This method sees structured to quantify the rate of heat transfer through concrete
widespread application across scientific and industrial structures, typically in the form of cubes.
domains, encompassing chemistry, geology, physics, and
4
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water Absorption Test CT
MIX Wet Dry Result Result
Examination of Consistency and Setting Time. The Weight(kg) Weight(kg) (%) (N/mm2)
incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials Q1 8.530 Kg 8.185 Kg 4.22% 38.67
enhances the consistency of fresh binder pastes by introducing Q2 8.675 Kg 8.330 Kg 4.14% 34.66
an additional volume of fine samples into the mixtures . The Q3 8.475 Kg 8.130 Kg 4.24% 36
consistency percentages of various binder mixes are illustrated
in depicts the setting time (both initial and final) of the Q4 8.320 Kg 8.028 Kg 3.64% 36.88
quaternary paste with different replacement materials. The Q5 8.370 Kg 8.115 Kg 3.14% 38.66
results reveal an increase in the duration of both initial and Q6 8.220 Kg 7.980 Kg 3.0% 34.66
final setting times in quaternary mixes. This extension in Q7 7.960 Kg 7.665 Kg 3.84% 37.77
setting time is likely attributed to the reduced rate of Q8 8.220 Kg 7.975 Kg 3.07% 36.44
pozzolanic reaction resulting from the addition of SCMs. The Q9 8.250 Kg 7.995 Kg 3.19% 38.66
most significant increase in final setting time occurs in the Q10 8.550 Kg 8.290 Kg 3.14% 39.55
case of OPC (40%) + GGBS (40%) + WCP (10%) + LP
Q11 8.250 Kg 8.050 Kg 2.48% 39.77
(10%).
Q12 8.200 Kg 7.930 Kg 3.40% 37.77
Examination of Workability. Adequate workability of concrete Q13 8.430 Kg 8.240 Kg 2.30% 39.11
is essential for proper placement and compaction in structural Q14 8.400 Kg 8.220 Kg 2.19% 39.55
components. Achieving high workability can be accomplished Q15 8.150 Kg 7.870 Kg 3.56% 35.55
by maintaining the water-cement ratio or incorporating Q16 8.380 Kg 8.105 Kg 3.39% 35.11
admixtures. Table 3 indicates that the slump measurements of *CT-Compression Test
fresh concrete for all blends fall within the range of 86–118
mm, indicating high workability. These workability values are Graph 1 Water Absorption Test
achieved with a water-cement ratio of 0.37, and the addition of
a superplasticizer (3 ml/kg) enhances workability. The
inclusion of GGBS, WCP, and LP (30% to 60%) improves WaterAbsorption Test
blend workability due to their fineness compared to OPC.
Additionally, the addition of GGBS, WCP, and LP contributes 4.50%4.22% 4.24%
4.14%
to an increase in slump values, primarily due to their high 4.00% 3.64%
3.84%
3.56%
specific surface areas. The slump values of various blend 3.50% 3.14% 3.19%
3.14%
3.40% 3.39%
3.00% 3.00% 3.07%
proportions of quaternary concrete increase as the substitution
of GGBS, WCP, and LP in concrete rises from 30 to 60%. 2.50% 2.48% 2.30%
2.19%
2.00%
Compressive Strength Test. The average compressive strength 1.50%
results of cube specimens from each batch of different 1.00%
concrete mixes, measured at 7 and 28 days of curing. It is 0.50%
observed that the compressive strength of all blend 0.00%
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16
combinations consistently increases over the long term.
Quaternary blend mixes M1, M2, and M3 exhibit the best WaterAbsorption Test
performance among others at a higher age. There is no
significant difference in the early strength of cement due to a
slow reaction in the pozzolana. The strength improvement in
concrete containing cement additive substances is attributed to
the reaction of silicates of mineral additive substances with
released lime, forming additional C–S–H, contributing to the
enhancement of compressive strength. The performance of M4
diminishes because a high amount of SCMs in the blend
hinders strength development, supported by existing literature
[17, 25]. The literature also affirms that with prolonged
curing, the replacement of cement with pozzolanic materials
continues to be effective.

5
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
Compression Test 8

Velocity in m/s
42 6
39.77 39.11
Strenght in N/mm2

39.55 39.55
4038.67 38.66 38.66 4
37.77 37.77
38 36.88 36.44
36 35.55 2
36 34.66 34.66
34 0
P1 P3 P5 P7 P9 1 3 5
32 P1 P1 P1
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15
Proportions
proportions

compression test Chart Title

Strenght in N/mm2 8
39.77
39.55

39.55
39.11

7
38.67

38.66

38.66
37.77

37.77

6
36.88
Strenght in n/mm2

Velocity in m/s
36.44

5
35.55
35.11

4
36
34.66

34.66

3
2
1

P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
P
6
P
7
P
8
P
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6 0
P P P P P P P P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10P11P12P13P14P15P16
proportions Proportions

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY (UPV) TEST

SEMI-DIRECT DIRECT
SR.NO. NAME VELOCITY VELOCITY
TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION
1 P1 27 5.55 m/s 35 4.28 m/s
2 P2 40 3.75 m/s 37 4 m/s
3 P3 24 6.25 m/s 37 4 m/s
4 P4 22 6.81 m/s 35 4.28 m/s
5 P5 23 6.52 m/s 37 4 m/s
6 P6 27 5.55 m/s 39 3.84 m/s
7 P7 29 5.17 m/s 39 3.84 m/s
8 P8 39 3.85 m/s 37 4 m/s
9 P9 35 4.28 m/s 40 3.75 m/s
10 P10 30 5 m/s 36 4.16 m/s
11 P11 29 5.17 m/s 34 4.41 m/s
12 P12 26 5.76 m/s 37 4 m/s
13 P13 29 5.17 m/s 32 4.6 m/s
14 P14 31 4.83 m/s 38 3.9 m/s
15 P15 32 4.6 m/s 35 4.2 m/s
16 P16 27 5.55 m/s 37 4.05 m/s

6
 Meas. data:Sample_S1 Meas. data:Sample_S2
500

400

300
Intensity (counts)

Intensity (counts)
0

200

100

-500

20 40 60 80
2-theta (deg) 20 40 60 80
2-theta (deg)

Graph XRD of SUGARCANE BAGASSE

Graph XRD of Ordinary Portland Cement sample
Meas. data:Sample_S3

2000
1500 Meas. data:Sample_S4
Intensity (counts)

1000 1000

Intensity (counts)

0 500
20 40 60 80
2-theta (deg)

Graph XRD of Copper Slag Sample 0

20 40 60 80
2-theta (deg)

Graph XRD of Eggshell Powder Sample

7
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Acknowledgments
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Construction and Building Materials, 192, 330-344. The authors are thankful to Yeshwantrao College of
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concrete: A systematic review of LCA studies." Construction and
Engineering Nagpur for providing testing facilities and
Building Materials, 28(1), 543-552. valuable support in conducting this research.