District Administration and Zilla Panchayat

Tumakuru

Department of Public Instruction

Tumakuru(South)District
and
District Institution of Education and Training

LADDER TO SUCCESS
10th STANDARD
SECOND LANGUAGE ENGLISH

STUDY NOTES

Prepared by
District English Language Teachers’ Association, Tumakuru(S)
 SSLC SECOND LANGUAGE ENGLISH – LADDER TO SUCCESS 2020-21

Index
Sl. No Content Page No.
01 Prose-1 A Hero 3-6
02 Prose-2 There’s a Girl by the Tracks! 6-8
03 Prose-3 Gentleman of Rio en Medio 9 - 10
04 Prose-4 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar 10 - 14
05 Prose-5 The Concert 14 - 18
06 Prose-7 Colours of Silence 18 – 20
07 Poem-1 Grandma Climbs a Tree 20 - 23
08 Poem-2 Quality of Mercy (Memorization) 23 - 24
09 Poem-4 The Song of India 24 - 25
10 Poem-5 Jazz Poem Two 25 – 26
11 Poem-7 The Blind Boy (Memorization) 26 – 28
12 S.R-1 Narayanpur Incident 28
13 S.R-3 A Great Martyr Ever Cherished 28 - 29
14 Parts of Speech 29 - 31
15 Articles 32 - 33
Vocabulary-Give one word, syllabification, Collocation
16 34 - 38
and Homophones
17 Phrasal Verbs 38 - 39
18 Active Voice and Passive Voice 40 - 42
19 If Clause 42 - 43
20 Language Function 43 - 45
21 Finite and Non finite Verbs 46 - 47
22 Direct and Indirect Speech 47 - 52
23 Degrees of Comparison 52 - 55
24 Editing 55 - 57
25 Question Tag 57 - 60
26 Framing Question 60 - 61
Writing-Profile into Paragraph, Story development and
26 61- 71
Picture Reading
28 Reading unseen passage 71 - 72
29 Essay writing 72 - 76
30 Letter writing 76 – 81

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Guidance
Mr. Manjunath. K K.E.S Mr. Nanjaiah. C K.E.S
D.D.P.I (Devp) Principal, DIET D.D.P.I (Admin)
Tumakuru(South) Tumakuru(South)
Mr. Shridhar. K.E.S Mr. Raveesh. M. S. K.E.S
Sr. Lecturer & Nodal Officer Subject Inspector (English)
DIET, Tumakuru(South) DDPI Office, Tumakuru(South)
RESOURCE TEAM
Sl. No. NAME ADDRESS
Govt. High School,
01 Thirumaleswara. P Hanumanthapura, Tumakuru
Govt. High School,
02 Shashidhar. D. R Shivapura, Gubbi
Govt. High School,
03 Srishaila. P. K Honasigere, Tumakuru
Govt. High School,
04 Prakasha. D. S Guleharavi, Tumakuru
Govt. High School,
05 Devaraju Dabbagunte, C. N. Halli
Govt. High School,
06 Nandakishor. M. N Kodagihalli, Turuvekere
Govt. High School,
07 Prakash. K. S Halepalya, Tiptur
Govt. High School,
08 Bhanu Prakash. H. N Thondagere, Tumakuru
Govt. High School,
09 Pavana. H. M Chottanahalli, Kunigal
Govt. High School,
10 Swamy. M. C. L Katenahalli, Tumakuru
Govt. High School,
11 Kiran Kumar R. C Hittalahalli Mutt, Kunigal
Govt. Boys High School,
12 Chandan. C Cheluru, Gubbi
Govt. High School,
13 Jairaj. B Bellara, Chikkanayakanahalli
Don Bosco School,
14 Yasoda Bhagavan D. M. Palya, Siragate, Tumakuru
G.H.S Honnudike Handpost,
15 Veeranna Tumakuru
Govt. High School,
16 Mayur Kamble Hosuru, Kunigal
Govt. High School,
17 Shrishail R Katti Gubehalli-Nandihalli, Chikkanayakanahalli
Sheshadripuram English Medium School,
18 Kalashree. K. S Tumakuru
Sevasadana High School,
19 Rashmi. S Chidambarashrama, Gubbi

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1. A HERO – R. K. NARAYAN

TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Swami’s father read a paragraph in the newspaper. What did it describe?
Swami’s father read a newspaper report about a village boy who came face to face with a tiger
while returning from the jungle path. He had a fight with the tiger. Then he climbed the
tree and stayed there for half a day till some people came that way and killed the tiger.

2. “You think you are wiser than the newspaper”. What made Swami’s father say so?
After reading the newspaper, Swami’s father told his son that a boy fought with the tiger.
Swami asked his father, “How could a boy fight a tiger”. He told him that the person who
fought with the tiger must be very strong and grown-up.

3. What was Swami’s plan to change the subject? What was the result?
Swami told his father that they are going to admit even elders in their cricket club and buying
brand new bats and balls. He also told that he will sleep from the first of next month and
stated that there might be scorpions behind the law books. But his father insisted him to sleep
in the office room.
4. As the night advanced, Swami felt that something terrible would happen to him. What
would it be? How would it happen?
As the night advanced and everything became quiet, Swami’s heart began to beat faster. He
remembered all the stories of devils and ghosts he had heard. He was filled with fear and
every moment he expected the devils to come up to carry him away.
5. What did swami feel when he saw something moving in the darkness? What did he do?
How did he react?
When Swami saw something moving in the room, he was filled with horror. He imagined that it
was the devil that would pull him out and tear him into pieces. He decided to save himself and
as the figure came nearer, he crawled out of the bench, caught hold of it and dug his teeth into
it.
6. “Congratulations were showered on Swami next day”. How did Swami’s classmates,
teachers and the headmaster congratulate him?
Swami’s classmates looked at him with respect. His teachers patted his back. The
headmaster said that Swami was a true scout.
7. Why were congratulations showered on Swami?
Congratulations were showered on Swami because he accidentally caught the notorious
burglar of the district whom the police were looking for.
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8. The police inspector asked Swami to join the police. What was Swami’s reply? Was he
really willing to join the police? Give reasons.
Swami replied that he would certainly join the police when he was grown up. Swami was not
willing to join the police because he had no courage. He wanted to choose one of these
professions like becoming an engine driver, a railway guard or a bus conductor.
EXTRACTS
1. “Our captain has asked me to tell you.”
a. Who does the word ‘me’ refer to?
The word ‘me’ refers to Swami.
b. What had the captain asked him to tell?
The cricket club was going to admit even elders as members and the club would buy brand
new bats and balls.
c. When did the speaker say so?
When father told Swami to sleep alone in his office room.
2. “Let me see if you can sleep alone tonight in my office room.”
a. Who is the speaker?
Swami’s father is the speaker.
b. Who did the speaker ask to sleep in the office room?
The speaker asked Swami to sleep alone in the office room.
c. Why did he ask him to sleep in the office room?
To prove that Swami has courage.
3. “Will you at least leave the door open?”
a. Who did the speaker ask?
The speaker asked his father.
b. Why did he want the door to be opened?
He was afraid of the darkness, devils and ghosts.
c. What reply did the speaker get?
The speaker accepted it and told Swami not to roll up his bed and sleep beside his grandma.
4. Granny pleaded, “Why do you disturb him?”
a. Who did Granny plead to?
Granny pleaded to Swami’s father.
b. When did she say so?
When Swami’s father asked his son to get up from the bed and sleep in his office room.
c. What does ‘plead’ mean in the context?
The word ‘plead’ means to ask for something in a serious and emotional way.
5. “If you do it, I will make you the laughing stock of your school”.
a. Who was this said to?
This was said to Swami.
b. What does ‘it’ refer to?
‘It’ refers to Swami’s sleeping beside his granny or his mother every day.

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c. How would the speaker make him the laughing stock?

Swami’s father threatened him that he would tell all his friends at school that Swami sleeps
beside his granny or mother always and he is afraid of darkness.
6. “He wished that the tiger had not spared the boy.”
a. Who wished this?
Swami wished this.
b. Why did Swami have such thoughts?
Swami was upset and frightened because his father had asked him to sleep alone to prove that
he was courageous.
c. How can you say that Swami would have been happy if the tiger had not spared the boy?
Swami would not have been asked to sleep alone in his father’s office room.
7. “Something was moving down”
a. What was that ‘something’, according to Swami?
The Devil
b. Was it really as Swami thought?.
It was not a devil but a burglar.
c. What did Swami think when he saw it?
Swami thought that his end had come.
8. “He lay gazing at it in horror. His end had come.”
a. What did he feel the ‘it’ was?
According to him ‘it’ was the devil
b. What did he do with the ‘it’?
He hugged it with all his might and used his teeth like a mortal weapon and bit it.
c. “His end had come.” What does the statement mean?
He thought that he was going to die. / The devil would kill him.
9. “No wonder he wanted to be asleep before I could return home. Clever boy!”
a. Where did Swami sleep before his father returned?
Swami had slept beside his grandmother before his father returned.
b. Why do you think Swami had gone to sleep before his father’s return?
Swami still did not have the courage to sleep alone. He was afraid that his father would force
him to do so.
c. Do you think his father was angry with him for this?
No, Swami’s father was not angry with him.
10. “All right molly coddle and spoil him as much as you like”
a. Who made this statement?
Swami’s father made this statement.
b. Who does ‘you’ refer to?
The word ‘you’ refers to Swami’s mother.
c. How, according to the speaker, was he being spoiled?
Swami used to sleep beside his granny. His mother and granny did not encourage him to be
courageous by making him sleep alone.

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THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Narrate how Swami became a hero overnight?
Swami was forced to sleep alone in his father’s office room. His father wanted him to be
courageous by sleeping alone and not be afraid of darkness. When he slept alone, there was
absolute silence and in spite of it, some noises reached Swami’s ears. Swami was frightened
and spread his bed under the bench and slept there, as it was safe, compact and reassuring.
He was racked with nightmares. A tiger was chasing him and he tried to escape and the
nightmare continued. He groaned in despair. He put his hand out to feel his granny’s presence
but he touched the wooden leg of the bench. When he felt something was rustling and moving
he thought his end had come. He thought that the devil would pull him out. Before it could
reach him, he hugged it tightly and used his teeth on it like a mortal weapon. The burglar cried
in pain. His father, cook and servant rushed into the room. All of them caught the burglar and
handed him over to the police. Thus Swami became a hero overnight.
2. What desperate attempts did Swami make to escape from his father?
Swami did not like the idea of sleeping alone in his father’s office room, so he tried to divert his
father’s attention by talking about the latest news of his cricket-club. When his father did not
listen to him he told him that he would sleep there from the first of next month. When his father
did not agree to that, he silently tiptoed to his bed, pulled the sheet and pretended to be
asleep. His father came there and ordered him to follow him to the office room. Swami tried to
deter him by saying that there might be scorpions in the office-room but this did not change his
father’s mind. Finally, he agreed to sleep there on the condition that he would leave the door
open as his father had not agreed even to the suggestion of having a lamp-burning in his
room for the entire night.

2. THERE’S A GIRL BY THE TRACKS! – DEVEN KANAL

2 mark questions:
1. How did the tempo truck driver help Baleshwar? OR
Who volunteered to help Baleshwar? How did he help him? OR
How did the tempo truck driver play very important role in saving Roma’s life?
The tempo truck driver helped Baleshwar to carry Roma to the hospital in his truck and gave
Baleshwar his phone to inform Dinesh Talreja.
2. Why did Baleshwar revisit the spot where Roma had fallen?
Roma had missed her purse and mobile phone at the spot of accident. Roma’s brother Dinesh
Talreja informed Baleshwar about this. So Baleshwar revisited the spot seeking them.
3. Why according to Baleshwar the people of Mumbai were afraid?
According to Baleshwar, the people of Mumbai were afraid of getting trapped in the courts or
with the police.
4. How can you say that Baleshwar had a good memory?
When Roma told Dinesh’s number, Baleshwar quickly memorized it and was able to contact
him and inform Roma about the accident.

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5. Why was Roma thrown out of the coach? OR

Why had Roma fallen by the tracks? OR
What made Roma lie by the tracks? OR
Roma stood near the door of the compartment. Suddenly someone pushed her. She lost her
balance and fell off the train.
6. What qualities do you appreciate in Baleshwar? OR
Baleshwar was kind and compassionate. Justify the statement.
Baleshwar was kind, caring and compassionate. Though he was a stranger, he jumped off
the moving train and risked his life to save the life of a stranger.
7. What do you learn from Baleshwar Mishra?
We should help the people who are in need and we must not be selfish.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS – EXTRACTS
1. “Take the girl to Airoli,” suggested the cop, “There’s a hospital there.”
a. What had happened to the girl?
She fell off the train and was knocked senseless.
b. Why did Baleshwar not agree with this?
The girl needed treatment immediately and Airoli was far away.
c. What did he do instead?
He carried Roma to a nearby hospital.
2. “Oh! I couldn’t thank him.” Baleshwar thought.
a. Who does ‘him’ refer to?
‘Him’ refers to the tempo truck driver.
b. Why should he be thankful?
He helped Baleshwar to carry Roma to the hospital in his truck.
c. Why was Baleshwar unable to thank him?
The tempo truck driver had slipped away from there.

3. “I think it is astonishing that a stranger would jump off the train and risk
his life for me.”
a. Who is ‘I’ referred to?
‘I’ is referred to Roma Talreja.
b. Who is that ‘stranger’?
Baleshwar Mishra.
c. How did the stranger help?
He carried her to the hospital and saved her life.

4. “I’m new to Mumbai but I have noticed people here are afraid.”
a. Who is the speaker?
Baleshwar Mishra is the speaker
b. Why had he come to Mumbai?
He had come to Mumbai in search of a job.

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c. Why were the people afraid?

They were afraid of getting trapped in the courts or with the police.
5. “Let us go and help her.”
a. Who cried so?
Baleshwar Mishra cried so.
b. Why did she need help?
She was seriously injured and unconscious.
c. Why didn’t others come to help?
They were afraid of police and court.
6. “My sister is injured. Please help me to take her to a hospital.” But no one stopped.
a. Who does ‘sister’ refer to?
‘Sister’ refers to Roma Talreja.
b. Why had she be taken to a hospital?
She was seriously injured.
c. Why didn’t they stop?
They feared getting trapped in the courts or with the police.
7. “Behenji, aap theek hai?”
a. Who does ‘behenji’ stand for?
‘Behenji’ stands for Roma Talreja.
b. What had happened to ‘behenji’?
She was injured and unconscious.
c. How did the speaker help her?
He took her to a hospital and got her treated.
8. “Chacha, can I borrow your mobile?”
a. Who asked for Chacha’s mobile?
Baleshwar Mishra asked for Chacha’s mobile.
b. Who does ‘Chacha’ refer to?
Chacha refers to the tempo truck driver.
c. Why did he borrow the mobile?
To inform Roma’s brother about her accident.
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS:
1. “If Baleshwar hadn’t been there, Roma would have bled to death”. Justify the statement.
OR
Why did Roma say that she could never repay Baleshwar? OR
How did Baleshwar save Roma’s life? OR
Why does Roma consider Baleshwar’s action to be amazing?
Baleshwar saw a girl lying by the tracks. He jumped off the moving train and risked his life. He
ran to that spot. Roma was bleeding and senseless. He asked the motorists to help him carry
Roma to the hospital. No one stopped to help him. Later he carried Roma to the hospital with
the help of a tempo truck driver and saved her life.

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3. GENTLEMAN OF RIO EN MEDIO – JUAN A. A. SEDILLO

2 Mark Questions:
1. What makes you think that Don Anselmo was a gentleman? OR
How do you say that Don Anselmo was a man of principles?
Don Anselmo was a man of principles. He was respected by everyone. He planted a tree
whenever a child was born in the village. He did not agree to take extra money offered by the
Americans for the extra land.
2. Americans were good people. Explain. OR
Americans were “buena gente”. Give examples to support this.
The Americans were ready to give extra money to Don Anselmo for the additional
land. Though the children of the village over ran their property, they did not blame them,
instead they spoke to the children good naturedly. They bought each tree from the real owners.
So the Americans were good people.
3. Don Anselmo and Americans were generous in their own way. Justify.
Don Anselmo did not agree to take double the amount for the extra land owned by him. So Don
Anselmo was generous. The Americans were buena gente. They bought each tree from their
real owners instead of taking legal action against Don Anselmo. Thus the Americans were also
generous.
4. Don Anselmo was passionate about his land and the children of Rio en Medio? Justify.
Don Anselmo tilled the same land which his ancestors had tilled. Almost everyone in the village
was his relative. He had planted a tree for every new born baby in that village. He felt that the
trees belonged to the children of Rio en Medio. He told the story teller that he had sold only the
land to the Americans but not the trees.
Extracts.
1. “The trees in the orchard are not mine, senor.”
a. Who said these words?
Don Anselmo said these words.
b. Who is the “senor” referred to?
‘Senor’ is referred to the story teller Juan A. A. Sedillo.
c. Who according to the speaker, did the trees belong to?
According to the speaker the trees belonged to the children of Rio en Medio.
2. “Don Anselmo”, I said to him. “We have made a discovery”.
a. Who had made the discovery?
The Americans had made the discovery with the help of a surveyor and an engineer.
b. What was the discovery?
Don Anselmo owned almost double the land he had mentioned earlier.

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c. How did Don Anselmo react to it?

Don Anselmo stood up and stared at the story teller and told that he would not accept
double the amount.
3. “I argued with him but it was useless”.
a. Who is the speaker?
Juan A.A. Sedillo, the story teller.
b. Who does ‘him’ refer to?
‘Him’ refers to Don Anselmo.
c. What was his argument?
The Americans were ready to pay extra amount for the extra land and Don Anselmo had to
accept it. This was his argument.
4. “That's why I have agreed to sell to them, but I do not care to be insulted.”
a. Who does ‘I’ refer here?
‘I’ refers to Don Anselmo.
b. Who did he agree to sell?
He agreed to sell to the Americans.
c. Why did he want to sell to them?
Because the Americans were good people.
5. One day they came back to the office to complain.
a. Who does ‘they’ refer to?
‘They’ refers to the Americans.
b. Who did they complain about?
They complained about the children of Rio-en-Medio.
c. What was their complaint?
The children of Rio-en-Medio were overrunning their property and they could not live in peace.

4. Dr. B. R. AMBEDKAR – R. VENKATARAMAN

Two mark Questions:

1. Why did Nehru choose Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the first Law Minister of India?
Nehru had recognized Dr. Ambedkar’s skills in the field of law and legislation. It was also a
tribute to his vision of social justice.

2. How can you say that Ambedkar had a great thirst for books throughout his life? OR
‘Dr. Ambedkar was a voracious reader’. Give some examples to support this.
Ambedkar bought books by curtailing his daily needs. He had purchased 2000 books when he
was in New York. During Second Round Table Conference in London, he bought so many
books that they had to be sent to India in 32 boxes.

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3. Why did Nehru describe Dr. Ambedkar as “a Symbol of Revolt”?

The depressed classes were ill-treated and their condition was miserable. Dr. Ambedkar raised
his voice against this discrimination and improved the condition of them.
4. How did the fourteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Mahatma Phule
influence Ambedkar?
The fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution gave freedom to the Black Americans.
Ambedkar saw the parallel of the situation for the Depressed Classes in India.
He was also influenced by the life and work of Mahatma Phule, the votary of a classless
society and women’s upliftment.
5. “Dr. B.R. Ambedkar describes the methods of Civil Disobedience, Non-cooperation and
Satyagraha as the Grammar of Anarchy”. What according to him would be the result of
this? OR
Dr. Ambedkar considers public agitations in free India as unconstitutional. Why?
According to Ambedkar, these methods are necessary in a state which is ruled by foreigners.
But in a democratic country, they should not be used as they result in the loss of lives and
public property.
6. Dr. Ambedkar had rare gifts, what were they?
Ambedkar was tactful and he had an ocean of patience. He had the rare gift of unraveling the
most complicated legal concepts in a simple language which the layman understood.
7. How did Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi try to wipe out caste discrimination from
India?
Gandhiji reminded the higher castes of their duty towards the depressed classes. Ambedkar
reminded them of their inherent rights to equality with the higher and more powerful castes.
One stressed the duties, the other stressed the rights.
8. Dr. Ambedkar was not in the congress party yet he was made the chairman of the
Drafting Committee of the constitution. Why?
It was because Dr. Ambedkar was a law graduate and had a deep knowledge in law. The
Constituent Assembly of India afforded him the opportunity to give the most notable and
permanent shape to his social philosophy and to his undying faith in the dignity of human
beings.
9. What was Dr. Ambedkar’s idea or perception of the three pillars of state?
Ambedkar had a clear idea about mutuality of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
He said that the jurisdiction of each should be clear and untrammelled.
10. What are the significant observations of Dr. Ambedkar on the constitution?
The constitution is a fundamental document which defines the position and power of three
organs of the state – the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
11. Dr. Ambedkar raised it ‘brick by brick’. What did he raise?
Dr. Ambedkar had drawn from the examples of other nations and also the distinctive needs of
our own society. He raised brick by brick the magnificent edifice which now stands as
the Fundamental Rights in our constitution.

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12. There were great luminaries in the Drafting Committee Dr. Ambedkar is remembered as
the pilot. Why?
It was because Dr. Ambedkar explained clearly the meaning and scope of the different
provisions of the Draft constitution. He explained the most complicated legal concepts which
could be easily understood even by a layman.
13. Why is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar considered as a champion of the depressed classes in
India?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stressed on the rights of the depressed classes. It was because of the
efforts of Dr. Ambedkar that the doors which had been closed to the members of the
depressed classes for centuries were opened.
Three Mark Questions – Extracts:
1. ‘He had an insatiable thirst for books.’
a. Who does ‘he’ refer to?
‘He’ refers to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
b. How can you say that he had an insatiable thirst for books?
He bought books by curtailing his daily needs.
c. What do you mean by ‘insatiable’?
‘Insatiable’ means something which cannot be satisfied.
2. “He was a voracious reader”
a. Who does the word ‘he’ refer to?
‘He’ refers to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
b. How long was he a voracious reader?
Throughout his life.
c. What does ‘voracious’ mean in the context?
‘Voracious’ means one who is very eager for knowledge.
3. ‘They brought about a veritable revolution in social thought’.
a. Who are ‘they’?
Mahatma Gandhiji and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
b. What ‘revolution’ is referred to here?
Revolution in social thought.
c. How did they bring about the revolution?
Gandhiji reminded the higher castes of their duty towards depressed classes. Ambedkar
by reminding them of their inherent rights to equality with the higher castes.

4. He once described the methods of civil disobedience, non-cooperation and Satyagraha

as the ‘Grammar of Anarchy’.
a. Who does ‘he’ refer to?
‘He’ refers to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
b. When do these methods assume importance?
These methods assume importance in a struggle against a foreign rule.

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c. Why does he call these methods the ‘Grammar of Anarchy’?

If these methods are used in a democracy, there would be loss of lives and public property.
5. ‘He had a clear perception of the mutuality of the three pillars of the state.’
a. Who does ‘he’ refer to?
‘He’ refers to Dr. Ambedkar.
b. Which are the three pillars of the state?
The legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
c. What does ‘perception’ mean in the context?
‘Perception’ means ability to see, hear and understand.
6. ‘He raised brick by brick, the magnificent edifice.’
a. What is the ‘magnificent edifice’ referred to?
The Fundamental Rights in our constitution.
b. Who raised the edifice?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar raised the edifice.
c. How did he raise it?
He raised it by drawing from the examples and experiences of other nations and the needs of
our own society.
7. “His flair of legislative work became evident to the whole nation”.
a. Whose flair became evident?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s flair became evident.
b. When did it become evident?
When Ambedkar made effective contributions to the debates in the Bombay Legislative
Assembly on a variety of subjects.
c. Pick out the word from the given statement which means ‘a natural ability to do
something well’.
Flair
8. ‘There are only two castes in the world, according to Avvai’
a. Who was ‘Avvai’?
Avvai was a Tamil poetess.
b. Which, according to the speaker, are the two castes?
The charitable and the misers.
c. Why does the speaker call one superior and the other inferior?
The charitable are superior because they gave whatever they have. The misers are inferior
because they do not help others.
9. “Who could have dreamt that one born to a Mahar family would one day become not
only a Law Minister but a law-maker..?”
a. Who is referred to as ‘Law Minister’ here?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is referred to as ‘Law Minister’ here.
b. Who chose him to be the Law Minister?
Jawaharlal Nehru chose him to be the Law Minister.

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c. Why is he recognized as the Law-maker?

He was skillful in the field of law and legislation.
Four Mark Questions:
1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar worked for the upliftment of the depressed classes. Explain. OR
How did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar try to get social justice for the depressed classes?
Ambedkar started the newspapers – ‘Mooknayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’ and ‘Samata’. These
newspapers were at once recognized as authentic voices of the depressed classes. He set up
institutions such as Hithakarini Sabha and The Independent Labour Party of India. These
institutions became the vehicles of change. He reminded the Depressed Classes of their
inherent rights to equality with the higher and more powerful castes. It is because of all these
efforts of Dr. Ambedkar, today the depressed classes occupy important positions in all the
three pillars of the state.
2. What important observations did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar make on the constitution of India?
The constitution is a fundamental document which defines the position and power of the three
organs of the State – the executive, the judiciary and the legislature as against the citizens.
The purpose of a constitution is not merely to create the organs of the State but to limit their
authority otherwise there will be complete tyranny and complete oppression. The jurisdiction of
each should be clear and untrammelled.
3. “One trait which marked Baba Saheb was that he was a voracious reader”.
Justify the statement. OR
How can you say that Ambedkar was a voracious reader? OR
How can you say that Ambedkar had a great thirst for books?
Ambedkar was a voracious reader not only during his student days but throughout his life. He
had an insatiable thirst for books. He bought books by curtailing his daily needs. In New York
he is said to have purchased about 2,000 old books. At the time of the Second Round Table
Conference in London, he bought so many books that they had to be sent to India in 32 boxes.

5. THE CONCERT- SHANTA RAMESHWAR RAO

Two mark questions:

1. Why had Smita and her family come to Bombay? Who did they stay with?
Smita’s brother Anant was suffering from cancer. They had come to Bombay to get the
treatment for Anant at the cancer hospital in the city. They stayed with aunt Sushila.

2. Why do you consider Anant a talented boy? OR

How can you say that Anant was a talented boy?
Anant was the best table-tennis player and the fastest runner in the school. He was learning to
play the Sitar and was able to compose his own tunes.

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3. ‘Anant’s parents had come to Bombay with hopes.’ What hopes did they have?
Anant’s parents had high hopes that he would be cured. He would again walk and
run and even take part in the forthcoming table tennis tournament. They also hoped that
he would become a great sitarist one day.
4. What did doctors say to Anant’s parents? Were they words of hope or despair?
The doctors told Anant’s parents to take him home and to give him whatever he liked. They
were words of despair because they realized that he had not many days to live.
5. How did Anant’s family treat him without ‘voicing their fears’?
They laughed and smiled and talked and surrounded Anant with whatever made him happy.
They fulfilled his every need and gave whatever he asked for.
6. How did Smita feel while she attended the music concert? OR
How did Smita enjoy the concert?
Smita was filled with wonder. Spellbound, she listened to the ragas, the slow sad notes and
the fast twinkling ones. But her mind was full of the plan she had made.
7. The neighbours could not believe their eyes. Why do you think they felt like this?
The neighbours saw the music maestros get down from the taxi in front of their blocks. They
never expected such famous people in their locality.
8. How can you say that Smita deserves the admiration of the readers? OR
What was Smita’s intention of going to the concert? OR
How did Smita fulfil her brother’s wish? OR
Why did Smita request Pt. Ravi Shankar to visit her house?
Smita’s intention or plan was to request Pandit Ravi Shankar to play for her brother Anant.
After the concert Smita went up to the stage and met Pandit Ravi Shankar. She explained the
condition of her brother Anant who was suffering from cancer and his last wish to see and hear
Pandit Ravi Shankar. She requested him to come home and play for her brother. She was
successful and deserves the admiration as she fulfilled her brother’s last wish.
9. What makes the readers appreciate Ravi Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha? OR
‘Ravi Shankar and Allah Rakha are world famous artists but very simple’. Justify OR
How did Ravi Shankar and Allah Rakha keep their promise to Smita? OR
Pandit Ravi Shankar performed for the boy, do you think this was an unusual thing?
Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha were moved after listening to the story about
Anant. They promised to play for the boy. Inspite of their busy schedule, the next day they
arrived at aunt Sushila’s house and played for the boy. Yes, this was an unusual thing for
artists like Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha.
Three Mark Questions – Extracts:
1. “You’ll wake him up. You know he needs all the sleep and rest he can get”.
a. Who said this to whom?
Smita’s mother said this to Smita.
b. Who was sleeping?
Anant was sleeping.

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c. Why did he need rest?

He was suffering from cancer.
2. “They had come with high hopes”
a. Who does ‘they’ refer to?
‘They’ refers to Smita and her parents.
b. What were their high hopes?
Anant would be cured at the cancer hospital.
c. Why were their hopes not fulfilled?
Anant’s condition grew worse and the doctors told them to take him home.
3. “Take him home. Give him the things he likes, indulge him”.
a. Who does ‘he’ refer to?
‘He’ refers to Anant.
b. Who said this?
The doctors who were treating Anant.
c. Why did they say so?
Because they knew that the boy had not many days to live.
4. “They did not voice their fears”.
a. Who does ‘they’ refer to?
‘They’ refers to Anant’s parents.
b. What did they fear?
They feared that the boy had not many days to live.
c. How did they behave with him later?
They laughed, talked and surrounded Anant with whatever made him happy.
5. “We mustn’t miss the chance”.
a. Who said this?
Anant said this.
b. What chance did the speaker not like to miss?
The chance of attending Pandit Ravi Shankar’s music concert.
c. Why is the speaker so eager to make use of it?
He thought he might not get another chance as he was suffering from cancer.
6. “I've-I’ve… always wanted to hear him and see him.”
a. Who is ‘I’ here?
Anant.
b. Who did he want to see?
He wanted to see Pandit Ravi Shankar.
c. Why did he want to hear him and see him?
Anant was a great fan of Pandit Ravi Shankar, the sitar maestro.
7. “It’s the chance of a lifetime”
a. Who said this?
Anant said this.

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b. What was the chance?

Attending the concert of Pandit Ravi Shankar.
c. When did the speaker get the chance?
He was able to hear Ravi Shankar’s sitar in his house just before his death.
8. ‘Suddenly a daring thought came to her.’
a. Who does ‘her’ refer to?
‘Her’ refers to Smita.
b. Where was the speaker when she got a daring thought?
She was in the park.
c. What was her daring thought?
She thought of meeting Pandit Ravi Shankar and requesting him to come to her house and
play sitar for her ailing brother.
9. “Enjoy yourself, lucky you!”
a. Who was the speaker?
Anant was the speaker.
b. Who was considered as lucky?
Smita was considered as lucky.
c. Why was she lucky?
She was going to attend the music concert of Pt. Ravi Shankar.
10. “There is no harm in trying it”
a. Who said these words?
Smita said these words.
b. What does ‘it’ mean?
The thought of requesting Pandit Ravi Shankar to come to her house and play the sitar for her
brother.
c. What was the result of her attempt?
Pandit Ravi Shankar agreed to come to her house and play for her brother.
11. “Little girl”, said the mustachioed man who had made the long speech. “Panditji is a
busy man, you must not bother him with such requests.”
a. Who is the mustachioed man?
The programme organizer of the concert.
b. Who does ‘you’ refer to?
‘You’ refers to Smita.
c. What was the request?
The request was inviting Pandit Ravi Shankar to play sitar for her brother Anant who was
suffering from cancer.
12. “Tomorrow morning we perform for the boy-yes?” he said.
a. Who is the speaker?
Ustad Allah Rakha is the speaker.
b. Who is the ‘boy’ referred here?
The boy referred here is Anant.

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c. Why would they perform for the boy?

The boy had cancer and was about to die. He had strong desire to hear and see Pandit Ravi
Shankar.
Three Mark question:
1. Why do you think that Smita and Ravi Shankar deserve appreciation of reader? OR
Why do you think the response of the artists was unusual?
Artists Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Allah Rakha were great wizards of music. They were
always busy with the concerts. Smita wanted to fulfill her brother Anant’s wish to listen to Ravi
Shankar’s music. So, she approached Ravi Shankar and told all about Anant and requested
him to come to his house and play sitar. No one could imagine that a great musician like Ravi
Shankar would agree to her request. But he along with Tabla maestro Ustad Allah Rakha
visited Anant’s home and played for Anant. Thus, Smita and Ravi Shankar deserve our
appreciation.

7. COLOURS OF SILENCE – NATIONAL BOOK TRUST OF INDIA

Two mark questions:
Answer the following in 2-3 sentences each.
1. How did Satish meet with an accident?
On a holiday in Kashmir Satish had gone hiking with his father and brother Inder.
As they were crossing a rickety bridge over some rapids, Satish looked down at the rushing
water. His foot slipped and losing his balance fell into the rapids.

2. Many schools refused to take Satish. How did it affect him?

Satish became very moody after he was rejected by the schools. He could not talk freely with
others. Satish began to avoid going out to play with the other children.

3. How did the books given by his father affect Satish?

The books that Satish read were meant for older children. They made him feel depressed and
made a deep impression on his sensitive mind. He came to know that there was so much
suffering in the world and he thought about this for long hours.

4. How did the beautiful bird inspire Satish? OR Describe the bird that changed the life
of Satish.
One day Satish saw a beautiful bird in his garden. It had a longish tail and a black crest. It had
restless energy. Its eyes darted here and there, its whole body ready for flight any moment.
Satish sketched the bird from his memory which influenced him to become an artist in future.

5. Satish’s parents were both his well-wishers. How did each one care for him?
Satish’s father brought him lots of books to study. He spent time with him every day talking him
and trying to teach him things. He got his son admitted to the best school of arts. Satish’s
mother was happy that her son had found a good pastime in drawing and she did not want to
stop him. Thus his parents encouraged Satish to become a great artist.
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Three mark Questions – Extracts

1. “We will have to look for a new school.’’
a. Who was the speaker?
Satish’s father was the speaker.
b. Why did he say so?
He said so because the school in which Satish was studying was not ready to keep him
because of his deafness.
c. What does ‘to look for’ mean in the context?
‘To look for’ means to search/find out.
2. “You want to do this very badly,” don’t you?
a. Whose words are these?
These are the words of Satish’s father.
b. What made him to say this?
Though his father was against painting, Satish continued it. His father realized
that his son had a great love towards the art of drawing.
c. What did he do soon after leaving the room?
He bought paints, brushes of all shapes and sizes and several rolls of drawing sheets for
Satish.
3. “This is school for normal boys. Why don’t you take your son to the school for deaf and
dumb children.’’
a. Who said this?
The headmaster of a school said this.
b. When did the speaker say so?
It was said when Avatar Narain requested the headmaster to admit his son to his school.
c. Why did he refuse to admit the boy in his school?
He refused because Satish was deaf and dumb and he would not do well in the school.
4. “My son is not dumb, sir! His hearing is little bad. He is under treatment and will soon
be fine.’’
a. Who argued thus?
Satish’s father argued thus.
b. Who did he say this to?
He said this to the headmaster.
c. When did he say these words to?
When the headmaster did not agree to admit Satish to his school.
5. “This is an idle pastime. You would do better to read and get some knowledge.”
a. Who is the speaker?
Avtar Narain is the speaker.
b. What does ‘pastime’ mean?
Pastime means an activity that someone does regularly for enjoyment rather than work.
c. Why did the speaker say that it was an idle pastime?
The speaker thought that Satish would not get knowledge with an idle pastime. It would be
waste of time.

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Long answer questions.

1. “Physical disability is no barrier to success’’ Justify the statement with reference to the
life of Satish Gujral.
Satish had gone hiking with his father and his brother Inder in Kashmir. While crossing a
rickety bridge, he fell into the rapids and became deaf. Satish was thrown out of the school,
because of his disability. No other school accepted him. His father encouraged him to read
books. One day Satish saw a beautiful bird in his garden which inspired him to become an
artist. His father admitted him in one of the best schools of art. Within a short time, Satish
learnt not only drawing and painting but also about life. He became one of the foremost artists
of India. He is one of the few artists who is accomplished in several art forms like painting,
sculpture, architecture and writing. He has won many awards including Padma Vibhushan. He
was awarded the Order of the Crown for architectural design of the Belgian Embassy in New
Delhi. His life of achievement is ample proof that the physical disability is no barrier to success.
2. Narrate the circumstances that compelled Satish to stay at home.
During holidays Satish was hiking with his brother and father. They were crossing a rickety
bridge over some rapids. Satish looked down at the swirling water below him. His foot slipped,
and lost his balance and fell into the rapids. As a result of this, his leg was injured badly and
had to undergo many surgeries. Soon after this, infections started in his ears which led to his
deafness. He could not hear properly, other children started making fun of him. His old school
did not want to keep him and new schools were also refusing him to take in. When he went
outside to play with other children, they made fun of him. Therefore, he was compelled to stay
at home.
1. GRANDMA CLIMBS A TREE – RUSKIN BOND

SUMMARY
 The poet’s grandmother was a genius.
 She could climb any kind of trees even at the age of sixty-two.
 She learnt climbing trees from her brother at the age of six.
 One day she climbed a tree, but could not come down.
 After the rescue, the doctor advised her bed-rest for a week.
 It was like hell for her.
 The moment she felt better, she demanded her son to build her a house in the treetop.
 Her son was dutiful and he fulfilled her wish.
 Granny lived there happily drinking sherry with the poet.

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Extracts:
1. “My grandmother was a genius.”
a. Whose grandmother was a genius?
Poet’s/Ruskin Bond’s grandmother was a genius.
b. Why did he call her ‘genius’?
He called her genius because she could climb any kind of tree even at the age of sixty-two.
c. What does ‘genius’ mean in the context?
‘Genius’ means gifted person.
2. “Ever since childhood, she’d had this gift.”
a. Who is the speaker here?
The poet / Ruskin Bond is the speaker here.
b. Who does ‘she’ refer to?
‘She’ refers to the poet’s grandma.
c. What was the gift that she had?
She had the gift of climbing trees.
3. “I strongly recommend a quiet week in bed.”
a. Who does ‘I’ refer here?
‘I’ refers to the doctor.
b. What was recommended?
One week’s bed rest was recommended.
c. When was it recommended?
After the rescue, the doctor treated granny and recommended it.
4. “I will lie here no longer”.
a. Who does ‘I’ refer to?
‘I’ refers to granny.
b. How long was she lying there?
She was lying there for a week.
c. Why did she say so?
She said so because she felt like being in hell.
5. “She called for my father and told him undauntedly.”
a. Who does ‘my father’ refer to?
‘My father’ refers to granny’s son / the poet’s father.
b. What did she tell him?
She told him to build her a house in the treetop.
c. What does ‘undauntedly’ mean in the context?
‘Undauntedly’ means without hesitation.
6. “You’ll have what you want, dear”.
a. Who is the speaker here?
The poet’s father is the speaker here.

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b. Who does ‘you’ refer to?

‘You’ refers to granny.
c. What did she want?
She wanted a house in the treetop.
7. “I’ll start work tonight”.
a. Who does ‘I’ refer here?
‘I’ refers to the poet’s father.
b. Whose assistance did he take to work?
He took his son’s / the poet’s assistance to work.
c. What was the work?
The work was building a house in the treetop for granny.
8. “With my expert assistance, he soon finished the chore.”
a. Who does ‘he’ refer to?
‘He’ refers to the poet’s father.
b. Who assisted him?
The poet assisted him.
c. What was the chore that he finished?
The chore that he finished was building a house in the treetop for granny.
9. “I climb to her room with glasses and tray.”
a. Who does ‘I’ refer to?
‘I’ refers to the poet.
b. To whose room does he climb?
He climbs to granny’s room.
c. Why does he climb with glasses and tray?
He climbs with glasses and tray to drink sherry with his granny.
10. “It was like a brief season in hell for her.”
a. Who felt so?
Granny felt so.
b. What does ‘It’ mean here?
‘It’ means bed rest for a week.
c. Why was ‘it’ hell for her?
Climbing trees was passion to granny. When she was asked to be in bed for a week
she felt it was ‘hell’ for her.
4 mark question:
‘My grandmother was a genius’ says the poet. Justify your answer.
OR
Summarize in your own words the substance of the poem ‘Grandma climbs a Tree’’.
OR
According to the poet Ruskin Bond, his grandmother was unique. Write a paragraph to
support this statement.

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The poet’s grandmother was a genius because she could climb any kind of trees even at the age
of sixty-two. She learnt climbing trees from her loving brother at the age of six. Though climbing
trees was disgraceful, granny didn’t mind. Once when her family was out in town, she climbed a
tree and could not come down. After the rescue she was advised bed rest for one week. It was
like a brief season in hell for her. The moment she felt better, she demanded her son to build her
a house in the treetop. Her son was dutiful. He fulfilled her wish. Granny lived there happily
drinking sherry with her grandson.

2. QUALITY OF MERCY – WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

(Memorization)
The quality of mercy is not strain’d;
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest:
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes.
‘Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes

The throned monarch better than his crown.

His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;
But mercy is above this sceptred sway;

It is enthroned in the heart of kings;

It is an attribute to God himself;
And earthly power doth then show likest God’s
When mercy seasons justice.
Extracts:
I. Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
1. "It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven".
a. What is compared to the gentle rain from heaven?
‘Mercy’ is compared to the gentle rain from heaven.
b. Why did the speaker feel it is twice blest?
Mercy blesses both the receiver and the giver.
c. From which poem is this line taken?
This line is taken from the poem, “Quality of Mercy”.
2. "The sceptre shows the force of temporal power."
a. Who is the speaker?
Portia is the speaker.
b. What does ‘temporal’ mean in the context?
‘Temporal’ means worldly power.
c. How does mercy differ from the sceptre?
Sceptre is the symbol of worldly power and mercy is divine.

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4. THE SONG OF INDIA – V.K. GOKAK

Summary of the poem.

The poem ‘Song of India’ is written by V. K. Gokak. It is in the form of dialogue. The poet and
Mother India are talking to each other. The poet asks Mother India what song he should sing of
her. He wants to sing about the snow born Himalayas, the three seas that wash her palms and
the clear dawn, but mother India tells him to sing about the beggar and the leper, the filth and the
dirt. The poet wants to sing about rock cut temples, epics in stones, of seers and prophets. But
mother India tells him to sing of the helpless children born in dark homes and of millions who toil.
The poet wants to sing of dam and the lake, the steel mills and the ship-building yard. But mother
India asks him to sing of the strikes and iron men. The poet becomes querulous and says that he
wants to sing the greatness of our country in the field of science and technology. But mother India
rises draped in blue sky with milky white oceans around her. She writes the “Book of the Morrow”
which signifies hope and bright future for our country free from the darkness of ignorance.
Two mark questions:
1. What are epics in stones?
Our temples are epics in stones. Every stone carving describes the stories of our great epics
the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha. These are carved on the walls of the temples.
2. What according to the poet is the contribution of the seers and prophets?
The seers and prophets have shown the right path of life. They are considered as gods. Their
preachings teach us how to live a meaningful life.
3. Why is the poet querulous?
The poet wants to sing about all the beautiful things of mother India. But she wants to listen to
the pain and sorrows of her children. So, he is querulous.
4. Identify the two speakers in the poem. What does the speaker want to sing about?
The poet and mother India are the two speakers. The poet wants to sing about the glorious
features of India like the Himalayas, the three oceans, the lakes, the dams, rock-cut temples
etc.,
5. What do the night, the sun god and the clear dawn represent?
The night represents darkness and ignorance, the sun god represents the brightness and the
hands that protect, the clear dawn represents a bright future and progress of our country.

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.

1. "Sing of the beggar and the leper."
a. Who is the speaker?
Mother India is the speaker.
b. Who was it said to?
It was said to the poet.

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c. Why does the speaker say this?

Mother India wants the poet to sing about the problems of our country like poverty and
diseases.
2. On which she sat and wrote The Book of the Morrow.
a. Who does the word 'she' refer to?
Mother India
b. What does the Book of the Morrow mean?
The future of the country.
c. From which poem this line is taken?
The Song of India.

5. JAZZ POEM TWO – CARL WENDALL HINES, Jr

SUMMARY:
The poet describes the old Jazz player and how he is transformed when he plays the music. The
Jazz player has a rough, winkled, unshaven face and sagging stomach. He wears a faded blue
shirt, a loose necktie and an old jacket. His shoes are run down with paper in them. Across his
chest is an old alto saxophone supported from his neck by a wire coat hanger. The Jazz player at
first has a weary expression on his face. He keeps his head down and eyes closed. When he lifts
the saxophone to his lips, he is filled with a new life. While playing music he is no longer a poor
black man but a bird that files higher and higher.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS:

1. How has the poet described the facial expression of the Jazz Player?
The Jazz Player has wrinkled old face which reflects wearies of living. His rough unshaven
face shows pain in each wrinkle.

2. Why does the Jazz player keep his head down? When does he feel like a bird?
He is a poor old man who led a hard life. He is not interested in anything in life. So he has kept
his head bent. While playing he Jazz he is no longer a poor black man but a bird that flies
higher and higher.

3. How does the poet describe the Jazz player? OR

Describe the appearance of Jazz Player?
The Jazz Player has wrinkled old, rough and unshaven face, He wears faded blue shirt and a
worn out jacket. His neck tie is undone. He has a sagging stomach. His shoes are rundown
with paper in them, His eyes are closed and head is bent. His appearance indicates that he is a
pathetic figure.

4. What qualities of the Jazz Player do you appreciate?

The Jazz Player was old and poor but a commanding artist. He had the power in himself to
make the people listen to him. While playing music he was no longer a poor black man but a
bird that flies higher and higher.

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EXTRACTS:
1. ‘Turned downward with closed eyes’
a. From which poem is this line taken?
This line is taken from the poem “Jazz Poem Two”.
b. Whose eyes were closed?
The Jazz player’s eyes were closed.
c. What does the line suggest?
The line suggests that the Jazz player was fed up of the world and he didn't want to see or
hear anything.
2. ‘His run down shoes have paper in them’
a. Who is the speaker here?
The poet
b. Who does ‘His’ refer to?
Jazz player.
c. Why did his shoes have paper in them?
His shoes were run down.
3. ‘Across his chest lies an Alto saxophone.’
a. Who does ‘his’ refer to?
‘His’ refers to the jazz player.
b. What is the musical instrument mentioned here?
Alto Saxophone’ is the musical instrument mentioned here.
c. Why was he holding a saxophone?
He was holding it to preach the Black Gospel of God to the world through his music.
7. THE BLIND BOY – COLLEY CIBBER
Poem for memorization:
O say what is that thing call’d light,
Which I must ne’er enjoy.
What are the blessings of the sight,
O tell your poor blind boy!

You talk of wondrous things you see,

You say the sun shines bright;
I feel him warm, but how can he
Or make it day or night?

My day or night myself I make,

When’ver I sleep or play;
And could I ever keep awake
With me ‘twere always day.

With heavy sighs I often hear

You mourn my hapless woe;
But sure with patience I can bear
A loss I ne’er can know.

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Then let not what I cannot have

My cheer of mind destroy;
Whilst thus I sing, I am a king,
Although a poor blind boy.
SUMMARY:
The poem ‘The Blind Boy’ is a very touching poem written by Colley Cibber. It describes the
feelings of a young blind boy who has never seen light. The speaker of the poem is a Blind Boy.
He is curious to know about the thing called ‘light’. He doesn’t understand the concept of day or
night. He also wishes to know the blessings of sight. He says people talk of wonderful things they
see in the world like the brightness of the sun, but he feels only the warmth of the sun. He
wonders how the sun can make day or night. For him, it is day when he is awake and active and
night when he feels sleepy. He often hears the people pitying him for his blindness but he doesn’t
feel sorry for himself. He is not worried about the things he doesn’t have. He doesn’t want to
make himself unhappy for the things he doesn’t have or the things he cannot get. He enjoys his
life as a cheerful blind boy. With the optimistic attitude he sings cheerfully and feels himself as a
king even though he is a poor blind boy.
Figures of speech:-
1. I feel him warm, but how can he or make it day or night? – Personification
2. I am a king although a poor blind boy. – Paradox.
Answer the following questions:-
1. Whose is the voice of the poem? OR Who is the speaker of the poem?
The Voice of the poem is that of a blind boy.
The speaker of the poem is the blind boy.
2. How does a blind boy understand whether it is day or night?
A Blind boy feels it is day when he is awake and active. He feels it night whenever he feels
sleepy.
3. How does the boy react to the feeling of pity from others?
The blind boy says that he cannot feel sad for the loss of something he never had. He
doesn’t want to feel sad for something he does not or cannot have.

4. What is the paradoxical feeling of the blind boy?

Though the blind boy cannot see the world, he feels like he is the king while singing and he
does not want his cheer of mind destroy because he is blind from birth itself.
5. What do we learn from the poem? OR What does the poem teach us?
The poem teaches us to lead a contented life and a cheerful life. We should be happy with
what we have and not be dissatisfied with what we don’t have. The life given by God should
be made joyful and happy not sad or sorrowful by comparing with others.

6. Who do you think is the person addressed as ‘you’ in the poem?

‘You’ are all those people with eyesight who sympathize with the boy for his blindness.

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1. NARAYANPUR INCIDENT – SHASHI DESHAPANDE

Answer the following questions.
1. Why had the students been marching? How was it an unusual march?
During Quit India Movement in 1942 a teacher, the follower of Mahatma Gandhiji was arrested.
The teacher’s son Mohan who was a college student and his friends believed in a different
form of protest. So they were marching in complete silence without slogan, shouts or
violence. Thus it was an unusual march.
2. What had the police expected about the way of protest? How did the student leaders
manage the protest? OR Why were Babu and Manju disappointed with the protest?
The police, Babu, Manju and all others expected many slogans, shouts and violence in the
procession. They also expected the procession like other processions intending damage to
public properties. But the procession went on peacefully without any slogans or violence so
the police, Babu, Manju and others were disappointed with the way of the protest.
3. What suspicion did the police have on Mohan’s family? OR
What was there in the mysterious parcel?
The police had a suspicion that Mohan’s family had cyclostyling machine to make
copies of Mahatma’s speech and there were people hiding in their house. In the mysterious
parcel there was a cyclostyling machine.

4. How did Mr. Patil, the Sub Inspector helps Mohan’s family?
Mr. Patil, the Sub Inspector was a close friend of Mohan’s father in his child hood. So when
Patil got the information that there might be a search in Mohan’s house he wanted to
rescue them by taking away the cyclostyling machine used to print Mahatma’s speech from
their house. Thus the Sub Inspector Patil helped them by taking away all the evidences prior
to the search in Mohan’s house.

3. A GREAT MARTYR EVER CHERISHED – MEHA MATHUR AND TESSY KOSHY

Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences. (2-marks)
1. Describe Haneef' childhood.
When Haneef was eight years old, he lost his father. And his mother was very busy travelling
to give performances and was giving concerts. Haneef and his brothers were left alone.
Through this they learnt one’s duty is the most important thing in life.They became responsible.
He was an introvert but, later he started to mingle with people and he was very kind.

2. Explain Haneef Udddin's training sessions?

In his training sessions he used to take ‘Mussourie bath' at midnight with cold water. He had
joined 11 Rajputhana Rifles, yet life of Haneef was good. He learnt some hobbies. Officers at
Rajputana Rifles made him get all his instruments to form the music group.

3. Haneef was a young man with various talents. Justify.

Haneef dabbled in art, sketched very well made beautiful cards out of waste material, he read
books and loved to play drums.
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4. How can you say that Haneef’s mother generous?

Hema Aziz politely declined the Indian army composition of a petrol pump, because some
families whose earner is gone, and they needed this more than them.
5. What did Haneef chose as his mission? Why did he do so?
Haneef knew that his life would be short, he wanted to serve the nation therefore he joined the
Indian army as a soldier. He believed that a person working for the nation could change lives.
PARTS OF SPEECH
In English language, the words are divided into eight kinds on the basis of the function they do in
sentence. They are called Parts of Speech. They are….
Sl. Parts Of
Function Examples
No Speech
Ravi, Rani, Delhi, city, boy, girl, man, friend, joy,
01 Noun Naming words beauty, army, truth, Hindu, Mysore, town,
family,...
I, we, you, they, he, she, it, my, mine, your,
02 Pronoun Replaces a noun
our, us, their, them, his, her, me, him,
good, wonderful, red, cheerful, joyful, heavy,
Describes noun or
03 Adjective one, two, many, a, an, the, handsome young,
pronoun
strong, nice,
Shows an action write. play, is, are, was, were, has, have, had,
04 Verb
or state do, does, did, eat, read, jump, walk, call,
Modify a Verb /an slowly, fast, correctly, yesterday, today, ago, here,
05 Adverb adjective/an before, usually, never, there, clearly, always,
adverb largely, seldom, often, partly, never, already, …
at, on, near, to, in, along, by, of , over, up, with,
Show a
06 Preposition in front of, out of, for, from, under, off, down,
relationship
through,
Join words or and, but, or, till, that, when, because, also, if,
07 Conjunction
Clause which, either...or, nor, both …and, ……
Expresses sudden O ! , Hello!, Oh!, Good!, Heavens!, Alas!,
08 Interjections
feelings Hurrah! Hey !, Ah!. H!, Hum!, ………….
I. Identify the parts of speech of the underlined words in the following sentences:
1. The peacock is a beautiful bird. _____________ _____________
2. Dark clouds have covered the sky. _____________ _____________
3. Birbal was very clever. _____________ _____________
4. Mr. Modiji is a popular leader. _____________ _____________
5. Mary bought a costly dress. _____________ _____________
6. Rani was listening to a melodious song. _____________ _____________
7. He bought two pens yesterday. _____________ _____________
8. Kuvempu was a great poet. _____________ _____________
9. My friend Ram is friendly with everyone _____________ _____________
10. India is a vast country. _____________ _____________
11. The courageous boy won the prize. _____________ _____________
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12. Bangalore is a large city. _____________ _____________

13. Many people came for the meeting. _____________ _____________
14. There is some water in the jug. _____________ _____________
15. Several people perished in the flood. _____________ _____________
16. Sarala is feeling quite tired now. _____________ _____________
17.They are newly married couple. _____________ _____________
18. He left for Mysore immediately. _____________ _____________
19. Alas! We missed the bus. _____________ _____________
20. Water is a colourless liquid. _____________ _____________
21. My father went to the field. _____________ _____________
22. She listens to music. _____________ _____________
23. The teacher reads fluently. _____________ _____________
24. Hari and Giri are clever students. _____________ _____________
25. He has already sent for a taxi.. _____________ _____________
26. They are reaching Delhi tomorrow. _____________ _____________
27. The train was late yesterday. _____________ _____________
28. Alas! We missed the bus. _____________ _____________
29. Akbar was a great emperor. _____________ _____________
30. I did not meet him yesterday. _____________ _____________
31. The mad dog bit the boy. _____________ _____________
32. She is always speaks the truth. _____________ _____________
33. There are ten books on the table. _____________ _____________
34. He wrote the exam easily. _____________ _____________
35. I am fully prepared for the exam. _____________ _____________
leader among _______ students.
Kinds of Conjunction:
1. Coordinating conjunction- FAN BOYS. F-for, A-and, N-neither, B-but, O-or, Y-yet and S-so
2. Subordinating Conjunction. - after, although, unless, because, if, since etc.
3. Correlative Conjunction. - not only…but also, neither…nor, though…yet etc.
Examples
• She was rich but she was happy.
• They are poor yet they are honest.
• I missed the train, still I reached in time.
• She was unwilling nevertheless, she came to the party.
• My friend made profits, where as I lost all my money.
• She is a scholar, while her parents are illiterate.
Examples
• You must work hard or you will fail.
• Either he is a fool or a mad man.
• He was neither a borrower nor a lender.
• Walk carefully else you will fall down.

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Examples
• He did not work hard so he failed.
• She disliked the school, therefore she left it.
• Ravi will pass for he works hard.
• She is beautiful but proud.
• You keep quiet or get out.
• We are hungry and thirsty.
• Ram likes to read and write.
• Tom does not like painting, nor does not like sketching.
• I love chocolate, yet I do not eat chocolate ice cream.
Work Sheet:
Fill in the blanks with suitable linkers.
1. Vishnu ------ Subhash are good athletes. Both have a common coach. Vishnu is very hard
working ----------- Subhash is not. (so, and, but, or)
2. Vinutha --------- her sister entered the house ------ there was no electricity. (but, and, so)
3. I went to hotel ------- it was closed (so, for, but)
4. Gowri ------ Gagana are generous persons -------- they always help poor children
(so, for, and, but)
5. He told us ----- he had read Milton in a prose translation ------- he was fourteen with whatever
luxuries a bachelor may be surrounded he will always find his happiness incomplete ----- he
has a wife ----- children. (when, unless, that, and)

6. Baleshwar ------- the driver had no choice. ------- to move her back into the truck.
(and, so, if, but)

7. Shantha -------- Shylaja are good friends. Shantha is very senior to Shylaja. These two have
another friend Rama. ---------- Rama is very adamant both love her very much
(but, and, as, though)
8. Satish can speak Hindi fluently --------he can’t speak ------ English -------Kannada fluently.
----------- Kannadigas talk to him in Hindi. (therefore, either, but, or)
9. Raju is poor ------- happy ------ contented. He owns two acres of land which he has inherited
from his father. He grows ----- ragi ----- maize. (or, but, and, either)
10. He is ------- an engineer ------ a doctor. He needs a vehicle. He is thinking of buying ----- a
scooter ----- a motor bike. (either, both, or, and)
ARTICLES
‘A,’ ‘an,’ and ‘the’ are called articles. They are also called Determiners or Demonstrative
Adjectives.
Articles are grouped in two. They are:
A. Indefinite Articles – (a, an) B. Definite Article – (the)
A. Indefinite Articles – (a, an) ‘A’ and ’ an’ are called Indefinite Articles because they do not
specify a particular person, place or thing.

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Uses of Indefinite Article ‘an’

1.Before words beginning with vowel sounds [a, e, i, o, u are called vowels.
Others are consonants]
Example:
1. an apple, an egg, an idea, an owl, an umbrella,
2. before words beginning with silent ‘h’.
Example:
1. an hour, an honourable man, an heir, an honest man.
Uses of ‘a’.
1. In the sense of one. Example: .a one-man show, a one-rupee note.
2. Before words beginning with consonant sound. Example: a boy, a box, a dog.
3. with vowel letters having consonant sound.
Example: a university, a unique article, a euphemism, a unit, a European language.
(All these begin with consonant sound of ‘yu‟)
Uses of definite Article ‘the’ The used-
1. When we speak of a particular person or thing already referred to.
Ex: The book you have read is very fine.
2. When a singular noun represents a whole class.
Example: The tiger is very ferocious animal.
3. Before names of dynasty, historical monuments.
Example: The Gupta dynasty, The Taj Mahal, The First World War, The American revolution.
4. With the names of Gulf, Rivers, Seas, Oceans, Group of Islands and Mountains range,
Example: The Persian Gulf, The Ganga, The Pacific Ocean, The Western Ghats,
The Himalayas, The Bay of Bengal, The Fiji Island.
5. Before the names of holy books.
Example: The Bible, The Ramayana, The Quran, The Vedas.
6. For Musical instruments. Example: The flute, The trumpet, The piano, The violin.
7. Religious groups & The People of nation. Example: The Sikhs, The Hindus, The Indian.
8. Political parties. Example: The Congress, The Janata Party, The B.J.P.
9. With superlatives. Example: He is the best boy in the class.
10. With ordinals. Example: He took the first taxi that came his way.
Our class is on the second floor.

OMISSION OF ARTICLES :
1. Before proper nouns. Example: Raju, Sira, Suma…….
2. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense.
Example: We will have freedom or death.
3. Before Language. Example: Kannada is our mother tongue.
4. Before uncountable nouns. Example: Gold is a precious metal.

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Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. _______ Earth revolves round _______Sun. 2. Their leader is _______unique person.
3. He is _____useless fellow.
4. Gold is _________precious metal. 5. ________Earth is planet.
6. Mr. John is ________American. 7. The Ramayana is ________epic.
8. The girl is _______orphan. 9. He read ________Bible every day.
10. ________ Ganga is a holy river. 11. He has _______foreign car.
12. The pacific is ________ocean. 13. There is ______ox under the tree.
14. Iron is ______useful metal. 15. We should help _______poor.
16. This is _______university. 17. Nile is ________ long river.
18. He married ________Australian lady. 19. This is _________useful matter.
20. We read _________ Mahabharatha. 21. His father is ________M.P.
22. London is on _______Thames. 23. That old man is ________orphan.
24. He is _______L .I.C. agent. 25. He is _______NCC commander.
26. Narendra was ________ all rounder. 27._________Ganga is _________sacred river.
28. Once _____ man found _____ Eagle’s egg. 29. He is ______ Authority on _____ subject.
30. Teacher solved ___________problems of his students in _________easy way.
31. The old folk said that happiness was ________ beautiful bird, far away in ________east.
32. ________Ramayana is ________ holy book of Hindus
33. After ____ long time, Narendra understood that Ramakrishna was not _____ordinary man.
34. It took months of negotiation to come to _______ understanding with him.
35. This is __________ H.M.T. watch. I bought in _________market.
36. He is ______ Authority on _______ subject
37. In reply to _______ second question _______ king must prepare _______ timetable.
38. The old folk said that happiness was _______ beautiful bird, far away in _______east.
39. Chandrashekar had _________ passion for ________game.
40. Cricket is ________ popular game in all ________commonwealth countries.
41. Mr. Manu is _______ M.L.A. He is _______ man of honour.
42._______ Chief minister will inaugurate ________ bridge on Ugadi day.
43. The student came to school half ______ hour late but ______ teacher did not punish him.
44. Narendra became _____

VOCABULARY
ONE WORD
Give ‘one word’ for the following: Examples
1. One who is trained in doing acts of public service ………………… : Scout
2. A place outside a city………………………………………………….. : Suburban
3. Do something with no hope…………………………………………… : Desperately
4. Feeling in a way that things will not improve ………………………. : Gloomily

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5. One who enters the house to steal. …………. …………………….. : Burglar

6. To speak in a very kind way. ………………………………………. : polite
7. To talk in a low voice. ………………………………………………. : whisper
8. To make movements with hands. …………………………………. : gesture
9. Lower the body close to the ground. ………………………….. : crouch
10. One who travels to workplace daily. ……………………….. : Commuter
11. The man that a woman is engaged to. ………………………… : fiancé
12 A person who loves his country. ……………………………… : patriot
13. A piece of land where fruit trees are grown……………….. : Orchard
14. A person who makes figures in stone, wood, metal etc. ………. : sculptor
15. To breath in a noisy way……………………………………………… : Snore
16. A stitch that is used to sew a wound together ……………………… : Suture
17. A decorated rod carried by a king or Queen as a symbol of power … : Sceptre
18. Official discussion ……………………………………………………… : Negotiation
19. Unusual and attractive especially in old fashioned way………………… : Quaint
20. With twisted hard lumps………………………………………………….. : Gnarled
21. Someone whose job is to look after a school or a large building……… : Janitor
22. Very eager for knowledge …............. : Voracious
23. That which cannot be satisfied…………………………………………… : Insatiable
24. A great performer especially a musician ……………………………. : Maestro
25. Moved quickly and suddenly towards a particular place…... : Sprang
26. Feeling or showing happiness and enthusiasm….............. : Excited
27. Enthusiastic clapping by the audience who stand up from their seats
as a sign of their appreciation ……………………………………………… : Ovation
28. A person who is especially good at some art or achievement………… : Wizard
29. To twist and turn the body or part of it quick short movements………. : Wriggle
30. The state of being alone……………………………………………………. ; Solitude
31. A type of religious music in which religious songs are sung very loudly …. : Gospel
32. Events not easily understood…………………………………………….. : Mystery

Work sheet for One word:

1. Suggesting that something bad is going to happen: ……
2. A dangerous part of a river which flows very fast because it is steep and sometimes narrow: ….
3. Remarks intended to hurt somebody’s feelings: …………..
4. A journey with purpose……………………………..
5. To draw pictures or patterns while thinking about something else…………….
6. The art of reducing beautiful writing…………………………
7. Looked angry and refused to speak ……………………………….
8. Of scientific method of finding out about a crime…………………
9. A word made from the first letters of the name of any organization……………….

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SYLLABIFICATION
Syllabification has SIX types, they are:
1. Monosyllabic 2. Disyllabic 3.Trisyllabic 4.Tetrasyllabic
5. Pentasyllabic 6. Polysyllabic (or) Multisyllabic
But the basic syllabifications are Mono-syllabic, Di-syllabic and Poly-syllabic.
Sometimes we must break a word at the end of a line. Avoid doing so whenever possible;
especially avoid breaking two successive lines. When breaking a word is unavoidable, mark
the division with a hyphen (made with one stroke on the typewriter)
It is splitting of words according to the syllables or units of sounds that must have vowel sound
Three letter having one syllable:
off, Sun, bus, few, act, bid, red, one, cat bus, act, bid, red, one, cat
FIVE LETTERS HAVING ONE SYLLABLE:
sword, steel, sweep, tongue, wrong, spoke,
cause, worse, crown, blame, mourn, scene,
break, dumb, faith, count, glove, steep,
knees, snake, pause, month,

Words with one syllable:

raid, dumb, Moon, slew, base,
head, plot, high, soul, fear, week, head,
rage base door, yard heat
cord vile path love fear step
sack soul week

SIX LETTERS WORDS WITH ONE SYLLABLE:

cheeks, yelled, tongue, rhythm, school, school
Identify the Syllable in the following examples.
Examples:
accept – ac-cept =2 again – a-gain =2
canteen – can-teen = 2 conscience – con-science=2
reflection – re-flec-tion=3 direction – di-rec-tion=3
quiz – quiz – 1 whole – whole – 1
continent – con-ti-nent = 3 adventure – ad-ven-ture = 3
determine – de-ter-mine =3 wide – wide = 1
school – school = 1 people – peo-ple-2
primary – pri-ma-ry = 3 section – sec-tion =2
taller – tal-ler = 2 English – Eng-lish = 2
anger – an-ger = 2 ago – a – go – 2
probability – pro-ba-bi-li-ty=5 determination-de-ter-mi-na-tion=5
idea – i-dea = 2 vanish – va-nish=2

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Identify the words which have one syllable in the following.

1. ago, school, survey, topper,
2. again, oh, studies, idea
3. London, Prize, right, no
4. suggest, longer, know, sell
5. actor, rain, bow, incident
Identify the words which have two syllable in the following.
6. read, two, prize, lines.
7. Sell, low, brother, crores
8. Tree, climb, genius, tow,
9. Light, enjoy, toe, sight
10. Sense, pride, row, same
11. Accept, again, red, empress
Identify the words which have three syllable in the following.
12. Canteen, conscience, reflection, direction
13. Quiz, whole, continent, adventure
14. Determine, vanish, computer, mobile
15. Photograph, photograph, wide school
16. People primary, section, taller
COLLOCATION
Collocation means a natural combination of words. It is a combination of words that are
commonly used in English closely associated with each other.
Combine the word in column “A‟ with its collocative word in column “B‟
‘A’ ‘B’
1. Curly (hair, journey, man fight) Hair
2. Fast (walking, train, march, moving) Train
3. Brisk (work, play, walk, sleep) walk
4. Rapid (glance, look, movement, progress) Progress
5. Wall (collection, paper, book, box) Paper
6. Wheel (stool, paper, book, chair) chair
7. Police (nurse, conductor, constable, stand) Constable
8. Break (lunch, dinner, fast, last) Fast
9. Freedom (boxer, fighter, wrestler, swimmer) fighter
10. Hand (pants, sari, socks, kerchief) kerchief
Work Sheet for collocations :
1. Twinkling (stars, moon, sun, earth)
2. Leave (answer, question, letter, box)
3. Shake (leg, mouth, hands, eye)
4. Mouth (talking, eating, watering, licking)
5. Nuclear (land, weapon, bottle, bolt)
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6. Speedy (recovery, damage, task, time)

7. Book (worm, ant, hand, pen)
8. Long (small, hen, run, food)
9. Earth (land, water, quake, sun)
10. Railway (station, chair, run, stop)
11. Post (book, box, paper, table)
HOMOPHONES:
What is a homophone?
Homophones are words that have same pronunciation (same sound) but different meanings and
spelling.
To – Too, Right – Write, Principal – Principle, Pray – Prey, Week – Weak, Adopt Adapt,
Rome – Roam, Accept – Except, Advise – Advice, Practice– Practise, Effect – Affect,
Hair – Hare, Been – Bean, Brake – Break, idol – Idle, Buy – By, Cell – Sell, shell Dairy – Diary,
Deer – Dear, Die – Dye, Fair – Fare, Feat – Feet, Own – One, won, Wait – Weight,
Waist – Waste, Some – Sum, Know – Now, Sight – site, Son – Sun, Steal – Steel, Night – Knight
Piece – Peace, Whether – Weather,

Examples of homophones:
Steel - Steel is a strong metal.
Steal - Raghu stole a purse.
Piece - He broke the pot into pieces.
Peace - We should maintain the peace.
Fair - She is a fair girl.
Fare - The bus fare is costly.
Dairy - We buy milk from the dairy.
Diary – I write my diary.
Deer – I saw is a deer.
Dear - You are my dear son.
Effect - The effect of the flood was very bad.
Affect - The flood affected the people of Karnataka.
Adopt - Vidya adopted a child.
Adapt - Birds are adapted to fly.
To - He goes to Bangalore.
Too - I eat fruits. I eat sweets too.
Week - Modi will come next week.
Weak - Anant was very weak.
Principal - He is a good principal.
Principle - He is a man of principles.
Advice - It is a good advice.
Advise - The doctor advised Grandma not to climb trees.

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Tasks on homophones:
Complete the sentence by using suitable. Homophones in the bracket.
1. Once a ________ went to meet our _______ chief minister Shri B. S. Yadeyurappa.
(former, farmer)
2. Veeresh and I went to a shop _________car to_____ dress. (buy, by)
3. Yesterday I watched Mahabharat Serial. I already ____ the story from my mother. So
It did not seem_________ to me. (knew, new)
4. I went to Kolhapur to see Mahalaxmi’s____ But I didn’t because the bus ____was too costly.
(Fare, fair)
5. I went for walk with my ____ in the time of ____rise. (son, sun)
Phrasal Verbs:
A Phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition to give a new meaning.
Example of Phrasal Verb:
• go away, go ahead, go by, go in, go down, go on, get across, get inside, get into, get on ,
get on with, get off, give away, give back, give in, give out, give off, give up
• look after, look ahead, look at, look around, look back, look for, look forward, look out, look
up
• make for, make out, , make up, make up for
• put aside, put forward, put off, put out, etc.,
to look after to take care of
to look at to watch
to look around to examine the surrounding area
to look back to look behind or to think past
to look for to search for
to look out to be alternative
to look up to search for in reference
to make up to reconcile
to make up for to compensate for
to put down to speak ill of some body
to put forward to propose suggest
to put off to post pone or delay or to discourage
to put out to extinguish
to go away to leave a place

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to go ahead to do something as planned

to go in to enter
to go on to continue
to get in to go inside
to get on to continue doing an activity
to get off to leave a bus, train, plane
to get over to recover from sick or overcome a problem
to give back to return something to somebody
to give out to distribute
to give up to stop doing something such as smoking or any
bad habits

Examples of Phrasal Verbs:

1. A committee has been setup to examine the problem.
look into
2. They managed to extinguish the fire after ten hours
put out
3. Lots of people arrived for the music concert.
turned up
4. True friends support one another always.
stand by
5. Whatever the temptation, he won’t yield to corruption
give in
Work sheet:
• Write the correct phrasal verbs
• We usually -------------- cotton clothes during summer
• He spoke very slowly I can’t ------------------ what he was saying
• I tried my best, but could not ----------- what that person had written
• People should ------------- their mind to fight against corruption
• What time do you usually ----------- in the morning
• You should study more, so you don’t ------------ in math and science
• Judges are requested to --------------- the prizes
• We should -------------- bad habits
• We should ---------------- our parents
• Don’t be afraid to -------------- if you have any questions

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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice: When the doer of the action is in the place of subject, then the sentence is said to
be in Active voice
Ex: Aarya plays Badminton.
(subject ) (verb) (object)
Passive voice: When the doer of the action is in the place of object, then the sentence is said to
be in Passive voice.
Ex: Badminton is played by Aarya.
(subject) (verb) (object)
Points to remember while changing an active voice into a passive voice:
1. Subject and object interchange.
2. Observe the tense of the verb.
3. Use 3rd form of verb.
4. Change the pronouns accordingly.
5. Use preposition ‘by’ before the object.

Examples:
1. Radha eats chocolate.
Chocolate is eaten by Radha.
2. Kiran watched a movie.
A movie was watched by Kiran.
3. Tiger is catching the deer.
The deer is being caught by tiger
4. Suma was doing homework.
Home work was being done by Suma.
5. Samarth is singing the folk songs
Folk songs are being sung by Samarth.
6. Students were discussing the problems
The problems were being discussed by students.
7. Rita has written a wonderful story.
A wonderful story has been written by Rita.
8. King had punished the culprit.
The culprit had been punished by king.
9. Sachith will solve the sum.
The sum will be solved by Sachith.
10. I shall finish that work.
That work will be finished by me.

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Work sheet:
Choose the most appropriate alternative
1. Jamuna liked the movie KGF.
a. The movie KGF is liked by Jamuna.
b. The movie KGF has been liked by Jamuna.
c. The movie KGF was liked by Jamuna.
d. The movie KGF will be liked by Jamuna.
2. I will meet the CM tomorrow.
a. The CM will be met by me tomorrow.
b. The CM was met by me tomorrow.
c. The CM have been met by me tomorrow.
d. The CM is being met by me tomorrow.
3. India defeats Pakistan.
a. Pakistan was defeated by India.
b. Pakistan is being defeated by India.
c. Pakistan is defeat by India.
d. Pakistan is defeated by India.
4. Mother was cooking the food.
a. The food is being cooked by mother.
b. The food was being cooked by mother.
c. The food is cooked by mother.
d. The food is being cooking by mother.

5. Seema had arranged a party in the evening.

a. A party has been arranged by Seema in the evening.
b. A party was arranged by Seema in the evening.
c. A party had been arranged by Seema in the evening.
d. A party is being arranged by Seema in the evening.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. Tharun writes a novel.
A novel ______written by Tharun.
(was, were, is, will be)
2. PM visited Gujarat yesterday.
Gujarat ______visited by PM yesterday.
(has been, was, is being, is)
3. Hanuman was crossing the sea.
The sea______ crossed by Hanuman.
(is being, is, will be, was being)
4. They cut a tree yesterday.
The tree ____by them yesterday.
(is cut, are cut, was cutting, was cut)

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5. Workers are building the house.

The house ____being built by workers.
(are, was, were, is)
6. Priya sings melodious songs.
Melodious songs are ____by Priya.
(sung, sing, sang, singing)
7. Usha ran 100 meter distance.
100 meter distance was _____by Usha.
(ran, running, runs, run)
8. He engages spoken English classes.
Spoken English classes are engaged by____. (he, his, him, her)
9. Arjun will break all the records.
All the records will be ____by Arjun.
(broken, breaks, broke, break)
10. Surya is driving Rolls Royce car.
Rolls Royce car is being ____by Surya.
(drove, driving, drive, driven)
“If -Clause”
If Clauses are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that
the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause
with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Type If Clause Main clause

1 If I study, I will pass the exam
2 If I studied, I would pass the exam
3 If I had studied I would have passed the exam

Examples
1. If she wins the lottery, she will buy a car.
If she won the lottery, she would buy a car.
If she had won the lottery, she would have bought a car.
2. If the rain stops, we will continue the match.
If the rain stopped, we would continue the match.
If the rain had stopped, we would have continued the match.

3. If they start early, they will not miss the train.

If they started early, they would not miss the train.
If they had started early, they wouldn’t have missed the train.

4. If he runs little faster, he will win the medal.

If he ran little faster, he would win the medal.
If he had run little faster, he would have won the medal.
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5. If Sindhu not practice hard, she will not win the silver medal.
If Sindhu not practiced hard, she wouldn’t win the silver medal.
If Sindhu hadn’t practiced hard, she wouldn’t have won the silver medal.

Work Sheet:
Fill in the blanks:
1. If I get a chance to play, I__________ score well.
2. If Mr. Surya had won in the election, he _____________become the minister.
3. If the lawyer had argued case strongly, we _____________won the case.
4. If the lawyer had argued case strongly, we_ ____________lost the case.
5. If the patient shifted to the hospital in time, he/she _________survive.
6. If the Lord Krishna hadn’t helped the Pandavas in Kurukshetra war, they_____lost the war.
7. If you bring the camera, we ______________take the photographs.
8. If she hadn’t fallen sick, she ______________completed her degree.
9. If Myra worked hard, she ___________fail in her task.
Match the following:
A B
1. If Rama hadn’t broken the bow, a. it would have achieved the goal
2. If they practise well, b. Sitha wouldn’t have married him
3. If Smitha got an opportunity, c. I will arrange a party
4. If India had tried little harder, d. they will get success
5. If my team wins today, e. she would show her talent
Choose the correct alternative
1. If the students hadn’t neglected their work, they ______failed in the exam
a. will b. will have c. wouldn’t have d. would
2. If I drink coffee at night, I ______not sleep well
a. would have b. would c. will d. wouldn’t have
3. If the police hadn’t alert, the thief _________escaped
a. would have b. would c. will d. wouldn’t have
4. If Virat scored a century, India ________win the match
a. will b. will have c. wouldn’t have d. would
5. If Disha had scored well in CET, she ___________got the medical seat
a. would have b. would c. will d. wouldn’t have
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS:
Language is a media to express our thoughts and expressions.
‘Function’ is the term used to express the purpose of a text or of a speech.
Awareness of a language functions make one an “efficient speaker”.
Language functions are:
Disagreeing, Praising, Requesting, Apologising
Giving Feedback, Asking question, Command or order, Showing anger
Expressing like/dislikes, Seeking permission, Leave taking. Introducing oneself,
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Introducing someone, Responding to introducing, Wishing on a special occasion,

Congratulating, Complimenting, Thanking, Responding to thanking.
Function: Making enquiries
Have you completed the work?
Did you read the Lesson?
Could you meet your friend?
How is your health now?
Why is he/she absent today?
What happened to your book?
Why are you dull today?
Function: Requesting
Could you please………. Will you please keep quite?
Can you get me …………. Please bring my book.
Will you please help me?
Function: Agreeing
Yes I agree, Okay, True, You are right, Fine,
Function: Disagreeing
I’m afraid you are not right.
I’m sorry I don’t agree with you?
Well ….. I don’t think what you say is right?
No…. Never
I don’t agree with you.
EXAMPLES
Read the conversation and choose the language function for the underlined sentence.
1. Raju : Hello, Manoj, I am Raj here.
Manoj : Hello, Raj how are you?
a. Advice b. Greeting c. Seeking Information d. Order
Greeting
2. Sunitha : My leg is fractured in an accident and God is unkind to me.
Anjali : Don’t worry some people were born physically challenged. So be grateful to God.
a. Comfort b. Advice c. Order d. Apologise
Comfort
3. Ramu : Could you please tell me the way to the railway station?
Sanjay : Go straight and turn left.
a. Suggestion b. Advice c order d. Giving direction
Giving direction
4. Ramu : Can I help you carry the bag?
Rakesh : Yes please.
a. Seeking help b. Giving direction c. Suggestion d. Order
Seeking help

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5. James : Could you please tell me about this monument?

Abdul : It‟ s my pleasure, sir.
a. Order b. Request c. Advice d. Suggestion
Request
6. Ranjita : Where are you going?
Radha : I am going to my aunt’s house.
a. Order b. seeking information c. request d. Obey
Seeking information
7. Customer : could you please give me one kilo sugar?
Shop Keeper : yes please.
a. Order b. obey c. request d. advice
Obey
8. Mother : Radha , where are you going?
Radha : I am going to my friend’s house.
Mother : come back before it is dark.
a. Command b. Request c. Advice d. Direction
Advice
9. Patient : I suffer from acidity, sir.
Doctor : when you get up in the morning, drink two glasses of warm water
a. Suggestion b. Request c. Command d. Disagree
Suggestion
10. Teacher : Ramu, you have not done the home work, go out of my class.
Ramu : I’m sorry sir. I will do it today.
a. Advice b. Apologising c. Command d. Order
Apologising

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS:
WORKSHEET
Identify the language function:
1. Could you please spare some time, sir?
a. request b. apologize c. order d. Questioning

2. You’re absolutely right

a. expressing agreement b. expressing disagreement
c. Complimenting d. Wishing

3. If you don’t mind could I use your pen?

a. questioning b. seeking information
c. seeking help d. seeking permission

4. I’m really grateful to you

a. Complimenting b. Wishing c. requesting d. expressing gratitude
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5. I’m very sorry

a. apologizing b. ordering c. complimenting d. expressing gratitude

6. You should consult a doctor

a. ordering b. expressing agreement
c. seeking information d. Suggesting

7. Don’t worry everything will be all right.

a. Sympathising b. giving direction c. suggesting d. Requesting

8. Shut the door

a. suggesting b. requesting
c. ordering d. giving direction

9. Story books are on fifth shelf in second row from here.

a. giving direction b. seeking information c. ordering d. Requesting
Finite verb and non- finite verb
Finite verb: A verb which indicates tense is called a finite verb.
EX: I write a letter. (write-present tense.)
He writes a letter. (writes-present tense.)
She went to B’lore. (went-past tense.)
In the above sentences write, writes and went are finite verbs because those verbs do not take
any helping verbs to show the tense. They themselves show the time of an action.

NON- FINITE VERB:

Some other form of verbs do not take the time of an action on their own.
EX: I am writing a letter. (am-present tense, writing-no tense)
He has written a letter. (has-present tense, written-no tense)
They were playing in the field. (were-past tense, playing-no tense)
She will buy a scooter. (will-present tense, buy-no tense)

The above underlined verbs are used with the helping verbs to show the time of an action.
They do not indicate the time of an action.

INFINITIVE VERB:
A verb is used with preposition ‘to’ to show the purpose of an action not to indicate the time of an
action. This is also called non- finite.

EX:1: Ravi went fast to catch the bus.

2: I called my friend to give a book.
3: Ashok practiced well to participate in Olympics.
The verbs ‘to catch’ , ‘to give’ and ‘ to participate’ are the non- finite as well as infinitive verbs
because they do not tell the time of an action they tell the purpose of an action.

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EXERCISES:
1. You can find some verbs in the following sentences; classify them into finite and non- finite.
1. They were waiting for the bus.
2. After a long time, it came.
3. The bus was heavily crowded.
4. Any way they managed to push through and they squeezed themselves in.
5. They felt tired as they had been waiting for long.
6. I wonder who can ever improve our transport system.
ANSWERS:
Waiting ---non- finite (used with ‘were’ in past tense)
Came---finite (the verb ‘came’ used to show the past)
Crowded-non-finite (past participle)
Managed—finite (finite)
To push –infinitive verb.
Squeezed-finite (past tense verb)
Felt –finite (used as past tense verb)
Waiting- non-finite (as past participle)
Wonder—finite (past tense verb)
improve—non- infinitive (present tense form)
2. Read the following sentences and find out the infinitive verbs.
1. Seeta went to school to learn.
2. The teacher asked Hari to rub the board.
3. I went to the exhibition to enjoy.
4. We pray the god to take blessings.
5. Kavitha went to market to bring the vegetables.
6. The animals wandered to search the food.
ANSWERS:
1. to learn 2. to rub
3. to enjoy 4. To take
5. to bring. 6. to search
The verbs which are used after modals in the sentences are called bare infinitive verbs.
Example:
1. I will meet you tomorrow.
2. He can climb a tree.
3. This dog may bark.
4. She would console her.
5. I should consult a doctor today.
Work Sheet:
Find out infinitive verb in the following sentences.
1. Ravi will send a letter to her teacher.
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2. Suresh must attend the class.

3. He would like to come to your house.
4. She can prepare food for her children.
5. I should take class today.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech: Actual words of the speaker are quoted in Direct speech.
Indirect speech: Actual words of the speaker are reported to someone else is called reported
or indirect speech.
RULES TO CHANGE DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPE ECH
 Remove inverted commas, which are used to quote actual words of the speaker.
 All present tense verbs become past when the reported verb is in past tense.
Am, is are-was Are-were Have, has-had Do, does- did
Will-would Shall-should Can-could May-might
Verbs Direct speech Indirect speech
Am He said, “I am teaching a lesson” He told that he was teaching a lesson
Is She said, “It is singing a song.” She told that it was singing a song
Are Ravi said, “You are my friend? Ravi told that I was his friend.
Have Sashi said, “We have played now.” Sashi told that they had played then.
Has Kiran said, “she has written a letter today.” Kiran said that she had written a letter that day.
Will Hari said, “I will meet you tomorrow.” Hari told that he would meet me the next day.
Shall Revathi said, “I shall attend this class.” Revathi said that she should attend that class.
Can Mohan said, “I can climb a tall tree here.” Mohan told that he could climb a tall Tree
there.
May Raju said, “I may visit Hampi with my family.” Raju told that he might visit Hampi with
his family.
Must Priya said, “I must consult a doctor now.” Priya told that she had to consult a doctor
then.
 1st and 2nd person pronouns will become 3rd person pronouns.
1st person ----- I, my, me, mine-------he/she, his/her, him/her, his/hers
We, our, us, ours --------they, their, them, theirs
2nd person---------- you, your, you, yours--------he/she, his/her, his/her, his/hers
PERSON DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
I Banu said, “I speak English very well.” Banu said that he spoke English well.”
My Rani said, “I sell my land now.” Rani said that she sold her land then.
Me He said, “I take a pen for me to write.” He said that he took a pen for him to write.
Mine She said, “this house is mine.” She said that house was hers.
You They said, “we are all students.” They said that they were all students.
Your She said to Sushma “I buy your bike today.” She told that she bought her bike that day.
You He said to Kiran, “I will call you when I want”. He told that he would call him when he
wanted.
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Yours She said to Bharathi, “I have forgotten to bring your Book.

She told Bharathi that she had forgotten to bring her Book.
We They said, “We want to swim across the River.”
They told that they wanted to swim across the River.
Our She said, “Our clothes are wet when we walk in the rain.”
She told that their clothes were wet when they walked in the rain.”
Us He said, “Please, give us some food tonight.”
He requested to give them food that night.
Ours Imran said, “These pens are ours.”
Imran told that those pens were theirs.
Tenses are changed as following
Simple present tense becomes Simple past tense
Present continuous tense past continuous
Present perfect past perfect
Simple future past future
Future continuous past future continuous
Simple past past perfect.
Past continuous past perfect continuous
Past perfect past perfect
Past perfect continuous past perfect continuous
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Kokila said, “I sing a song for my friends today.”
Kokila said that she sang a song for her friends that day.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Manu said, “I am listening to music to get peace of mind."
Manu said that he was listening to the music to get peace of mind.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Asha said, “I have gone to cinema with my uncle now.”
Asha said that she had gone to cinema with her uncle then.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Babu said, “I will build a house for my parents here.”
Babu said that he would build a house for his parents there.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Swamy said, “He will be coming to house by this time tomorrow.’
Swamy said that he would be coming to house by that time the next day.
SIMPLE PAST
Ravi said, “I went to Bangalore yesterday.”
Ravi told that he had gone to Bangalore the day before.
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES:
‘That’ conjunction should be added in assertive sentences.

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Suresh said, “I meet my friend today at school.”

Suresh said that he met his friend that day at school.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES:
‘Questioning word’ is to be used in interrogative sentences.
Hari said, “why are you late today for dance class.”
Hari enquired why he was late that day for dance class.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:
The preposition ‘to’ is used imperative sentences.
He said to Leela, “bring your text book.”
He ordered Leela to bring her text book.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
‘That’ is to be used in exclamatory sentences.
Manju said, “How beautiful this rose is!”
Manju exclaimed that the rose was very beautiful.
1. Some words given below get changes in indirect speech as follows
 This - that
 Here - there
 Now - then
 Ago - before
 These - those
 Now - then
 Today - that day
 Yesterday - the day before
 Tomorrow - the next day
 Day after tomorrow - further day
 Before yesterday - previous day
Read the following conversation and change the underlined sentences into reported
speech
1. Raghu : Hi, Rahul, how are you?
Rahul : Hi, I am fine
Raghu : What are you doing?
Rahul : I am writing a letter.
Indirect speech: Rahul told that he was writing a letter.
2. Teacher : What are you writing now Lakshmi?
Lakshmi : I am writing English now, sir?
Teacher : It’s ok. Write quickly.
Indirect speech: Teacher asked Lakshmi what she was writing then.
3. Doctor : What happened to you sir?
Patient : I got fever sir,
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Doctor : Take this tablet.

Indirect speech: Doctor prescribed to take that tablet.
4. Father : Kiran, Have you visited Hampi?
Kiran : yes, dad.
Father : How is it?
Kiran : What a beautiful place it is, Dad?
Indirect speech: Kiran exclaimed that Hampi was a very beautiful place.
5. Rachana : Please, bring a glass of water?
Rakshith : yes, I will bring.
Rachana : Thank you.
Indirect speech: Rachana requested Kiran to bring a glass of water.
6. Class teacher : Anand, where did you go yesterday?
Anand : I went to my village.
Class teacher : Don’t miss the classes.
Indirect speech: Anand told that he had gone to his village that day.
7. Kamala : I will meet tomorrow, Ravi
Ravi : It’s ok, bring notes.
Kamala : Ok.
Indirect speech: Kamala told Ravi that she would meet him the next day.
8. Head master : I have told to take the class.
Teacher : yes, sir.
Head master : ok
Indirect speech: Head master told that he had told to take the class.

WORK SHEET-1
Change the following into Reported speech.
 Ramesh said, “I believe in ghosts.”
Ramesh----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Guru stated, “I am going to B’lore tomorrow.”
Guru---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Swamy said, “I have caught burglar now.”
Swami ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Ambedkar said, “He fought for freedom against British.”
Ambedkar-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Bhuvan said, “I will pay money tomorrow.”
Bhuvan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Sushil said, “Sowmya, take my bag now.”
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jyothi said, “let us go to tea today.”
Jyothi proposed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Raghu said, “When will you come, Raju?
Raghu-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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WORK SHEET NO-2

1. Read the following conversation and change the underlined sentences into Reporting
speech.
Vikas : “Hi, Naveen, have you done homework?
Naveen : Hi, no not yet.
Vikas : Why?
Naveen : “I am busy with my father at the shop.”
Indirect speech: ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Readon the conversation and rewrite the underlined sentences into Reported speech.
Ayesha : How are you Salma?
Salma : I’m fine, thank you.
Ayesha : Did you see the film ‘Takur’?
Salma : No, but I’m planning to see the film on Sunday.
Ayesha : it’s fantastic. Don’t miss it.
Salma : O.K
Indirect speech: ----------------------------------------------------------
3. Read the conversation and rewrite into Reported speech.
Rashmi : Good morning, sir.
Harish : Good morning Rashmi. Why did you go to Bangalore yesterday?
Rashmi : I had an appointment with my lawyer.
Harish asked Rashmi --------------------------------------------------------
4. John : Here’s a camera for you Lakshmi.
Lakshmi : When did you buy it John?
John : I bought it for you yesterday.
John told---------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Mother : Rachana, come here.
Rachana : Sorry mummy, I am writing home work.
Mother : Do you come later?
Rachana : yes, mummy
Mother wanted to confirm----------------------------------------------------
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
THREE DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1. Positive degree –simple form of adjective, it’s used when no comparison is made.
Ex. short
2. Comparative degree-It’s used when two persons or things are compared
Ex. shorter
3. Superlative degree –It’s used when more than two persons or things compared.
Ex: the shortest.
Remember
“As/So” is used in positive degree.

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“Than” is used after the comparative degree.

“The” is used before the superlative degree.

1. BY adding ‘er’ and ‘est’ to the Positive degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative
Young younger youngest
Great Greater Greatest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest

2. By adding ‘r’ and ‘st’ to the Positive Degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative
Able Abler Ablest
Brave braver bravest
Wise wiser wisest

3. By adding the last letter of the Positive Degree and adding ‘er’ and ‘est’.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big bigger biggest
Fat fatter fattest
Hot hotter hottest

4. By changing ‘y’ into ‘I’ and adding ‘er’ and ‘est’

Dry drier driest
Easy easier easiest.
Happy happier happiest

5. By adding ‘more’ and ‘most’ to the Positive Degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative
Active more active most active
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Faithful more faithful most faithful
6. Some adjectives are compared irregularly. Their comparative and superlative
degrees are not formed from the Positive.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Bad worse worst
Good better best
Little less least
WORK SHEET-1
Fill in the correct form of Adjective.
1. My brother is ---------------------than my sister. (short)
2. She’s a --------------girl in the class. (beauty)
3. Summer is ------------------------than winter. (hot)
4. This apple is ----------than that apple. (taste)
5. This tree is------------in our street. (big)

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6. Elephant is--------------- animal in the zoo. (heavy)

7. Ant is ---------------than any other creature. (small)
8. Ramu is as --------------as Mohan. (most brilliant)
SOME MORE EXAMPLES
Change the following sentences into other Degrees
1. NO other boy is as good as Rohith.
Com: Rohith is better than any other boys.
Super: Rohith is the best of all boys.

2. Rose is more beautiful than any other flower.

Positive: No other flower is as beautiful as rose.
Com: Rose is the most beautiful flower of all.

3. Ganga is the longest river in India.

Positive: No other river is as long as Ganga.
Comparative: Ganga is longer than any other river.

4. Russia is bigger than any other countries in the World.

Super: Russia is the biggest of all countries in the World.
Positive: No other country is as big as Russia.

5. No other fruit is as sweet as mango.

Comparative: Mango is sweeter than any other fruits.
Super: Mango is the sweetest of all fruits.
WORK SHEET -2
1. Change the following positive degrees into comparative degree.
1. No other animal is as big as Elephant.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. No other continent is as big as Asia.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. No other subject is as easy as English.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. No other food is as tasty as Biriyani.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. No other tree is as long as coconut tree.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. No other place is as beautiful as Mysore.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. No other town is as large as New york.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. No other boy is as intelligent as Rohith.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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9. No other cricketer is as famous as Sachin.

_______________________________________________________
10. No other woman is as kind as Mother Teresa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WORK SHEETS-3
Change the following Comparative Degree into positive degree.
1. Kiran is more handsome than any other boy in the class.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Snake is longer than any other animal.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Winter is colder than summer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Steel is harder than any other metal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Cotton is softer than any other thing.
___________________________________________________________
6. Bombay is larger than any other city.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Hari is more handsome than any other boy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Rachana is more beautiful than any other girl.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Corona is more contagious disease than any other disease.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Sachin is more famous than any other cricketer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WORK SHEET -3
Change the following positive into superlative Degree.
1. No other Pandava is as strong as Bhima.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. No other subject is as easy as Kannada.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. No other boy is as timid as Rahul in the class.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. No other actor is as brilliant as Rajkumar.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. No other king is as generous as Karna.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. No other weapon is as powerful as Education.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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7. No other person was as notorious as Veerappan.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. No other city is as safe as Calcutta.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. No other thing is as cheap as paper.
EDITING PARAGRAPH
Editing means correcting the mistakes in a sentence or a passage.
There will be a question on Editing for two marks in SSLC examination.
Most probable mistakes, the students are supposed to ask to correct in a particular
passage.
Verbs ------------- has, have, is, was, do, do, does, did and main verbs.
Prepositions----------- in, on, at, of, at, for, with, under etc
Linkers-------------------and, but, so, because, that, until, unless etc
Genders---------------- male, female
Articles. -----------------a, an, the
Noun Plurals……….. s, es, ies, ves etc.
There are some sentences given. Every sentence has one mistake, identify the mistake
and correct the sentence.
Error correction
1. I are a teacher. are am
2. They has their own houses. has have
3. She don’t like tea. don’t doesn’t
4. People is busy with their work in the field is are
5. She likes his brother very much. his her
6. They didn’t speak now. Didn’t don’t
7. I want an book. an a
8. There is a umbrella in his hand. a an
9. Ravi is going with school. with to
10. Hari is an intelligent but disciplined boy. but and
WORK SHEET -1
Edit the following sentences. Every sentence has one mistake, find out the mistake and
correct it.
Error correction
1. She are beautiful girl. ---------------- -----------------
2. They has completed their work. ---------------- ----------------
3. Ramu sing a song. ----------------- -----------------
4. Hari go to school yesterday. ----------------- -----------------
5. We want a elephant to carry language. ----------------- -----------------
6. She narrates an story. ----------------- -----------------
7. I bring a gift of you ------------------ ----------------
8. They put their books at the bag. ------------------ ----------------

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Some more examples

The following paragraphs have two errors. Edit the paragraph and re write it.
1. You may have forget your own voice long before. You were never given freedom enough to
voice you opinions.
a. Correct the verb form.
b. Correct the pronoun.
a. Forget - forgotten b. You - your.
2. Today, democracy is often assume to be a liberal form at governance, a form of representative
democracy when the ability of elected representatives and the will of the majority.
a. Correct the verb form
b. Correct the preposition
a. Assume - assumed b. at - of

3. Dinesh Talreja has wrapping up his day at his marketing job on Ulhasnagar.
a. Verb to be corrected.
b. Preposition to be corrected.
a. Wrapping - wrapped b. On - in
4. These Americans, they are good peoples and are willing to pay at the same rate per acre.
a. Capital letter to be used.
b. Noun singular to be used.
a. these –These b. Peoples - people
5. A poor wood cutter was cutting a big peace of wood near a wide river. Sudden his old axe
slipped from his hand and fell into the deep water.
a. Spelling mistake to be corrected.
b. Adverbial mistake to be corrected.
a. peace - piece b. sudden - suddenly.

WORK SHEET NO-2

The following paragraphs have two errors. Edit the paragraph and rewrite it in the answer
book. Clues are given below.
1. We all want to leed a happy life. What, according to you can make us happy. We shall discuss
some practical ways.
a. Spelling mistake to be corrected.
b. Use correct punctuation mark.
2. Hemanth moved to the edge of the compound to pluck flowers. He last balance, fell down but
broke his leg.
a. Spelling mistake to be corrected.
b. Conjunction to be corrected
3. When ‘Aryabhatta’ the 1st India build satellite was launched in April 1975, India entered a
space age.
a. Article to be corrected b. Verb form to be corrected.

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4. Jawaharlal Nehru chose Dr. Ambedkar to be a first Law minister of independent India.
a. Article to be corrected. b. Punctuation mark to be used.
5. If you wanted to get on in life, you have to read a lot.
a. Verb form to be corrected b. Capital letter to be used.
QUESTION TAG
It is a common practice in conversation to make a statement and ask for confirmation
as it’s very cold, isn’t it ? The later part (isn’t it?) is called a question tag.
- If the statement is positive - auxiliary verb + n’t + subject (pronoun) +?
- If the statement is negative - auxiliary verb + subject (pronoun) +?
Read the sentence and identify the sentence as Positive or Negative.
Positive sentence carries Negative tags. (n’t)
Ex : He is Swamy, isn’t he?
She is a doctor, isn’t she?

Negative sentence carries Positive tags.

Ex : He isn’t Swamy, is he?
She is not a doctor, is she?

Pick out the helping verbs from the sentence given below.
‘do’ form’s - do, does, did.
‘be’ form’s - am, Is, are, was, were.
‘have’ form’s- has, had, have.
‘modals’ - can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must.

Ex: He can pass the exam, can’t he?

They should come early, shouldn’t they?
She cannot help others, can she?
If there is no helping verbs - Use Do forms. (do, does, did)

Present tense Past tense

Singular: Do Did
Plural: Does Did

USAGE: I, YOU & PLURALS : DO/DID

HE, SHE, IT & SINGULARS : DOES/DID

Ex: I work hard, don’t I?

She works hard, doesn’t she?
They worked hard, didn’t they?

Subject will be replaced as pronoun and put a question mark.

Ex: Swamy went to the office, didn’t he?
Shanthi won the prize, didn’t she?

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QUESTION TAG
No Positive Negative No Positive Negative
tag tag
1 Is Isn’t 11 Had Hadn’t
2 Are Aren’t 12 Can Can’t
3 Am Aren’t 13 Could Couldn’t
4 Was Wasn’t 14 Shall Shan’t
5 Were Weren’t 15 Will Won’t
6 Do Don’t 16 Should Shouldn’t
7 Does Doesn’t 17 Would Wouldn’t
8 Did Didn’t 18 Must Mustn’t
9 Has Hasn’t 19 Might Might not
10 Have Haven’t 20 may May not

WORKSHEET-1
Add a suitable question tag for the following:
1. Grandmother was a genius, ------------------------ Ans: wasn’t she?
2. I can do it better, -------------------------------------- Ans: can’t I?
3. The doctor took Granny’s temperature, ----------- Ans: didn’t he?
4. She hardly knows anything,------------------------- Ans: does she?
5. I bade Don Pedro stop them, ---------------------- Ans: didn’t I?
6. These Americans are buena gente, ................... Ans: aren’t they?
7. You can’t drive a car,......................................... Ans: can you?
8. Chief minister will come to Tumakuru ....................... Ans: won’t he?
9. Let me sleep in the hall, father.............................. Ans: shall I?
10. Pass the salt................................. Ans: will you?
11. I am a black man............................... Ans: Aren’t I?
12. I am not fond of reading stories.................. Ans: am I?
13. Mutiny is an ugly word................................ Ans: Isn’t it?
14. Father and Inder spent time with him........... Ans: didn’t they?
15. He has a bat................................... Ans: hasn’t he ?
16. Swami and his friends play cricket............... Ans: don’t they?
17. Vishwanath is not a police.................... Ans:is he?
18. I am not a shirker............................ Ans: am I?
19. Hanif was a student of Kerala school............... Ans: wasn’t he?
20. The Bird of Happiness was guarded by three old monsters.........Ans: wasn’t it?
21. No body knows anything................. Ans: do they?
22. Everybody wrote answers ................... Ans: didn’t they?
WORKSHEET-2
Choose the correct question tag.
1. He could play very confidently.
a. Couldn’t he? b. Could he? c. Can he? d. Can’t he?
2. He cannot help others…………………..
a. Can he? b. Can’t he? c. Could he? d. Will he?
3. She is Nivedita……………….
a .isn’t she? b. is she c. does she? d. did she?
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4. Raghav is singing a song……………….

a. isn’t he? b. is he? c. was he? d. wasn’t he?
5. Latha is not reading…………
a. is she? b. isn’t she? c. will she? d. won’t she?
6. I work hard……..
a. Don’t I? b. Do I? c. Does I? d. do we?
7. We worked hard………..
a. Did I? b. Didn’t I c. Didn’t we? d. Do we?
8. They have two books……….
a. Haven’t they? b. Have they? c. has she? d. hadn’t they?
9. She has written a letter…………..
a. hasn’t she? b. has she? c. haven’t they? d. had she?
10. He will tell us truth……………
a. won’t he? b. will he? c. can he? d. could he?
FRAMING QUESTIONS
‘WH’ WORDS:
What Why Where When Who Whom
How How many How much How long How far

WORK SHEET-1
1. I want books. What do you want?
2. Delhi is the capital of India. Which is the capital of India?
3. This is Suresh’s house. Whose house is this?
4. Geetha goes to Mysore by car. How does Geetha go to Mysore?
5. Santhosh lives in a village. Where does Santhosh live?
6. I am fine. How are you?
7. I was born in Hassan. Where were you born?
8. Mahesh is 40 years old. How old is Mahesh?
9. Kiran goes to Hubli to guide teachers. Why does Kiran go to Hubli?
10. Yukthi broke the jug. Who broke the jug?
11. Baleshwar helped Roma. Who helped Roma?
12. Dr. Ambedkar was a symbol of revolt. Who was a symbol of revolt?
13. Swami was sleeping beside his granny. Where was Swami sleeping?

WORKSHEET-2
1. Mumbai Suburban train arrives at 6.32p.m.
2. Ramesh laughs at her jokes.
3. Baleshwar revisited the spot where Roma had fallen looking for her belongings.
4. Ruskin Bond wrote the poem “Grandma Climbs a Tree”.
5. The British made divide and rule policy.
6. There are 70 students in the class.
7. The Soldier killed the terrorist.

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8. Roma was fallen off the moving train.

9. Don Anselmo was a man of principles.
10. Smitha was spell bounded on hearing Pandit’s concert.

PROFILE WRITING
Steps to remember while writing a Profile:
 Identify the Gender of the person.
 Use He/She, His / Her accordingly.
 Use appropriate tense.
 Use auxiliaries as per the subject.
 Write it in a paragraph.

1. Given below is a profile of Lal Bahadur Shastri write a paragraph using the clues given
below:
Birth : October 2nd, 1904, Mughal Sarai
Education : Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith 1925
Spouse : Lalitha Shastry
Parents : Sharada Prasad and Ramdulari Devi
Achievements : Leader of the Indian National Congress party. Participated in the Indian
Independence movement in the 1920s
Position : Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Railway Minister in Central cabinet second
Prime Minister of independent India in 1964
Died : January 11th, 1966. Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Awards : Bharat Ratna (Posthumously).
Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2nd 1904 at Mughalsarai Uttar Pradesh. His parents
were Sharada Prasad and Ramdulari Devi Lal Bahadur joined the Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidya
Pita in 1925. He later married Lalitha. He participated in the Indian independent movement in the
1920s and became the leader of the Indian National Congress party. After independence he
became a minister in the Uttar Pradesh cabinet and later the Railway minister in the Central
cabinet. In 1964 he became the second Prime Minister of independent India. He died on January
11, 1966 at Tashkent in Uzbekistan. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously.

2. Given below is a profile of Dr. Ravi Shankar, a professor. Write a paragraph using the
clues given below:
Age : 52 years
Height and weight : 5’6”, 64kgs
Family : Two sons, Engineers
Reason for his popularity : More helpful in the society, more friendly and engaged in social
work
Education : M.A., Ph.D.
Awards : National Award
Hobbies : Gardening helping poor students writing books and reading books.

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Dr. Ravi Shankar, was a professor. He was 52 years old, he was 5’6" feet tall and weighed 64
kgs. In his family he had two sons who were Engineers. He was more popular because he was
more helpful and friendly and he engaged in social work. He was an MA with a Ph.D. He was also
a national awardee. His hobbies were gardening, helping poor students, writing and reading
books.

3. Given below is a profile of Sarojini Naidu. Write a paragraph using the same:
Birth : 13 February, 1879
Place : Hyderabad
Father : Dr. Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, a scientist
Mother : Mrs. Varada Sundari, a Bengali poet
Spouse : Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu
Profession : Politician, freedom fighter. Governor of United Provinces of Agra and
Oudh, writer.
Death : 2 March, 1949
Works : The Golden Threshold (1905), "The Bird of Time (1912),
The Broken Wing (1917). The Feather of the Dawn' (1961).

Sarojini Naidu was born on February 13th, 1879 in Hyderabad. Her father was Dr. Aghornath
Chattopadhyaya, a scientist and her mother was Mrs. Varada Sundari, a Bengali poet. Her
husband was Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu. She was a politician and freedom fighter. Sarojini
Naidu served as the Governor of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. She was also a writer. Her
works were, ‘The Golden Threshold’ (1905), ‘The Bird of Time’ (1912), ‘The Broken Wing’ (1917),
‘The Feather of the Dawn' (1961). Sarojini Naidu's died on March 2nd, 1949.

4. Given below is a profile of Vijendra Singh: Write a paragraph using the same:
Birth : October 29, 1985
Place : Haryana
Interest : Boxing
Practicing Club : Bhiwani Boxing Club
Participation : 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, 2006 Commonwealth Games, 2006 Asian
Games
Achievements : Won the first Bronze medal in 2008 Beijing Olympics
Awards : 2009 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award,

Vijendra Singh is a boxing champion who has made India proud at the international level. He was
born on October 29, 1985, in Haryana. He was interested in Boxing. He practiced at Bhiwani
Boxing Club. In 2004 he participated in Athens Summer Olympics. In 2006 he participated in both
the Commonwealth Games and the Asian Games. He won the first Bronze Medal in the Beijing
Olympics in 2008. In 2009 he won the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

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5. Given below is a profile of P.T. Usha Write a paragraph using the clues given below.
Born : 27 June, 1964 Rationality, Indian
Other names : Payyoli Express, Golden Girl
Known for : Track and field athlete
Employed : Indian Railways
Awards : Padmashree

P.T. Usha was born in Kerala on the 29th of June 1964. P.T. Usha is today called the Payyoli
Express and the golden girl because of her awesome speed on the track. She is one of India’s
best women athletes. She remained, the Queen of track. She was an employee of Indian
Railways. She won the well-deserved Padmashree award for her outstanding contribution the
field of sports.

Worksheets for Profile writing

1. Given below is a profile of Dr. Nikhita. Write a paragraph using the clues given below:
Name : Dr. Nikhita
Age : 47years.
Qualification : M.Sc., PhD.
Occupation : Professor in Physics in Delhi University
Hobbies : Watching birds, Reading magazines
Reasons for popularity : Soft-spoken, warm-hearted and loves to help students.
Academic achievements: Paper presentation on "Waste Management Author of a book
"Ecological Crisis”.
2. Given below is a profile of Sri Rakesh Sharma. Write a paragraph using the same.
Birth : January 13, 1949, September 20, 1982
Selection as a cosmonaut : One of the crew, Russian Rocket, Soyuz T-II.
Duration of flight : Seven days.
Other members of the flight: Commander Malyshev and Flight Engineer, G.M. Strekalov.
His famous utterance as he saw India from the spaceship: Saare Jahan Se Achchha'.
3. Given below is the profile of Rabindranath Tagore. Write a paragraph using the clues
given below:
Known in Bengal as : Gurudev
Birth : May 7th, 1861
Parents : Debendranath Tagore and Sarala Devi
Notable works : Gitanjali, Jana Gana Mana, Rabindra Sangeet, Amar Sonar
Bangla, etc.
Award : Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913
Died : August 7th, 1941.

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Story Development.
Points to be remembered.
 Logical organization of thoughts.
 Meaningfully developed story with effective expression and language.
 Accuracy.
 Coherence/Continuity of thought.
 Grammatically correct sentences related to the hints provided.
 Conclusion.
Develop a story, using the clues given below.
1. A thirsty crow – hot summer – searched for water - didn’t get – saw a jar – little water –
thought of a plan – dropped small stones – water came up – drank water – away happily.
It was a hot summer. A crow was very thirsty. He searched for water everywhere but did not get
it. At last he saw a jar. The jar had very little water at the bottom. He tried again and again but his
beak could not reach the water. At last he thought of a plan. He flew around, picked some small
stones and dropped them into the jar, one by one. The water came up. He drank the water and
flew away happily.
Moral: ‘Where there is a will, there is a way’.
2. A race — hare and tortoise — hare — boasted — tortoise — humble — hare — ran fast
— tortoise — just moving — hare — slept — tortoise — slowly reached — hare — got up —
ran — but lost — moral.
Once upon a time there was a race between a hare and a tortoise. The hare boasted himself. The
tortoise was very humble. The race begun. The hare ran very fast. The tortoise was just moving
slowly. The hare thought that, it could rest for a while. It slept under a tree. The tortoise reached
the end line. The hare got up and ran very fast, but, it lost the race. This is an interesting moral
story. It teaches us many values. The tortoise was declared winner.
Moral: Never underestimate anyone. ‘Slow and steady wins the race’.
Develop a story using the clues given below.
1. A poor wood cutter – cutting wood –tree on a river bank – axe fell into the river – goddess –
golden axe – refused – silver axe – refused – wooden axe – accepted- goddess gave golden and
silver axes – blessing – moral.
2. A lion asleep in a forest – awakened by a mouse – lion angry about to kill it with his paw – the
mouse begs for mercy – promises to pay back his kindness – the lion caught in a trap – the
mouse – gnaws, releases him – lion grateful to the mouse.
3.Three friends – two geese, a tortoise – decide to migrate – food, water – geese fly – tortoise
can’t – devise a way – carry tortoise – hold stick with their beaks – tortoise not to speak – hold the
middle of the stick – children clap – tortoise angry – bursts out – fell – moral.
4. A fox – hungry – couldn’t find food – came to a village- grape garden – very happy – jumped –
couldn’t get – angry – sad grapes sour.

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PICTURE DESCRIPTION
STEPS FOR WRITING PICTURE DESCRIPTION:
Key points Description
1. Location/Scene
2. People
3. What are they wearing?
4. What are they doing?
5. Guessing
EXAMPLE 1

Key points Description

1. Location/Scene In this picture we see a factory, water bottle, sky, smoke, garbage (dust)
bins and some trees.
2. People There is a woman .
3. What are they The woman is wearing a jacket and she is holding a waste water bottle.
wearing? The garbage bins are of three different colours. The factory is covered
with iron sheets.
4. What are they The factory is emitting smoke, which shows that the factory is in work. The
doing? woman is throwing a waste plastic bottle to the recycling garbage bin.
5. Guessing It seems the picture is trying to create awareness about environmental
pollution.
EXAMPLE 2

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Key points Description

1. Location/Scene In this picture we see a snowy mountain, there is a lake beside the
mountain and there are so many trees on the mountain. One child is at
the left of the picture, two children are in the middle of the picture and
two elders are at the right side of the picture.
2. People There are five people in the picture. Some are young and some are old.
We can see men and women in the picture.
3. What are they They have wore pants and jacket. They are wearing multi coloured
wearing? dresses, shoes and skiing materials.
4. What are they They are skiing, younger children are playing, and elders are sitting on
doing? the mountain top.
5. Guessing It looks like a happy family, gone out on a holiday.

EXAMPLE 3

Key points Description

1. Location/Scene In this picture we see a city. There are so many people, children, trees,
buildings and vehicles. There is a school, garden, a train, a grocery
shop, dog and a road.
2. People There are men and women, elders and youngsters, children and
passengers.
3. What are they The people in the picture are wearing pants and shirts, some children are
wearing? carrying bags on their backs. Some people are wearing helmets. Traffic
police is wearing his uniform.
4. What are they There is a traffic police who is controlling the traffic. Some people are
doing? driving the cars, some are cycling, some people are walking along the
road, some are travelling in a bus and some people are waiting at the
zebra crossing to cross the road.
5. Guessing It looks like people are engaged in many activities in their daily life.

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EXAMPLE 4

Key points Description

1. Location/Scene In this picture we see inside of the Metro train. There is a seat, and a door.
We can see floor of the train. There are bags, rails and also umbrellas. A
girl is standing at the left side of the picture, three girls are sitting in the
middle and the elderly person is sitting at the right side of the picture.
2. People There are five people. We see four girls and an elder man. Girls are white in
complexion and the elderly person is a black man.
3. What are they Girls are wearing school uniforms. All are wearing shoes. Elderly person is
wearing? wearing T-shirt and shorts. Many are carrying umbrellas.
4. What are they They are travelling in the train. Girls are happy and enjoying journey but the
doing? elderly person looks very tired and worried. One girl is laughing.
5. Guessing It looks like girls are returning home after the school, enjoying.

EXAMPLE 5

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Key points Description

1. Location/Scene In this picture we see people in and over the water. It looks like flood. There
are boats, rescue team, electric poles and sign boards.
2. People There are so many people, children, youngsters and elderly ones. Rescue
team people are also amidst them.
3. What are they People are wearing T shirts, shorts and life jackets.
wearing?
4. What are they There are so many people some are walking and swimming in the flooded
doing? area, some are sitting on the boat and helping the people, some are standing
in safe place.
5. Guessing It looks like people are caught in flood and trying to save their lives and helping
others to get into the safe place.
WORKSHEETS FOR PICTURE DESCRIPTION
EXERCISE 1

STEPS FOR WRITING PICTURE DESCRIPTION:

Key points Description
1. Location/Scene
2. People
3. What are they wearing?
4. What are they doing?
5. Guessing
EXERCISE 2

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STEPS FOR WRITING PICTURE DESCRIPTION:

Key points Description
1. Location/Scene
2. People
3. What are they wearing?
4. What are they doing?
5. Guessing
EXERCISE 3

STEPS FOR WRITING PICTURE DESCRIPTION:

Key points Description
1. Location/Scene
2. People
3. What are they wearing?
4. What are they doing?
5. Guessing
EXERCISE 4

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STEPS FOR WRITING PICTURE DESCRIPTION:

Key points Description
1. Location/Scene
2. People
3. What are they wearing?
4. What are they doing?
5. Guessing
EXERCISE 5

STEPS FOR WRITING PICTURE DESCRIPTION:

Key points Description
1. Location/Scene
2. People
3. What are they wearing?
4. What are they doing?
5. Guessing
READING
PASSAGE COMPREHENSION
*Format of Reading comprehension passage.
*Ways to tackle the comprehension passages.
*A sample passage.
1. FORMAT OF READING COMPREHENSION PASSAGE.
 The comprehension part of our test entails a reading passage of about 250-300 words and
at the end of the passage two questions of two mark each, will be asked on the content of
the passage.
 Reading passages are generally drawn from several areas like science, short stories,
essays, biographies etc.
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 The question on the comprehension passage generally tests your ability to understand the
given information in the passage.
 In short the questions are meant to test your ability to read the passage and comprehend
its meaning.
2. WAYS TO TACKLE COMPREHENSION PASSAGES
 For tackling the comprehension passage you have to train your eyes and mind to function
simultaneously.
 Good reading is good thinking- speed in reading and comprehension, work together.
Therefore don’t be afraid if you come across difficult words in the passage.
 To deal with comprehension passage follow the following approach that has been used
with great success on reading comprehension questions.
STEP-1
GLANCE THROUGH THE QUESTIONS QUICKLY.
Instead of reading the passage first, it is better to skim over the questions that are given at the
end of the passage. This will help you determine what you have to look for while reading the
passage.
STEP-2
READ THE PASSAGE AS FAST AS YOU CAN
At this point reading the passage is to be done without worrying about full comprehension. Read
the passage keeping in mind the questions that you have read in STEP-1 and if you come across
some material that seems relevant to any of the questions underline that portion with a pencil.
STEP-3
READ THE QUESTIONS AGAIN FOR PROPER COMPREHENSION
Now carefully read the questions. One question at a time. If you are able to recollect its location in
the passage mark the answer in your answer book.
STEP-4
RE-READ THE PASSAGE AT YOUR BEST RATE FOR COMPREHENSION.
Now re-read the passage at a comfortable pace for comprehension. While reading, keep the
unanswered question in your mind following the same process as in STEP-2.
STEP-5
RE-READ THOSE QUESTIONS THAT ARE STILL UNANSWERED
These questions may be more taxing. Go back to the passage once again very quickly and find
the relevant material from the passage after concentrating only on what particular information that
is required to answer the questions.
SMART WAYS TO TACKLE PASSAGE COMPREHENSION FOR
CHALLENGED STUDENTS
1. Read the passage/ story quickly to get the general ideas.
2. Read it again slowly to know the details.
3. Study the questions thoroughly. Turn to the relevant portion of the passage/ story.
Read them again and write neatly in your own words.
4. Answer in complete sentences.

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A SAMPLE PASSAGE
EXAMPLE- 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
1. Punctuality is a habit which must be cultivated by every cultured person. It is the mark of
civilization and culture. It has been rightly called as the ‘soul of businesses. In our daily life,
we have to attend to various types of business. This brings us in contact with other people.
We hardly realize that in being late, how much annoyance and worry unnecessarily is caused
to others.
Nelson the philosopher used to say that he owes his success to punctuality in his life. If a man
has various duties to attend to, he must be punctual. Otherwise, his life will be a failure.
It is not easy thing to be punctual. It requires a man all the energy to regulate his life, if he
wants to be punctual in every business. Unpunctuality invites trouble and worry. A man who is
punctual and keeps his appointment, is sure to be held in high esteem by others. Everyone
has confidence in him. Everyone trusts him because he keeps his word.
a. Why is punctuality necessary?
Punctuality is a mark of civilization and culture. It is called as the ‘soul of businesses.
Without punctuality life is a failure. So, punctuality is necessary.
b. Why do people respect one who is punctual?
A man who is punctual and keeps his word and appointment is sure to be held in high
esteem by others. Everyone has confidence in him. Everyone respects him because he
keeps his word.
EXAMPLE-2
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
In every country, people imagine that they are the best and the cleverest and others are not so
good as they are. The Englishman thinks that he and his country are the best. The Frenchman is
very proud of France and everything French. The Germans and Italians think no less of their
countries and many Indians imagine that India is in many ways is the greatest country in the
world. This is wrong. Everybody wants to think well of himself and his country. But really there is
no person without positive and negative qualities. In the same way there is no country which is
not partly good and partly bad. We must take the good wherever we find it and try to remove the
bad wherever it may be.
We are of course, most concerned with our country, India. Unfortunately, this is the idea
becoming prevalent in recent days. Most of our people are poor and unhappy. They have no joy
in their lives. We have to find out how we can make them happier. We have to see what is good
in our ways and customs and try to keep it, and whatever is bad we have to throw it away. If we
find anything good in other countries, we should certainly take it.

a. What should we do to make our people happier?

We have to see what is good in our ways and customs and try to keep it, and whatever is bad
we have to throw away. If we find anything good in other countries, we should certainly take it.

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b. What do people think about themselves and others in every country?

In every country people imagine that they are the best and the cleverest and others are not so
good as they are. Everybody wants to think well of himself and his country.
EXAMPLE: 3 (FOR PRACTICE)
Jawaharlal Nehru, our former prime minister, had time and again emphasized that India must
try to bring about a socialistic pattern of society. But we may ask what this ‘ Socialistic pattern
of society means?’ Is it just another name for communism? The answer is no.
There is a vast difference between the Russian notion of communism and our ideal of socialist
pattern. In Russia, every form of enterprise is in the hands of the government. Whereas, in
India, individuals will always be allowed to carry on private business. We hope to bring about
this new socialistic pattern slowly and steadily. It will be a kind of ‘bloodless revolution’.
a) What is the difference between the socialistic pattern and Russian communism?
b) What did Jawaharlal Nehru told us again and again?
EXAMPLE: 4 (FOR PRACTICE)
After his return from Africa, Gandhiji founded an ashram in Gujarat. The ashram was open to
all people, provided they were prepared to lead a simple life and work with their hands.
Gandhiji encouraged people to spin their own cloth. In those days some people were
considered to be untouchables as they belonged to lower castes. Gandhiji admitted these
people into his ashram, lived with them and ate with them. He called them’ Harijans’ which
means ‘people of God’. He said that all men are made equal and there should be no
differences.
a) How do we know that Gandhiji did not treat some people as untouchable?
b) According to Gandhiji, why should there be no differences among men?
Essay Writing
News paper, Television, Radio, Computer, Internet, Mass media, Mobile /
Smart phone.
1. It is a boon to the society.
2. It is a powerful agency of education.
3. It is a source of information.
4. It is a source of knowledge.
5. It is an effective agency of entertainment.
6. It is an effective agency of informal education.
7. It is helpful to all sections of society.
8. It is helpful in developing cultural values.
9. It serves as an effective medium of social change.
10. It keeps us in touch with important events.
11. It provides all types of news.
12. It is of immense use to all sections of society.
13. It plays a vital role in the life of modern man.
14. It reaches the mass and is helpful to create mass awareness.
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15. It plays a very significant role in the modern life in all aspects.
National Symbols
Every country has its own national symbols. They speak about the character of the people.
Our national symbols are –
1. National Anthem – Our national anthem is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ written by Rabindranath
Tagore.
2. National Flag – Our national flag is of ‘Tricolor’ – Saffron, White and Green.
3. National Emblem – Our national emblem is the, “Dharma Chakra.”
Our national animal is the Tiger. Our national bird is Peacock.
Our national flower is the Lotus. Our national fruit is Mango.
Our national tree is Peepal tree. Our national sport is Hockey.
Our national Language is Hindi.
The national symbols promote national integration.
Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Environmental Pollution
1. Pollute means to make air and water dangerously impure for use.
2. The factors responsible for pollution are population growth, deforestation, industries,
automobiles, chemical manures, etc.
3. It may cause many horrible diseases.
4. Govt. as well as the people should come forward to solve this problem.
5. There should be a ban on nuclear tests.
6. Proper measures should be taken for afforestation.
7. Proper education should be given to the people regarding the disadvantages of it.
8. Government should take strong action to punish the offenders.
9. The government should not allow setting up industries and factories within a radius of
10 kms from the village or town or city.
10. We should maintain a cleaner and greener environment.
Population Explosion
1. The present population of India is 132 crore.
2. India is really over populated.
3. It has created many problems.
4. Due to this most of the people in our country do not have sufficient food, shelter, clothing,
education etc.
5. It leads to poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, under employment, etc.
6. It also leads to the anti-social activities and disturb peace.
7. It hinders the development of the country.
8. It is a bane to the civilized and developed society.
9. We should check the growth of population.
10. We should adopt some programs such as family planning, educating the mass, late
marriage, etc.

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Importance of Forests
Forests are the lifeline of our planet earth. They are our national wealth.
1. They provide Five F’s – food, fodder, fertilizer, fuel and fiber.
2. They provide valuable timber, medicinal herbs, sandalwood, etc.
3. They provide home and shelter to animals and birds.
4. They help in maintaining the ecological balance.
5. They help in maintaining the temperature at a lower level.
6. They help to prevent soil erosion.
7. They help to prevent landslides.
8. They regulate the climate and help to hold rain water in the ground.
9. They attract rain.
10. They are rich in flora and fauna.
11. They minimize the negative impact of the environmental pollution.
12. They act as a source of raw materials for many industries.
Progress and welfare of a nation depend on its forest wealth. So we need to bring public
awareness for afforestation.
National festivals
National Festivals promote national integration. Our National Festivals are – Independence
Day: It is celebrated on 15th August every year. On this day we recall the great contributions
of our freedom fighters.
Republic Day: It is celebrated on 26th January every year. India became republic on this day
in 1950.
Gandhi Jayanthi: It is celebrated on 2nd October every year. It is celebrated in the memory of
Mahatma Gandhiji.
Teacher’s Day: It is celebrated on 5th September every year. It is celebrated in memory of Dr.
S. Radhakrishnan.
Children’s Day: It is celebrated on 14th November every year. It is celebrated in memory of
Jawaharlal Nehru.
We need to celebrate the national festivals to inculcate in the minds of the young and old, love
for the country.
Importance of Sports
Sports not only serves a break from study routine, but also helps a student remain healthy –
physically and mentally.
* Sports can play a vital role in the proper and harmonious development of the students.
* It refreshes the mind, clears the irritated intellect and pours into life vigour and enthusiasm.
* It can help children to bloom by driving away lethargy, monotony and activate the organs.
* It helps in the development of a sound mind in the sound body.
* It inculcates the precious spirit of discipline, team-spirit, industry and courage.
* It imbibes the invaluable lessons of leadership, self-reliance, honesty and brotherhood.
* It teaches the hard truths of failure and success in life.
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* It will cultivate the spirit of self-help, confidence and endurance.

* It facilitates a dynamic character formation.
* It increases attention span, concentration and will to succeed.
Sports enable us to have ‘strength in the nerves and vigor in blood’ which is the fountain of
joy in life.

LETTER WRITING
1. Official letter 2. Personal letter
Official letter - steps to be followed:
1 From address

2. Date

3. To address

4. Salutation

5. Subject

6. Body of the letter

7. Complimentary ending

Format of Official Letter:

1 From address..............................

2 Date............................................

3 To address .................................

4 Salutation....................................

5 Subject:..........................................................................................................................

6 Body of the letter……………………………………………………………………………..

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

7 Complimentary ending
.........................................
.........................................

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1. OFFICIAL LETTER......
Example 1
Imagine that you are Jyothi or Niranth, student of 10th A, Govt. High School, Huliyar. Tumkur
District. Write a leave-note to your Headmaster.

Use the indications given below:

Sister's wedding- at a temple in Udupi- going there the previous day-so leave for three days:
From:
Niranth
Standard 10th ‘A’,
Government High School,
Huliyar Tumakuru.

23 February, 2021

To,
The Headmaster,
Govt. High School
Huliyar.
Respected Sir,

Sub: Application for leave.

My parents have arranged the wedding of my sister and the function will be held at Sri
Govinda Temple, Udupi on 25th February 2021. We are all going there on 23rd after the school
hours. We will be returning to Huliyar only on 26th. So, I humbly request you to grant me leave for
three days. (24th February to 26th Feb.)
Thank you.
Yours obediently,
Niranth.

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Example 2
Imagine that you are Jyothi Prakash,
Write a letter to the Manager, K. S. R. T. C Davanagere, requesting him to provide more buses
to your village.

From:
Jyothi Prakash,
Gopal nagar,
Davangere

24th February, 2021

To,
The Manager,
K.S.R.T.C.,
Davangere

Respected Sir,

Sub: Request to provide more buses.

I am the resident of Gopal nagar. There are more than a hundred families living in this
area. There are about sixty college going boys and girls, many people are going to the town for
jobs and business. There is only one bus running between Davangere and our area. We find it
very difficult to reach the town in time. Sometimes the bus does not come at all. So, on behalf of
the residents of this extension area, I humbly request you to provide two more buses to our area.
I hope your kindness will do the needful.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully,
Jyothi Prakash.

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WORKSHEET...... For official letter

Imagine you are Lekhana /Vedhanth 10 Govt. High School Arsikere. Write a letter to the Editor
of a newspaper about the roads and drainage system in your locality

From
________________
_____________________

Date: ________

To,
________________
_____________________

Respected Sir,

Subject:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Thanking you

Yours faithfully/ obediently,

Signature
_______________
2. PERSONAL LETTER

Personal letter

Steps of personal letter

1 From address (address of writer)
2 Date
3 Salutations
4 Body of the letter
5 Complimentary ending
6 To address

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EXAMPLE 1
PERSONAL LETTER

Imagine you are Saritha /Madhu, Govt. High School, Tarikere.

Write a letter to your friend inviting him or her to your School Day.

From:
Saritha
Govt. High School,
Tarikere

5th March, 2021

My dear Shobha

I am fine here. How are you? I got your letter yesterday. I was very happy to read it. Our
third tests are over and I am very happy to write that I scored top marks in all the subjects. We
have decided to celebrate our School-Day on 27th March 2021.The function will start with the flag
hoisting at 10 a.m., by Prof. Nagesh Reddy of the nearby college professor. The stage function
will be starting at 10.45am Dr. Nagendra Rao, an eminent doctor of our town will preside over the
function. There will be dances and short plays. I welcome you to our school-day. Please come
here on 26th March. I will give you company. Please come and make me happy.
Convey my regards to your parents.
Please reply me.

Yours lovingly,
Saritha

Arunitha,
No. 27/A
1st main, 3rd Cross,
Vijayanagara, Tumakuru.

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EXAMPLE 2
Imagine that you are Shreya/ Shreyash. Studying in 10th class. Govt. High school Salahalli. Write
a letter to your father explaining about your preparation for annual examination.

From,
Shreya. R.
Govt. High school, Salahalli
Ramadurga Tq

4th May, 2021

Dear father,
I am fine here with my studies and health. I am very happy with my friends. I hope
everyone in the home is also fine. I have scored 95% in our preparatory exam and our annual
examination date is announced. It is in the next month. So I am studying 6 to 8 hours a day I have
hope to score more than 95% in annual exam. I am putting all efforts and energy to do well in
exam. Please convey my love to mother and warm regards to my lovely sisters.
Yours lovingly,
SHREYA
Vignesh,
No.345/C
1st Main, 4th Cross,
Mahadevapura, Bengaluru
Worksheet for personal letter
Imagine that you are Amruta/Amar, studying in 10th class K.R.C.R. School Salahalli write a letter
to your father, requesting him to send Rs 1000 to buy new books.
Letter format
From address
______________
______________

Date:_______
My dear father
___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Yours lovingly,
...............
To Address,

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