VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

SURAPET

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON THE TOPIC

To investigate the relation between the ratio of output

and input voltage and number of turns in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self designed Transformer

NAME : P.Tharun Solanki

CLASS : 12A2
ROLL NUMBER :

SSCE -2024 -2025

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that P.Tharun Solanki of class XII A2 has
Successfully completed the project on the topic “To investigate the
relation between the ratio of output and input voltage and
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self designed Transformer under the guidance of our Physics teacher
Mr.G.Ezhamani partial fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by SSCE,CBSE, New Delhi or the academic year
2024 –2025.

Signature of teacher in charge Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal Signature of External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. So I
am utilizing this opportunity to thank all the people who have been
concerned with my project.

Primarily I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the strength,
knowledge and good health to complete this project with success.

Then I would like to thank our Principal for his continuous support and
our physics teacher whose whole hearted guidance helped me to patch
this project and make it full proof success. The suggestions and
instructions given by them served as the major contribution to the
completion of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance, which has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SNO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 06

2 Aim 07

3 Materials required 09

4 Theory 09

5 Procedure 13

7 Precautions 13

8 Sources of error 13

9 Conclusion 14

10 Bibliography 15

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The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or
vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual

induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.

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A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of
tones.

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary

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coil of a self made transformer

A transformer which increases

the voltages.

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 A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages.

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  Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Hot Wire Ammeter
 Hot Wire Voltmeter

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary

coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in
it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
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dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt___________________(1)
and

Es = -Ns dф/dt___________________(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np__________________(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced

in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values

of the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be

written as Es / Ep = Es / E

o output e.m.f / input e.m.f

o Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

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In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on
the secondary winding than in the primary winding in
the step-up transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in
the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the
primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of
energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high
voltage-
low current. In words, the voltage has stepped up.
other been

You can find step-up transformers located near power

plants
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that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart
from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for
local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which
requires about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave
oven requires a small step-up transformer to operate.

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In a step-down transformer is one who windings
secondary fewer than the primary are the
windings. In other words,
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert
high-voltage, low-current power into a low-voltage,
high current power and it is mainly used in domestic
consumption.

A common case of step-down application is case of door

in the bells. Normally, door bells use 16 household
volts, but most power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s
step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and to lower
reduces it voltage before supplying it to
the doorbell.

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the

220 volts electricity to the 110 volts required in most
domestic equipment.

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  Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick
paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu
wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and

wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.

 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current

through s1and s2.

 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure

voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.

 Repeat all steps for other self made

transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

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 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

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  In voltage regulator for T.V., computer, air
refrigerator, conditioner, etc.

 A step down transformer is used for

purposes.
welding

 A step down transformer is used for

obtaining large current.

 A step up transformer is used for the production of

X-Rays and NEON advertisement.

 Transformers used in voltage and stabilized

are power regulators
supplies.

 Transformers used in the transmissions of a.c. over

are distances: long

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  Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT
 Pradeep’s Physics

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