Gases

PRESSURE
1 standard atmosphere (atm)

= 760 mm Hg (or torr)

= 29.92 inches Hg

= 14.7 pounds/in2 (psi)

= 101.3 kPa (SI unit is PASCAL)

= about 34 feet of water!

 Pressure Conversions

A. What is 675.28 mm Hg expressed in atm?

1 atm
atm = 675.28 mm Hg x = 0.889 atm
760 mm Hg

B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 32.4 psi. What is this pressure

in mm Hg?

1 atm 760 mmHg

mmHg = 32.4 psi x x = 1675.102 mmHg
14.7 psi 1 atm
The pressure of a tire is measured as 33.0 psi. What is
this pressure in kPa?

1 atm 101.3 KPa

kPa = 33.0 psi x x = 227.408
14.7 psi 1 atm
 Boyle’s Law
P= k/V
Pressure and Volume are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
if moles and temperature are constant or remains the
same
P1V1 = P2 V2

Example, P goes up as V goes down.

As the volume of the air trapped in the pump is reduced,
its pressure goes up, and air is forced into the tire.
A gas has an initial volume of 39 mL at an
unknown pressure . If the same sample occupies
514 mL at 720 torr , what was the initial pressure?

P2V2
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2 P1 =
V1
Given:
V1 = 39 mL V2 = 514 mL P2 = 720 torr

(720 torr)(514 mL)

P1 = = 9489.23 torr
39 mL
 Charles’ Law
If n and P are constant, then V α TV and T are directly
proportional.

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
If one temperature goes up, the volume goes up!

Example:
When a gas is heated, it expands. As the expansion of
the gas takes place, it becomes less dense and the balloon is
lifted in the air.
 Charles’ Law
A gas at 45.0°C occupies a volume of 2.35L. If the temperature is
raised to 85.0°C, what will the new volume be if the pressure is
constant?
Given:
V1 = 2.35L T1 = 45.0°C + 273. 15 = 318.15 K

V2 = ? T2 = 85.0°C + 273. 15 = 358.15 K

V 1 V2 V1 x T2
= V2 =
T1 T2 T1

2.35L x 358.15 K
V2 = = 2.65 L
318.15 K
 Gay-Lussac’s Law

If n and V are constant, P and T are directly proportional.

P1 P2
=
T1 T2

If one temperature goes up, the pressure goes up!

Example:
Heating a closed aerosol can.
The increased pressure may cause the container to explode.
You don't toss an "empty" can of hairspray into a fire.
 A bicycle tire is inflated to a pressure of 3.74 atm at 15 °C. If the
tire is heated to 35 °C, what is the pressure, in mmHg, in the tire.
Assume the tire volume doesn’t change.
Given:
P1 = 3.74 atm P2 = ?
T1 = 15 °C + 273.15 = 288.15K T2 = 35 °C + 273.15 = 308.15 K
P1 P2 P1 x T2
= P2 =
T1 T2 T1

3.74 atm x 308.15 K

P2 = = 3.99 atm
288.15K

760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
P2 = 3.99 atm x = 3032.4 mmHg
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
 Combined Gas Law

The Combined Gas Law combines

Charles' Law, Boyle's Law and Gay Lussac's Law.

The Combined Gas Law states that a gas‘

(pressure × volume)/temperature = constant.

P1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1 T2
 A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.175 L, a pressure
of 0.850 atm and a temperature of 26°C. What is the new
temperature(°C) of the gas at a volume of 75.0 mL and a
pressure of 2.85 atm?

P1 = 0.850 atm V1 = 175 mL T1 = 299.15 K

P2 = 2.85 atm V2= 75.0 mL T2 = ??

P1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1 T2

P1 V1 T2 = P2 V2 T1
P1 = 0.850 atm V1 = 175 mL T1 = 299.15 K
P2 = 2.85 atm V2= 75.0 mL T2 = ??

T2 = P2 V2 T1
P1 V1
T2 = 2.85 atm x 75.0 mL x 299.15 K = 429.87 K
0.850 atm x 175.0 mL
T2 = 429.87 K - 273.15 = 156.72 °C
 A balloon filled with helium has a volume of 1.28 x 10 3 L at sea
level where the pressure is 0.998 atm and the temperature is 31 °C.
the balloon is taken to the top of a mountain where the pressure is
0.753 atm and the temperature is -25 °C. What is the volume of
the balloon at the top of the mountain?

P1 = 0.998 atm P2 = 0.753 atm V1 = 1.28 x 10 3 L V2 = ???

T1 = 31 °C + 273.15 = 304.15 K T2 = -25 °C + 273.15 = 248.15 K

P1 V1 P2 V 2 P1 V1 T2
= V2 =
T1 T2 P2 T1
P1 = 0.998 atm P2 = 0.753 atm V1 = 1.28 x 10 3 L V2 = ???

T1 = 31 °C + 273.15 = 304.15 K T2 = -25 °C + 273.15 = 248.15 K

P1 V1 T2
V2 =
P2 T1

0.998 atm x1.28 x 10 3 L x 248.15 K

V2 =
0.753 atm x 304.15 K

V2 = 1384.11 L
 IDEAL GAS LAW

PV=nRT
P = Pressure V = Volume
T = Temperature n = number of moles

𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟. 𝑎𝑡𝑚
R = 0.0821
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 . 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

R is called the Ideal Gas Constant,

convert all the units to match R.
Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), laughing gas, is used by dentists as an
anesthetic. If 2.54 mol of gas occupies a 25.0 L tank at 23°C,
what is the pressure (mm Hg) in the tank in the dentist office?

n = 2.54 mol V = 25.0 L T = 23°C + 273.15 = 296.15 K P = ???

𝑛𝑅𝑇
P=
𝑉

2.54 mol x 0.0821 L atmx /mole K x 2 96.15 K

P=
25.0L
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
P = 2.47 atm x
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

P = 1877.42 mmHg
 A 12.0 g sample of gas occupies 19.2 L at STP. What is the molecular
weight of this gas?

Mass = 12.0 g V = 19.2 L at STP ; P = 1 atm, T = 273.15 K

𝑚 𝑅𝑇
PV=nRT PV =
𝑀𝑊

mass R T
Molecular weight (𝑀𝑊) =
PV

𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟. 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(12.0 g )(0.0821 273.15 K)
)(
𝑀𝑊 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 . 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
(1 atm) (19.2 L ))

𝑀𝑊 = 14.02 g/mole
 Gases in the Air

The % of gases in air Partial pressure (STP)

78.08% N2 593.4 mm Hg
20.95% O2 159.2 mm Hg
0.94% Ar 7.1 mm Hg
0.03% CO2 0.2 mm Hg
PAIR = PN + PO + PAr + PCO = 760 mm Hg
2 2 2

Total Pressure = 760 mm Hg

 Dalton’s law of partial pressures
states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases
is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each
individual gas in the mixture.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …. + Pn

Where,
Ptotal is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases

P1, P2,…, Pn are the partial pressures of the gases 1, 2,…, ‘n’ in
the mixture of ‘n’ gases
 Expressing Partial Pressures in Terms of Mole Fraction

The mole fraction of a specific gas in a mixture of gases is equal

to the ratio of the partial pressure of that gas to the total pressure
exerted by the gaseous mixture.

PA
XA = where: XA = mole fraction of gas A
Pt
PA = partial pressure of gas A
Pt = total pressure

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐵 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 C

XA = XB = XC =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

total mole = mole A + mole B + mole C

If you place 3.50 mol of N2 and 4.25mol of O2 in a 45.0 L container at
25.0 °C, what will the pressure of the resulting mixture of gases be?

1) The total pressure in the container is the sum of the partial

pressures of the gases (Dalton's Law):
3.50 mol + 4.25 mol = 7.75 mol

2) The Ideal Gas Law is used to calculate the total pressure:

P total V = n total RT

(Ptotal ) (45.0 L) = (7.75 mol) (0.0821 L atm / mol K) (298 K)

P total = 4.21 atm
In an experiment, a mixture of gases occupies a volume of 3.00 liter
at a temperature of 22.5 ◦C The mixture contains 14.0 g of water,
11.5 g of oxygen, and 37.3 g of nitrogen. Calculate the total
pressure and the partial pressure of each gas?

Given:
Volume = 3.0L T = 22.5 + 273.15 = 295.65 K
Mass H2O = 14 g mass O2 = 11.5 g mass N2 = 37.5 g

Required:
P H2O = ? P O2 = ? P N2 = ? Pt =?
Solution:
14 g 11.5 g
Mole H2O = = 0.78 Mole O2 = = 0.36
18𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
 37.3 g
Mole N2 = = 1.33 mole total = 0.78 + 0.36 + 1.33 = 2.47
28 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

0.78 0.36 1.34

XH2O = = 0.32 XO2 = 0.15 X N2 = = 0.54
2.47 = 2.47 2.47

total mole fraction = XH2O + XN2 + XO2 = 0.32 + 0.15 + 0.54 = 1.01
𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛𝑅𝑡 (2.47 𝑛 )( 0.0821 𝑙. 𝑛 .𝐾)(295.65 𝐾)
P total = P total = = 19.98 atm
𝑉 3.0 𝐿

P H2O = (XH2O)(Pt) P N2 = (XO2 ) (Pt) P O2 = (X N2 ) (Pt)

=( 0.31)(19.98atm) = (0.15)(19.98atm) = (0.54)(19.98 atm)
= 6.39 atm = 3.00atm = 10. 79 atm
 Stoichiometric Calculations Involving Ideal Gases and
Ideal Gases at STP

1 mole of any gas at standard temperature

and pressure (273 K and 1 atm)
occupies a volume of 22.4 L.
Given the reaction:
4 NH3 (g) +7 O2 (g) → 4 NO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)
What volume of NO2(g) is produced from the combustion of
125 g of NH3(g), assuming the reaction takes place at standard
temperature and pressure?
 125 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂2 22.4 𝐿
Vol NO2 = ( )( )( )( )
17 𝑔 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂2

Vol NO2 = 164.71 L

 HCl(g) reacts with ammonia gas , NH3(g), to form solid
ammonium chloride. If a sample of ammonia occupying 250 mL at
21 ◦C and a pressure of 140 torr is allowed to react with excess HCl , what mass
of NH4Cl(s) will form?

HCl(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)

𝑃𝑉 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
PV = nRT n= mole = MW NH4Cl = 53 g/n
𝑅𝑇 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

(140 torr ÷760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟)( 0.250 𝐿)

n= 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.90 x 10 – 3 mole
(0.0821 𝑙. .𝐾)(294.15𝐾)
𝑛

mass =(mole)(molar mass) = (1.90 x 10 – 3 mole)(53 g/n) = 0.10 g

THANK YOU!
 REFERENCES:
 Brown, L. et al. (2018). Chemsitry for engineering Students, Cengage, C & E Publishing Inc.
Silberberg, M. S. (2010). Chemistry – Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 5th edition.
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Brown, T, LeMay Jr., H., Bursten, B., Murphy, C., and Woodward, P. (2011). Chemistry – The
Central Science, 12th edition. Pearson Prentice

 https://www.slideserve.com/xue/gases-chemistry-i-chapter-14-chemistry-i-honors-chapter-13
 https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/gas-laws-chemistry.html

 https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-a-real-life-application-that-demonstrates-gay-lussac-s-
gas-law
 https://www.google.com/search?q=real+life+application+of+charles%27s+law&oq=&aqs=ch
rome.0.69i59l8.2583975268j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

 https://byjus.com/chemistry/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure/