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Logic II - Analysis of Rules & Inference and Rules of Replacement

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Dipanshi Bajaj
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60 views

Logic II - Analysis of Rules & Inference and Rules of Replacement

Uploaded by

Dipanshi Bajaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: S.Y.B.L.S./LL.B.

(5 Years Course)
Division: A
Semester: IV
Subject: Logic II

Unit 3: Hypothetical & Disjunctive Arguments


ii. Analysis of Rules & Inference and Rules of Replacement

Symbol Symbol name Meaning Read as


~ Tilda Negation not
• Dot Conjunction and
⊃ Horse shoe Material Implication if ….. then
∨ Wedge Disjunction either ..… or
≡ Triple bar Material Equivalence if and only if

9 rules of inference Examples:

1. Modus Ponens (M.P.)

p⊃q College ⊃ lecture


p College
∴q /∴ lecture

2. Modus Tollens (M.T.)

p⊃q College ⊃ library


~q ~library
∴~p /∴ ~college

3. Hypothetical Syllogism (H.S.)

p⊃q (college) ⊃ (library)


q⊃r (library) ⊃ (issue book)
∴p ⊃ r /∴(college) ⊃ (issue book)

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4. Disjunctive Syllogism (D.S.)

p∨q (pani puri) ∨ (ice cream)


~p ~pani puri
∴q /∴ ice cream

5. Constructive Dilemma (C.D.)

(p ⊃ q) . (r ⊃ s) (Eveta ⊃ study Logic) . (Gretta ⊃ study PS)


p∨r Eveta v Gretta
∴q ∨ s /∴ study Logic v study PS

6. Destructive Dilemma (D.D.)


(Winter vacation ⊃ Shimla) . (Summer vacation ⊃
(p ⊃ q) . (r ⊃ s) Goa)
~q ∨ ~s ~Shimla ∨ ~Goa
∴~p ∨ ~r /∴~Winter vacation ∨ ~Summer vacation

7. Conjunction (Conj.)
p Ram
q Rahim
∴p . q /∴Ram . Rahim

8. Simplification (Simp.)

p.q pen . pencil


∴p /∴ pen

9. Additional (Add.)

p ink
∴p v q /∴ink v pen

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10 rules of replacement

10. DeMorgan's Law (DeM.)

~(p . q) ≡ (~p ∨ ~q)


~(Arts . Science) ≡ (~Arts ∨ ~Science)
~(p ∨ q) ≡ (~p . ~q)
~(Arts ∨ Science) ≡ (~Arts . ~Science)

11. Commutative Laws (Com.)

(Eveta . Fernandes) ≡ (Fernandes . Eveta)


(p . q) ≡ (q . p)
(Law ∨ Medicine) ≡ (Medicine ∨ Law)
(p ∨ q) ≡ (q ∨ p)

12. Associative Laws (Assoc.)

[p.(q . r)] ≡ [(p . q) . r]


[Mom . (Dad . Sister)] ≡ [(Mom . Dad) . Sister]
[p∨(q ∨ r)] ≡ [(p ∨ q) ∨ r]
[Mom ∨ (Dad ∨ Sister)] ≡ [(Mom ∨ Dad) ∨ Sister]

13. Distributive Laws (Dist.)

[Biryani . (jalebi ∨ rabdi)] ≡ [(Biryani . jalebi) ∨ (Biryani


[p . (q ∨ r)] ≡ [(p . q) ∨ (p . r)]
. rabdi)]
[p∨(q . r)] ≡ [(p ∨ q) . (p ∨ r)]
[Biryani ∨ (jalebi . rabdi)] ≡ [(Biryani ∨ jalebi) . (Biryani
∨ rabdi)]
14. Double Negation (D.N.)

P ≡ ~~P
Present ≡ ~~Present
~~P ≡ P
~~Present ≡ Present

15. Rule of Transposition (Trans.)

(p ⊃ q) ≡ (~q ⊃ ~p)
(Pass ⊃ Bicycle) ≡ (~Bicycle ⊃ ~Pass)

16. Material Implicaton (M. Impl.)/(Impl.)

(p ⊃ q) ≡ (~p ∨ q)
(College ⊃ meet teacher) ≡ (~college ∨ meet teacher)

17. Material Equivalence (M. Equiv.)

(p ≡ q) ≡ [(p⊃q) . (q⊃p)
(BLS ≡ logic) ≡ [(BLS ⊃ Logic) . (Logic ⊃ BLS)
(p ≡ q) ≡ [(p . q) ∨ (~p . ~q)]
(BLS ≡ logic) ≡ [(BLS . logic) ∨ (~BLS . ~Logic)]

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18. Exportation (Exp.)

[(p . q) ⊃ r] ≡ [p ⊃ (q ⊃ r)] [(Saturday . Sunday) ⊃ Trek] ≡ [Saturday ⊃ (Sunday ⊃ Trek)]

19. Tautology (Taut.)

p ≡ (p . p)
p ≡ (p ∨ p) Study Law ≡ (Study Law . Study Law)
Study Law ≡ (Study Law ∨ Study Law)

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