EXPERIMENT NO.

1A
AIM: To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator:
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) (b) Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution
(c) Dilute ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) solution (d) Lemon juice
(e) Water (f) Dilute hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
solution
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus/ Chemical compounds: Test tubes, test tube stand, droppers or glass rod, pH
paper/universal indicator, standard colour chart, glazed white tile, HCl, ethanoic acid (acetic acid/vinegar),
lemon juice, distilled water, and sodium bicarbonate solution.
PROCEDURE 1. Pour the given solution in separate clean and dry test tubes marked as A, B, C, D, E, and F
and place them in the test tube stand.
2. Take six strips of pH paper and place them on a tile.
3. Place a drop of each test solution on the six strips of the pH paper using a dropper.
4. Note the colour of the pH paper and compare it with the colour chart of the pH paper.
5. Record the pH value corresponding to the colour.
6. Similarly, using a new dropper each time perform the same experiment with the remaining test samples
using a new strip of pH paper.
7. Record your observations in the observation table below.
OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE TABLE
Sl. No. Name of the Chemical Colour Change Approximate pH Nature of the
Value Chemical

1 Dil. Hydrochloric acid Dark pink 0-2 Acidic

2 Dil. Sodium hydroxide Dark blue 12 - 14 Basic

3 Ethanoic acid Pink 3-4 Acidic

4 Lemon juice Orange 2-3 Acidic

5 Water Green 7 Neutral

6 Dilute hydrogen carbonate Blue 10 Basic

(NaHCO3) solution

RESULT
1. The pH of dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid and lemon juice is less than 7, and
therefore, they are acids.
2. The pH of dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide and, sodium bicarbonate is more than 7, and therefore,
these solutions are bases.
3. The pH of water is 7 and therefore, it is neutral.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The acids and bases solution should be used with care. 2. Use distilled water for preparing solutions.
3. Use only standard colour charts for finding the pH value.
4. Do not touch the pH paper with dirty and wet hands.
5. Keep the pH paper away from fumes produced during a chemical reaction.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1B
AIM: Studying the properties of acids (HCl) by their reaction with
(i) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (ii) Zinc metal (Zn) (iii) Solid sodium carbonate (
Na2CO3)
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Apparatus/Chemical Required: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, cork, droppers, beaker, lit
mus (red and blue), Zn metal granules, Solid sodium carbonate, dil. HCL.
PROCEDURE 1.Litmus test
Take 1 ml dil. HCl in two test tubes each. Mark them ‘A’ and ‘B’ and put them in a test tube stand. Add blue
litmus in a test tube ‘A’ and red litmus in a test tube ‘B’ Observe the colour change in both.
2. Reaction with Zn metal
Take a test tube and add zinc granules to it.
Add to it dil. HCl. Place a cork with a fine jet
on the mouth of the test tube. Bring a lighted
matchstick near the mouth of the fine et after
some time and observe.
3. Na2CO3 test
Take a small amount of sodium carbonate in a test
tube and add dil. HCl dropwise. Pass the gas evolved
through lime water and observe changes. 1B(a) 1B(b)
4. Note the observation in the observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE

RESULT
1. HCI being acid turns blue litmus red. 2. It releases H2 gas on reaction with Zn metal
.
3. It liberates CO2 gas on reaction with Na2CO3.
PRECAUTIONS
1. HCI is corrosive in nature, therefore, handle it with care. 2. Use small quantities of the chemical
compounds.
3. Use zinc granules, otherwise, the reaction will occur very slowly.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1C
AIM : Studying the properties of bases (NaOH) by their reaction with
(i) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (ii) Zinc metal (Zn) (iii) Solid sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3)
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand and droppers.
PROCEDURE :
1. Litmus test:
(i) Take about 5mL of NaOH in two test tubes and mark them as ‘A’ and ‘B.’ Put both the test tubes in a
test tube stand.
(ii) Add blue litmus in a test tube ‘A’ and red litmus in a test tube ‘B. (iii) Note the observation in the
observation table.
2. Reaction with Zn metal:
(i) Take a test tube and zinc granules to it.
(ii) Add NaOH solution to it and place a cork with a fine jet on the mouth of the test tube. (iii) Bring a
lighted matchstick near the mouth of the fine jet and observe the mouth of the fine jet and observe. (iv)
Note the observation in the observation table.
3. Na2CO3 test:
(i) Take a small amount of sodium carbonate in a test tube and add sodium hydroxide solution.
(ii) Note the observation in the observation table.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
RESULT:
1. NaOH turns red litmus solution to blue and does not affect the blue litmus solution.
2. On reaction with Zn metal, Zn atom being more reactive undergo displacement reaction to form sodium
zincate and H2 gas is liberated.
3. NaOH does not undergo a chemical reaction with Na 2CO3.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. NaOH is corrosive in nature, therefore use with care. 2. Use small quantities of chemicals in test
tube.
3. A fine jet should be taken from the test tube for burning hydrogen.
EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM: To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double displacement reaction.
1. Action of water on quick lime.
2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution.
Materials Required
A beaker, four test tubes, test tube holder, tongs, test tube stand, a dropper, a piece of sand paper
and bunsen burner.
Chemicals required: A small piece of quick lime, ferrous sulphate crystals, iron nails (clean and
unrusted), copper sulphate solution, sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution and
distilled water.
Precautions
1. Do not touch quick lime with hands, use tongs.
2. Mixing of quick lime and water releases large amount of heat, so add water drop by drop and
use borosil beaker.
3. For heating, use hard glass tubes.
4. Never inhale any gas, just waft the gas.
5. Do not touch any chemical with hands.
6. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face while heating.
7. The iron nails must be cleaned properly by using sand paper before dipping them in copper
sulphate solution.
EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM: (i) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
(a) ZnSO4(aq.) (b) FeSO4(aq.) (c) CuSO4 (aq.) (d) Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
(ii) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Four clean test tubes, marker, a piece of sand paper and test tube stand.
Chemicals required: Aluminium sulphate solution, copper sulphate solution, zinc sulphate solution,
iron sulphate solution, metal strips of iron, zinc; copper and aluminium.
PROCEDURE: Reaction with CuSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes.
2. With a marker label them as A, B, C and D.
3. Take copper sulphate solution in each test tube.
4. Dip a small, clean piece of aluminium, zinc, iron and
copper metals in test tubes A, B, C and D respectively.
5. Record your observations.
CONCLUSION: Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive
than Cu. Hence, Cu is the least reactive metal among
the given four metals.
> Reaction with FeSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes, labelled as A, B, C, and D.
2. Take FeSO4 (aq) solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of aluminium, zinc, iron and
copper metals in test tube A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.
CONCLUSION: Al and Zn metals are more reactive than
Fe and Cu.

> Reaction with ZnSO4 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D, clean them.
2. Add ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in
test tube A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.
Conclusion: Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

> Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:

1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D and clean them.
2. Add Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in
 test tubes A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.
Conclusion: Al metal is not displaced by any of the
given metals i.e. Al, Zn, Fe and Cu.

Hence, Al metal is the most reactive metal among the given metals.
1. Al is not displaced by any of the four metals from its salt solution; hence, Al is at the top of the
reactivity series.
2. Al can displace Zn from its salt solution but no other metal could displace it. Hence, the reactivity
order is Al > Zn.
3. Al and Zn metals can displace Fe metal from its salt solution but Cu cannot.
Hence, the arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order is
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Clean the metals by rubbing them with a piece of sand paper before dipping them in the salt
solutions.
2. Wash the test tubes after every set of observations of interaction of a particular metal with the four
salt solutions.
3. Use very little amount of saturated solution of copper sulphate, aluminium sulphate, iron sulphate
and zinc sulphate.
4. Use very small pieces of metal every time.
5. Do not touch any chemical.

EXPERIMENT – 4
AIM: Study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):
(i) odour (smell) (ii) solubility in water
(iii) effect on litmus (iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Test tubes, water, litmus paper, test tube stand, a dropper, a beaker, a cork
fit in a test tube with bent tube fixed in it.
Chemicals Required: Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), Distilled water, Sodium bicarbonate and Freshly
prepared lime water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Dilute the given acetic acid with distilled water in a beaker.
2. Pour 5 ml of acetic acid in a test tube and perform the following tests:
S.N
Test Experiment Observation Inference
o.
It has a peculiar
Take 5 mL of acetic acid in
pungent smell, Acetic acid has a vinegar like
1. Odour a test tube and smell it by
(vinegar like smell.
wafting.
smell)
It dissolves in
Take 2 mL of acetic acid in
Solubility water to form Acetic acid is soluble in water
2. a test tube, add 10-15 mL
in water homogeneous in all proportions.
of water and shake.
solution.
Use clean dropper and pour
Effect on Blue litmus paper Acetic acid turns blue litmus
3. 1-2 drops of acetic acid on
Litmus turns red. red.
blue-litmus paper.

Reaction begins,
Take a pinch of sodium brisk
Sodium Acetic acid and sodium
bicarbonate in a clean test effervescence is
4. bicarbonat bicarbonate react to liberate
tube and add 1 mL of dilute seen, a
e CO2 gas.
acetic acid in the test tube. colourless gas is
evolved.
Fix a cork with bent The gas turns CO2 gas evolved above reacts
 delivery tube in the mouth lime water milky. with calcium hydroxide to
of above test tube. Dip the form calcium carbonate which
other end of delivery tube is insoluble in water.
to a test tube containing Ca(OH)2 + CO2 —> CaCO3 +
lime water. H20
(White ppt)
REACTION:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Acetic acid should be handled with care.
2. The vapours of the chemicals should not be inhaled.
3. Add only small amount of NaHCO3 to ethanoic acid to control the intensity of CO 2 evolved.
4. Use freshly prepared lime water for CO2 test.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:

Question 1: How will you test that the liberated gas is carbon dioxide?
Answer: By conducting lime water test: Allow the released gas to pass through freshly prepared lime
water; if it turns lime water milky then the liberated gas is CO 2.
Note: On passing excess of carbon dioxide through the lime water, the milky precipitate disappears.
Question 2: How will you show that ethanoic acid is acidic in nature?
Answer: By litmus paper test: Use blue litmus paper and put two drops of ethanoic acid on it. The
blue colour changes to red indicating the acidic nature of ethanoic acid.
Question 3:In the CO2 test why does lime water turn milky?
Answer:Due to the formation of insoluble white precipitate of calcium carbonate.
Question 4: The freezing temperature of ethanoic acid is:
(a) 10°C (b) 20°C (c) 18°C (d) 16°C
Question 5: Acetic acid is:
(a) soluble in water (b) strong acid (c) insoluble in water (d) odourless
Question 6: Vapours of acetic acid smell
(a) pungent like vinegar (b) sweet like rose
(c) suffocating like sulphur dioxide (d) odourless like water

EXPERIMENT – 5
AIM: To study the comparative cleansing capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Two test tubes, test tube stand and measuring cylinder.
Chemical required: Samples of hard and soft water, soap solution and cooking oil.
PROCEDURE (PART A)
1. Take 10 mL of distilled water (soft water) in a test tube. Label it as ‘A’.
2. Take 10 mL of hard water (water from hand-pump, underground water)
in another test tube. Label it as ‘B’.
3. In both the test tubes, add few drops of soap solution.
4. Shake the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ vigorously for an equal period of time.
Keep them in the test tube stand and record your observations.
OBSERVATIONS
1. In test tube A, soap formed lather or foam.
2. In test tube B, white precipitate was formed with no lather or foam.
CONCLUSION
Soaps are effective cleaner only in soft water because the soap molecules form lather in soft water.
But in case of hard water, the soap molecules do not remain as soap molecules but the ionic end of
soap reacts with the salts present in hard water to form curdy white precipitate called scum.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Same quantity of soap solution must be added to both the test tubes containing soft water and hard
water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.
Note: If hard water is not available prepare some hard water by dissolving hydrogen
carbonate/sulphates/chloride salt of calcium or magnesium in water.
PROCEDURE (PART B)
1. Take 10 mL of distilled water/soft water and add a drop of cooking
oil in it. Label this test tube as ‘A’.
2. Take 10 mL of hard water and add a drop of cooking oil in it. Label
this test tube as ‘B’.
3. Now, add a few drops of soap solution in both the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’.
4. Shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same period of time.
5. Keep them on the test tube stand and record your observations.
OBSERVATIONS
1. The test tube ‘A’ with soft water showed the oil emulsified due to soap solution.
2. The test tube ‘B’ showed no emulsification due to soap solution.
CONCLUSION
1. The formation of emulsion of oil in soft water by soap shows the effect of soap in cleaning.
2. Soaps are more effective cleaners in soft water than in hard water.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Use same cooking oil for soft water and hard water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:
Question 1: Name few dissolved salts present in hard water.
Answer: The salts that may be present in hard water are hydrogen carbonates, sulphates, chlorides
of calcium or magnesium.
Question 2: What happens when soap solution is mixed with hard water? Why?
Answer: Soap forms curdy white precipitate when dissolved in hard water. This is because the ionic
end of soap molecule on dissolving in water reacts with the salts of hard water to form the precipitate.
Question 3: Why are soaps effective in soft water and not in hard water?
Answer: In hard water it forms insoluble precipitate called scum whereas in soft water it does not
form any such compound and hence shows its cleansing property.
Question 4: When boilers of water are used for a very long time, then white layers get deposited on
inside of these boilers? How can these white layers be removed?
Answer: When hard water is used in these boilers, then white scum of salts present in the hard water
gets deposited inside the boilers making a white layer. These white layers can be removed by washing
the boilers with dil. HCl acid.
Question 5. The correct formula for soap is
(a) C17H35COO+-Na– (b) C17H35COO–Na+ (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these