CLOUD COMPUTING Notes

UNIT-1 (Introduction to Cloud Computing)

Cloud Computing
● The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet
● In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location.
● Cloud can provide services over network, i.e., on public networks or on private networks,
i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
● Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications
online.
● It allows us to create, configure, and customize applications online.
● It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.
● Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and hardware based computing
resources delivered as a network service.
● Cloud computing is a technology that delivers various computing services over the
internet, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence.
Architecture of Cloud Computing :-
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts:-
• Frontend • Backend

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

1. Frontend:
• Client-side interface for cloud access.
• Includes user interfaces and applications.
• Example: Web browser used to access cloud services.
• Client Infrastructure: GUI for accessing the cloud.

2. Backend:
• Manages resources, security, and storage.
• Includes virtual applications, machines, traffic control, and deployment models.
• Application: Backend software/platform accessed by the client.
• Service: Manages cloud services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS).
• Runtime Cloud: Provides execution environment for VMs.
• Storage: Scalable storage and data management.
• Infrastructure: Includes servers, storage, and network devices.
• Security: Implements mechanisms to protect cloud resources.
• Internet: Bridge between frontend and backend.
• Database: Manages data storage (SQL, NoSQL).
• Networking: Supports load balancing, DNS, VPNs.
• Analytics: Provides data analytics capabilities in the cloud.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Cost Efficiency 1.Security and Privacy Concerns

2. Scalability 2.Limited Control
3. Flexibility 3.Internet Dependency
4. Accessibility 4.Data Transfer Costs
5. Data Security 5.Compliance Issues
6. Automatic Updates
7. Collaboration

Cloud Provider
▪ Five major activities of Cloud Provider’s
• Service deployment
• Service orchestration
• Cloud service management
• Security
• Privacy

Service Models
• Service Models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing is based.
• These can be categorized into three basic service models as listed below:
(1)SAAS
(2)PAAS
(3)IAAS
SAAS
● SAAS stands for Software as a service.
● SAAS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis.
● SAAS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users.
 ● Users can access these applications through a web browser, without needing to install or
maintain the software on their devices.
• Usually billed based on usage
• Usually multi tenant environment
• Highly scalable architecture
How It Works: The cloud service provider manages everything from the hardware and
software to data storage and security. Users simply log in and use the software through a web
interface.
SAAS EXAMPLES:-
◘ Google Workspace ◘ FaceBook
◘ SalesForce ◘ Microsoft Office 365
◘ NETSUITE

PAAS
● PAAS stands for Platform as a service
● PAAS provides the runtime environment for applications, development & deployment
tools, etc.
● It includes tools and services for development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
● Typically applications must be developed with a particular platform in mind
○ Multi tenant environments
○ Highly scalable multi tier architecture
How It Works:
● PaaS offers a comprehensive environment for software development that includes
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the cloud provider.
● Developers can focus on writing code and creating applications, while the provider
manages servers, storage, and networking.
PAAS EXAMPLES:-
◘ Amazon
◘ SalesForce
◘ Google App Engine
◘ Microsoft Azure App Services

IAAS
● IAAS stands for Infrastructure as a Service.
● IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, including servers,
storage, and networking.
● It is the most fundamental level of cloud service, offering essential infrastructure
components.
● IAAS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on demand scalable service.
● IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual
machines, virtual storage, etc.
● Usually billed/cost based on usage
● Usually multi tenant virtualized environment
● Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and application support
How It Works:
● IaaS provides a virtual data center for users, where they can run and manage virtual
machines (VMs) and other resources.
● The users have control over the operating system, applications, and storage while the
cloud provider manages the hardware.
EXAMPLES OF IAAS:-
◘ Amazon Web Services (AWS EC2)
◘ Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
◘ Google Cloud Platform (Compute Engine)
◘ at&t

Cloud Computing Platforms

● Cloud computing platforms provide the infrastructure, tools, and services necessary to
build, deploy, and manage applications over the internet.
● These platforms offer scalable and flexible computing resources that can be accessed
on-demand, reducing the need for on-premises hardware and software.
● Cloud computing platforms provide a range of services to users, and they are typically
categorized into service models such as Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
● The two main types of cloud computing platforms are:-
(i) Platform as a Service (PaaS)
(ii) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
(i) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
● IAAS offers fundamental computing resources like virtual machines, storage, networks,
and other basic infrastructure components.
● IaaS provides the most control over the hardware, allowing companies to create their own
custom environments to meet their unique needs.
Example: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
 (ii) Platform as a Service (PaaS):
● It provides a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud.
● It provides a platform that includes hardware, software, and tools needed to build,
develop, and deploy applications.
● PaaS platforms typically come with built-in tools for software development, database
management, and application deployment.
Examples: (1) Google App Engine:- Managed platform for building and deploying
applications (PaaS).
(2)Microsoft Azure:- Cloud platform offering a range of services including IaaS and
PaaS.
(3)Utility Computing: Provides on-demand computing resources.
(4)Elastic Computing: Scalable computing power to meet demand.

Advantages of Cloud Computing Platforms:- Disadvantages

(1) Scalability (1)Can be slow
(2) Reduced software costs (2)Downtime and Reliability Issues
(3) Flexibility and Customization (3) Complexity in Management
(4) Improved performance (4) Stored data can be lost

Cloud Storage
● Cloud storage is a key component of cloud computing that enables users to store,
manage, and access data over the internet.
● Unlike traditional local storage on personal computers or physical servers, cloud storage
provides a scalable, secure, and flexible solution for data management.
● Create an Account User name and password.
● Content lives with the account in the cloud.
● Log onto any computer with Wi-Fi to find your content.
● Data is stored in a virtual environment and can be managed through web-based interfaces
or APIs.
● Users can access their data via the internet, using various devices such as computers,
smartphones, and tablets.

Architecture of Cloud Storage:-

1. Client Layer
○ Users interact with cloud storage through web browsers, mobile apps, or APIs.
○ This layer provides interfaces for data upload, retrieval, and management.
 2. Application Layer
● This layer includes applications and services that manage data storage, retrieval,
and processing.
● It may involve APIs that allow developers to integrate cloud storage into their
applications.
3. Storage Layer
● The actual storage infrastructure resides here, including storage devices,
databases, and file systems.
● Data is distributed across multiple physical servers to ensure redundancy and high
availability.
4. Network Layer
● This layer encompasses the network connections that enable communication
between clients and the storage infrastructure, ensuring data is transmitted securely
and efficiently.

Types of Cloud Storage:-

1. Object Storage:-
● Stores data as objects, which include the data itself, metadata, and a unique
identifier.
● This is suitable for unstructured data like images, videos, and backups.
● Example: Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage.
2. Block Storage:-
● Divides data into blocks and stores it as separate units, similar to traditional storage
on hard drives.
● It is typically used for applications that require fast access to data, such as
databases.
● Example: Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store), Azure Managed Disks.
3. File Storage:-
○ Provides a hierarchical file system for storing and managing files.
○ This is ideal for shared file storage and collaborative applications.
○ Example: Azure Files, Google Cloud Filestore.

Popular Cloud Storage Providers

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
4. Dropbox Box
 Advantage of Cloud Storage Providers:- Disadvantage

(1) Cost Efficiency (1)Data Transfer Speeds

(2) Scalability (2)Downtime Risks

(3) Accessibility (3)Limited Control

(4) Enhanced Security

Organizational scenarios of clouds

1. Startups and Small Businesses:

● Limited capital and resources.

● Use public cloud services (e.g., AWS, GCP, Azure) for scalable resources.
● Pay-as-you-go model minimizes financial risk.

2. Large Enterprises:

● Need to modernize and reduce costs while managing existing infrastructure.

● Multi-cloud strategies to avoid vendor lock-in.

3. E-commerce Companies:

● Handle fluctuating traffic, especially during peak times.

● Use public cloud services for elastic computing (e.g., AWS EC2).

4. Healthcare Organizations:

● Manage large volumes of sensitive patient data with compliance needs.

● Use private or hybrid clouds for security and regulatory compliance.
● Support for telemedicine, medical imaging, and patient portals.

5. Educational Institutions:

● Offer online learning and manage large student information systems.

● Use SaaS solutions (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365) for collaboration tools.

6. Financial Services:
● Require secure, compliant, and resilient infrastructure for transactions.
 ● Hybrid clouds with critical systems on-premises/private and non-critical in public clouds.

7. Media and Entertainment:

• Public cloud services for storage, processing, and content delivery networks (CDNs).
• Cloud platforms (e.g., AWS Media Services) for video streaming services.
8. Government Agencies:
● High security, data sovereignty, and compliance needs.
● Use of government clouds (e.g., AWS GovCloud, Azure Government) for secure
environments.
9. Manufacturing and Supply Chain:
• Real-time monitoring of production lines and supply chains.
• IoT solutions combined with cloud platforms (e.g., Azure IoT, AWS IoT Core).
• Integration of ERP systems with real-time data analytics.
10. Research and Development:
• Need vast computing resources for simulations, data analysis, and machine learning.
• Public clouds provide scalable computing power and storage.
• Use platforms like Google Cloud AI and AWS Machine Learning for R&D tasks.

Administering & Monitoring cloud services Administering:

Administering :
• Administering cloud computing services is an important process when you have hosted
your business data on the cloud.
• The business owners need to know whether the performance is at the right level and
whether the deleted data is permanently gone.
• Investigating the Reliability and Visibility of a cloud provider should be handled well when
hosting data on the cloud.
• Business owners need to enable administration in terms of monitoring every dimension
of the service they are getting.
• Cloud services can definitely build and provide stable services that are cost effective and
efficient.

Administering cloud services

Importance of Administration:
• Efficient Management
• Security and Compliance
• Cost Control
Key Administration Tasks:
(i) User and Access Management:- Use Identity and Access Management (IAM) to control
who can access cloud resources.
(ii) Resource Provisioning: Allocate and configure cloud resources (e.g., virtual machines,
storage) as needed.
(iii) Monitoring and Logging:- Implement monitoring tools to track performance, security, and
usage.
(iv) Security Management:- Implement encryption for data at rest and in transit.
(v) Backup and Disaster Recovery:- Set up regular backups for critical data and applications.
Cloud Management Tools:
(i) Native Tools (ii) Third-Party Tools

Monitoring:
1. Database monitoring : Analyzes data integrity availability, querying, access, and how your
application uses this data.
2.Virtual machine monitoring: Includes monitoring health, as well as traffic logs and
scalability.
3.Cloud storage monitoring: Tracks and manages the data stored in a cloud environment.
4. Virtual network monitoring: Creates virtual versions of important network elements, namely
firewalls, routers, and load balancers.
5.Cloud sever monitoring: Tracks metrics such as CPU utilization, memory usage, and disk
input to identify potential problems early.

Monitoring cloud services

Importance of Monitoring: Key metrics to monitor:-
(i) Performance Assurance (1)Uptime and Availability
(ii) Early Issue Detection (2) Latency
(iii) Resource Optimization

Monitoring Tools: Benefits of Monitoring

(i)Cloud-Native Tools (1) Proactive management
(ii) Third-Party Tools (2) Enhanced security
Benefits Limitation
(1) Cost Efficiency (1)Data Lock
(2) Scalability and Flexibility (2)Recovery and Backup
(3) Collaboration and Accessibility (3)Deletion of data
(4) Security (4)Data segregation
(5) Performance and Reliability (5)Availability of Services
 Comparison among SAAS, PAAS, IAAS Cloud computing platforms

Aspect SAAS PAAS IAAS

(1)Definition Software via the Platform for app Virtualized infrastructure.

internet. development.

(2)Management Users manage Developers manage Users manage everything

software only. apps; provider handles except hardware.
infrastructure.

(3)Target Users End-users and Developers and teams. IT admins and businesses.
businesses.

(4)Customization limited options. Moderate High customization.

customization.

(5)Cost Subscription- based. Pay for resources used. Pay for infrastructure.

(6)Use cases Email, CRM, file App development, Hosting, storage, backup.
storage. testing.

(7)Examples Google Workspace, Heroku, Google App Amazon EC2, Azure VMs
Dropbox Engine

Deploy Application Over Cloud

● Deploying an application in cloud computing involves several steps, depending on
the cloud service provider you choose (like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, etc.) and the
architecture of your application.
● Deploying applications in cloud computing involves hosting and running software
applications on cloud infrastructure rather than on local servers or personal computers.
● This practice offers scalability, flexibility, and a range of services that can enhance
application performance and management.
Cloud Deployment Models:-
(1)Public (2) Private (3) hybrid (4)Community
 (1)Public Cloud
Definition: Resources are owned and managed by a third-party provider.
→ Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public.
Characteristics: Shared among multiple organizations.
Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform

(2)Private Cloud
Definition: Resources are dedicated to a single organization.
→ Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization.
Characteristics: Offers more control and security.
Hosting Options: Can be on-premises or managed by a third-party provider.

(3) Hybrid Cloud

○ Definition: Combines public and private clouds.

○ Characteristics: Allows data and applications to be shared between the two.
○ Benefits: Provides flexibility and various deployment options.

(4) Community Cloud

Definition: Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by
group of organizations.
→ It falls between category of private and public cloud.
Example:- Google( “Gov Cloud”), NASA(“Nebula cloud”)

Service Models
(1)SAAS (2)PAAS (3)IAAS

Deployment Steps
● Preparation: Assess application requirements, choose the appropriate cloud service
model, and select a cloud provider.
● Development: Build the application using cloud-compatible technologies and frameworks.
Consider microservices architecture for better scalability.
● Testing: Conduct thorough testing in a staging environment to ensure application
performance, security, and reliability.
● Deployment: Deploy the application to the chosen cloud environment, using automated
tools and scripts for continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD).
● Monitoring and Maintenance: Utilize monitoring tools to track application performance,
availability, and security. Regular updates and maintenance ensure the application runs
smoothly.

UNIT-2 (INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES)

SOAP And REST WEB SERVICE

SOAP WEB SERVICE

● SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol.

● It is a network platform used in a web service to exchange or communicate data
between two different machines on a network.
● It uses the XML format of data to transfer messages over the HTTP protocol.
● SOAP works with the XML data format to handle the complex data.

● In Web services, SOAP allows the user request to interact with other programming
languages.
● SOAP is a protocol as it has some strict rules for data format &Communication.

● It manages the recods and maintain the state between the requests.
 Usage of SOAP:- Features of SOAP :-

● Interoperability (1) Security

● Cloud Platforms (2) Platform-independent

● Security-Critical Applications (3) Extensibility

● Enterprise-Level Services (4) Reliability

Advantage of SOAP:- Disadvantage of SOAP:-

(1)Security (1)Complexity

(2)Reliability (2)Performance Overhead

(3)Standardized (3)Slower development

(4)Protocol Flexibility

Components of SOAP in Cloud Computing:

(1) Envelope:- Defines the message structure and wraps the entire SOAP message.

(2)Header:- Contains optional metadata like authentication and transaction data.

(3)Body: Holds the actual message or request content.

(4)Fault: Manages error handling and reporting in the message.

 REST WEB SERVICE

• REST stands for Representational State Transfer web service.

• It is an architectural style that provides standards between computer systems on a web

ervice.

• All web services are based on the REST; hence it is called a RESTful service.

• The purpose of developing a RESTful web service is to make the web service more effective.

• It does not depend on a specific protocol to use, but it's used HTTP/HTTPS.

• It is a set of constraints used to create a lightweight, scalable, and maintainable web service

that facilitates easy communication.

HTTP Methods Of REST Web service:

• GET: Retrieve data from the server (e.g., reading a resource).

• POST: Create new data on the server (e.g., adding a new resource).

• PUT: Update existing data on the server (e.g., modifying a resource).

• DELETE: Remove data from the server (e.g., deleting a resource).

 Constraint and the Principles of REST

○ Client-Server

○ Stateless Server

○ Cacheable

○ Uniform Interface

○ Layered System

1. Client-Server Model:

○ Client: Client machines or users send a special request to the webserver and wait for the

web server's response.

○ Server: Server is the collection of web resources that provides different services to

multiples clients. It receives multiples requests from the client machines and responds to that

request to the client.

2.Stateless Server :- Each request from the client contains all necessary information.

3. Cache Response:- Responses indicate whether they can be cached.

4. Uniform Interface:- Standardized way of interacting with resources using HTTP methods

(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

5. Layered System:- Supports layers like proxy servers, firewalls, and caches to improve

scalability and security.

 SOAP vs REST

Aspect SOAP REST

(1) Purpose Strict protocol with specific Architectural style, flexible

rules (XML-based). with formats (JSON, XML,
etc.).

(2)Complexity More complex and Simpler and lighweight

heavyweight.

(3) Message Format Always XML(envelopes) JSON, XML, plain text, etc.

(4) Statefulness Can be stateful or stateless. Always stateless

(5) Transport Layer Uses HTTP,SMTP, TCP. Uses only HTTP/HTTPS.

(6) Caching No Catcheable Supports caching (helps

improve performance).

(7) Flexibility Rigid, requires strict format Flexible, allowing different

adherence. formats and methods.

AJAX

● AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.

● It is a group of inter-related technologies like JavaScript, DOM, XML, HTML/XHTML, CSS,
XMLHttpRequest etc.
● AJAX allows you to send and receive data asynchronously without reloading the web
page. So it is fast.
● It makes your application interactive and faster.
● AJAX allows you to send only important information to the server not the entire page.
● AJAX is a crucial technique in cloud computing for building rich, responsive, and
interactive web interfaces.
AJAX Technologies
● HTML/XHTML and CSS . XMLHttpRequest
● DOM .JavaScript
● XML or JSON
(1)HTML/XHTML and CSS:- These technologies are used for displaying content and style. It
is mainly used for presentation.
(2)DOM:- It is used for dynamic display and interaction with data.
(3) XML or JSON :- For carrying data to and from server. JSON (Javascript Object Notation) is
like XML but short and faster than XML.
(4) XMLHttpRequest:- For asynchronous communication between client and server. For more
visit next page.
(5) JavaScript:- It is used mainly for client-side validation.

Where it is used?
There are too many web applications running on the web that are using ajax technology like
gmail, facebook,twitter, google map, youtube etc.

Features of AJAX: Usage of AJAX:-

1. Asynchronous Processing 1. Real time data update

2. JSON/XML Support 2. Dynamic Content Loading
3. Increased Speed and Performance 3. Fetching data from API
4. Integration with Web APIs 4. Interactive user dashboard
5. Cross-Browser Support 5. Data Validation in forms
6. Client-Side Interactions
MASHUP:- User interface service virtualization technology: virtual machine technology

● Mashup refers to the integration of different services and data sources to create a new
application or service, often enhancing user experience and functionality.
● In the context of user interface service virtualization technology, especially related to
virtual machine (VM) technology in cloud computing, the following points highlight its
significance:

Key Concepts

1. Service Virtualization:
○ Enables developers to mimic the behavior of services that are unavailable or hard
to access.
○ Allows for smoother testing processes by providing access to service-like
behaviors.
2. User Interface (UI) Mashups:
○ Combines data from multiple sources (APIs, web services).
○ Enables the creation of applications that integrate various functionalities.
○ Allows for creative and diverse application designs.
3. Virtual Machine Technology:
○ Multiple VMs run on a single physical server, maximizing hardware utilization.
○ Easy to scale applications up or down by adding or removing VMs as needed.
○ Simplifies backup and recovery processes by enabling snapshots and cloning of
VMs.

Example Use Cases:

1. Business Dashboards 3. E-commerce application
2. Social Media Aggregators 4. Collaboration Tools
 Virtualization Technology

● Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual version of something, such as a server,

desktop, a storage device, OS or network resources.
● Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is
known as Hardware Virtualization.
● A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically separated from the
underlying hardware.
● The process of creating a virtual version of physical resources, enabling multiple
instances to run on a single physical machine.

Types of Virtualization
● Server Virtualization: Divides physical servers into multiple virtual servers, maximizing
resource utilization.
● Storage Virtualization: Pools physical storage from multiple devices into a single
storage resource.
● Network Virtualization: Combines network resources into a single, virtualized network,
allowing for easier management and scalability.
● Desktop Virtualization: Allows users to access desktop environments hosted on a
centralized server.

Features Uses

1. Disaster Recovery (1)Cloud Service Models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)

2. Isolation (2) Desktop Virtualization
3. Scalability (3)Virtual Private Servers (VPS)
4. Flexibility (4)Storage Virtualization
5. Management Tool

Advantages Disadvantage
1. Scalability (1)Security Vulnerabilities
2. Flexibility (2)Complexity in Management
3. Cost Efficiency (3)Performance Overhead
4. Enhanced Security
5. Quick Deployment
 Data Access Control for Enterprise Applications

● Data access control is a critical component of security in cloud computing, especially for
enterprise applications that handle sensitive information.
● It ensures that only authorized users have access to specific data and resources, helping
to protect against data breaches and unauthorized access.
Access Control Models Technologies and Tools
(1)Role-Based Access Control (1)IAM solutions
(2)Attribute-Based Access Control (2)Access Control Lists
(3)Mandatory Access Control (3)Data Loss Prevention