SYLLABUS

 Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions

and basic structure.

 Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal
structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

 Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.

 Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

 Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and
issues arising out of these.

 Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments
of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.

 Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

 Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various

Constitutional Bodies.

 Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

 Number of
Polity Mains Questions Topic
Questions
Year
Decentralisation of Power, Vice President, Governor,
2022 8 National Political Parties and Regional Parties, President
and Election Commission
Finance Commission, Constitutional and Non
2021 5 Constitutional Bodies, Parliament, Federal System, and
Legislative Councils
Representation of People’s Act, Constitutional and Non-
2020 5 Constitutional Bodies, Federal System, Lok
Sabha and Separation of Powers
Salient Features of the Constitution, Constitutional and
Non-Constitutional Bodies, Representation of People’s
2019 6
Act, Parliament, Attorney General and Constitutional
Amendments
Election Commission, Constitutional and Non-
Constitutional Bodies, President of India, Comptroller
2018 10
And Auditor General, Finance Commission, Panchayati
System, centre-state Relations and Division of Power
Local Self Government, Supreme Court, Lok Sabha,
Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies, Salient
2017 6
Features of the Constitution, Fundamental Rights, and
Election Commission
Schedules of the Constitution, Relationship With J&K,
2016 4 Comptroller and Auditor General, and Making of the
Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy, Federal System,
2015 4 Separation of Powers, Constitutional and Non-
Constitutional Bodies
[Block-1] Polity

Polity: Basics of Constitution & Comparing Constitution

GS2 Syllabus Topic: Historical underpinnings & evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions,
basic structure; Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries’

(COMPARING Constitution) Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary 2023
sovereignty. (संसदीय संप्रभुता के प्रति ब्रिटिश एवं भारतीय दृष्टिकोणों की तुलना करें
और अंतर बताएं । ) (150 words/10m)

The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution 2023
made for a progressive society. Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to
life and personal liberty. (“भारत का संविधान अत्यधिक गतिशीलता की क्षमताओं के साथ एक जीवंत
यंत्र है। यह प्रगतिशील समाज के लिये बनाया गया एक संविधान है।” जीने के अधिकार तथा
व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार में हो रहे )निरंतर विस्तार के विशेष संदर्भ में
उदाहरण सहित व्याख्या कीजिए। (250 words/15m)

Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian 2022
citizens, but these rights are not absolute. Comment(“भारत के सम्पूर्ण क्षेत्र में निवास करने
और विचरण करने का अधिकार स्वतंत्र रूप से सभी भारतीय नागरिकों को उपलब्ध है, किन्तु ये
अधिकार असीम नहीं हैं।” टिप्पणी कीजिए । (150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए)))

Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected.( भारत और 2022
फ्रांस के राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचित होने की प्रक्रिया का आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए ।
)

Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and 2021
India. (250 words) [संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और भारत संविदानों में, समता के अधिकार की
धारणा की विशिष्ट विशेषताओं का विश्लेषण कीजिए। ]

‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain 2021
the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (150 words)
[‘संवैधानिक नैतिकता’ की जड़ संविधान में ही निहित है और इसके तात्विक फलकों पर आधारित
है। ‘संवैधानिक नैतिकता’ के सिध्दांत की प्रासंगिक न्यायिक निर्णयों की सहायता से
विवेचना कीजिए।

(COMPARING Constitution) The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging 2020
in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms
of their judicial practices. (हाल के समय में भारत और यु. के. की न्यायिक व्यवस्थाएं अभिसरणीय
एवं अपसरणीय होती प्रतीत हो रही है l दोनों राष्ट्रों की न्यायिक कार्यप्रणालियों के
आलोक में अभिसरण तथा अपसरण के मुख्या बिंदुओं को आलोकित कीजिए l)

“Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute 2019
power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can
destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? (“संविधान का संशोधन
करने की संसद की शक्ति एक परिसीमित शक्ति है और इसे आत्यंतिक शक्ति के रूप में विस्तृत
नहीं किया जा सकता है |” इस कथन के आलोक में व्याख्या कीजिए की क्या संसद संविधान के
अनुछेद 368 के अंतर्गत अपनी संशोधन की शक्ति का विशदीकरण करके संविधान के मूल ढांचे को
नष्ट कर सकती है ?) (15m 250 words)

(COMPARING Constitution) What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? 2019
(धर्मनिरपेक्षता को भारत के संविधान के उपागम से फ्रांस क्या सिख सकता है ? )(10m 150
words)

(COMPARING Constitution) India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which 2018
the two political systems are based.

Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What 2018
consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?

Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on 2017
Right to Privacy.

Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present 2016
circumstances stances?

Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided 2015
for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering 2015
pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the
legislative, executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard.

Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in 2015
the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard.

What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech 2014
also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.

Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. 2013

Polity: The Executive

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

 Executive (structure, organization, functioning);

 Ministries and Departments (of Union and State govts.)

Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha:( राज्य सभा के सभापति 2022
के रूप में भारत के उप-राष्ट्रपति की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिए )

Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of 2014
justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse.

The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can 2014
manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the size of the cabinet?
Discuss.

Polity: Legislature & Elections

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

 Union and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges;
issues therein);
 Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in 2023
conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. ( विधायी कार्यों के संचालन
में व्यवस्था एवं निष्पक्षता बनाए रखने में और सर्वोत्तम लोकतांत्रिक परम्पराओं को
सुगम बनाने में राज्य विधायिकाओं के पीठासीन अधिकारियों की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिए
।) (150 words/10m)

Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees 2023
helped in the institutionalization of Indian Parliament? (संसदीय समिति प्रणाली की संरचना को
समझाइए । भारतीय संसद के संस्थानीकरण में वित्तीय समितियों ने कहां तक मदद की ?) (250
words/15m)

Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or 2022
State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the
election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party
against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 के अन्तर्गत संसद
अथवा राज्य विधायिका के सदस्यों के चुनाव से उभरे विवादों के निर्णय की प्रक्रिया का
विवेचन कीजिए। किन आधारों पर किसी निर्वाचित घोषित प्रत्याशी के निर्वाचन को शून्य
घोषित किया जा सकता है ? इस निर्णय के विरुद्ध पीड़ित पक्ष को कौन-सा उपचार उपलब्ध है ?
वाद विधियों का सन्दर्भ दीजिए। )

Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of 2022
Conduct.(आदर्श आचार-संहिता के उद्भव के आलोक में, भारत के निर्वाचन आयोग की भूमिका का
विवेचन कीजिए। 15 )

Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working 2021
and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (250 words) [ उन संवैधानिक
प्रावधानों को समझाइए जिनके अंतर्गत विधान-परिषदें स्थापित होती हैं। उपयुक्त
उदाहरणों के साथ विद्वान-परिषदों के कार्य और वर्तमान स्थिति का मूल्यांकन कीजिए। ]

Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire 2021
reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples.
[क्या विभागों से संबंधित संसदीय स्थायी समितियाँ प्रशासन को अपने उँगलियों पर रखती
हैं और संसदीय नियंत्रण के लिए सम्मान-प्रदर्शन हेतु प्रेरित करती हैं ? उपयुक्त
उदाहरणों के साथ ऐसी समितियों के कार्यों का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।] (250 words)

‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to 2020
the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of
parliamentary business in India? (‘एकदा स्पीकर, सदैव स्पीकर’! क्या आपके विचार अध्यक्ष पद की
निष्पक्षता के लिए इस कार्यप्रणाली को स्वीकारना चाहिए? भारत में संसदीय प्रयोजन की
सुदृढ़ कार्यशैली के लिए इसके क्या परिणाम हो सकते हैं?)

“There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt 2020
practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”. Comment. (“लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम के
अंतर्गत भ्रष्ट आचरण के दोषी व्यक्तिओं को आयोग ठहराने की प्रक्रिया के सरलीकरण की
आवश्यकता है” l टिप्पणी कीजिए l)

Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past 2020
few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. ( विगत
कुछ दशकों में राज्य सभा एक ‘उपयोगहीन स्टैपनी टायर’ से सर्वाधिक उपयोगी सहायक अंग में
रूपांतरित हुआ है l उन कारकों तथा कसेहतरों को आलोकित कीजिए जहाँ यह रूपांतरण दृष्टिगत
हो सकता है l)

Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely 2019
impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (राष्ट्रीय विधि निर्माता के रूप में
अकेले एक संसद-सदस्य की भूमिका अवनति की और है, जिसके फलस्वरूप वादविवादों की गुणता और
उनके परिणामों पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पड़ भी चूका है | चर्चा कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)

On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of People Act, 2019
1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification. ( किन आधारों पर
किसी लोक प्रतिनिधि को, लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 के अधीन निरर्हित किया जा सकता
है ? उन उपचारों का भी उल्लेख कीजिए जो ऐसे निरर्हित व्यक्ति को अपनी निरर्हिता के
विरुद्ध उपलब्ध हैं | ) (15m 250 words)

Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this 2018
context, the role or the Estimates Committee.

In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the 2018
challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?

‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money 2017
spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.

To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral 2017
reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy
successful?

The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. 2017
Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with
reasons thereof.

The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and 2016
paradoxes.” Discuss.

The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the 2014
Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue.
Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this
problem be addressed?

The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy 2013
constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-
defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?

Polity: Separation of Powers

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

 Separation of Powers (between different organs, dispute redressal mechanisms, institutions);

 Judiciary (structure, organisation functioning)

Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy. Comment. 2023

(“संवैधानिक रूप से न्यायिक स्वतंत्रता की गारंटी लोकतंत्र की एक पूर्व शर्त है।”
टिप्पणी कीजिए ।) (150 words/10m)

The most significant achievement of modern law in India in the constitutionalization of environmental 2022
problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.(“ भारत में
आधुनिक कानून की सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धि सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा पर्यावरणीय
समस्याओं का संविधानीकरण है ।” सुसंगत वाद विधियों की सहायता से इस कवन की विवेचना
कीजिए)

Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality 2022
of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.( राज्यपाल
द्वारा विधायी शक्तियों के प्रयोग की आवश्यक शर्तों का विवेचन कीजिए । विधायिका के
समक्ष रखे बिना राज्यपाल द्वारा अध्यादेशों के पुनःप्रख्यापन की वैधता की विवेचना
कीजिए । )

Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, 2021
equity and inclusiveness.(150 words) [विविधता, समता और समावेशिता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए
उच्चतर न्यायपालिका में महिलाओं के प्रतिनिधित्व को बढ़ाने की वांछनियता पर चर्चा
कीजिए।]

To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (150 2021
words) [आपकी दृष्टि में, भारत में कार्यपालिका की जवाबदेही को निश्चित करने में संसद
कहाँ तक समर्थ है ?]

Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian 2020
Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing
guidelines to executive authorities. (न्यायिक विधायन, बहरतीय संविधान में परिकल्पित शक्ति
पृथक्करण सिद्धांत का प्रतिपक्षी है l इस संदर्भ में कार्यपालक अधिकरणों को दिशा-
निर्देश देने की प्रार्थना करने सम्बन्धी, बड़ी संख्या में दायर होने वाली, लोक हित
याचिकाओं का न्याय औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिये l)

Do you think that constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers rather it is 2019
based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. (क्या आपके विचार में भारत का संविधान
शक्तियों के कठोर पृथक्करण के सिध्दान्त को स्वीकार नहीं करता है, बल्कि यह ‘नियंत्रण
एवं संतुलन’ के सिध्दान्त पर आधारित है ? व्याख्या कीजिए | ) (10m 150 words)

From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, 2019
‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. (न्यायालयों के
द्वारा विधायी शक्तियों के वितरण से सम्बंधित मुद्दों को सुलझाने से, ‘परिसंघीय
सर्वोच्चता का सिध्दान्त’ और ‘समरस अर्थान्वयन’ उभर कर आए हैं | स्पष्ट कीजिए | ) (10m 150
words)

Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor 2018
and elected government of Delhi? Examine.

Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2017
2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.

What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance 2016
amongst the basic features of the Constitution?

Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers 2015
doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the
decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the
power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?

Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in 2014
ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played
by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.

The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the 2013
Constitution. Discuss critically.

Polity: Federalism & Local governance

GS2 Syllabus Topic:

 Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges of federal structure;
 Devolution of powers and finances to local levels; challenges therein.

The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially. 2023
Comment. (“भारत के राज्य शहरी स्थानीय निकायों को कार्यात्मक एवं वित्तीय दोनों ही
रूप से सशक्त बनाने के प्रति अनिच्छुक प्रतीत होते हैं।” टिप्पणी कीजिए । ) (150
words/10m)

Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the 2023
accommodative spirit of federalism? (101 वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम का महत्व समझाइए । यह
किस हद तक संघवाद के समावेशी भावना को दर्शाता है ?) (250 words/15m)

Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the 2023
Union Governments since mid 1990s. (संघीय सरकारों द्वारा 1990 के दशक के मध्य से अनुच्छेद
356 के उपयोग की कम आवृत्ति के लिये जिम्मेदार विधिक एवं राजनीतिक कारकों का विवरण
प्रस्तुत कीजिए।) (250 words/15m)

To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance 2022
landscape at the grassroots ?(आपकी राय में, भारत में शक्ति के विकेन्द्रीकरण ने जमीनी स्तर
पर शासन-परिदृश्य को किस सीमा तक परिवर्तित किया है ? (150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए))

While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State 2022
autonomy. Comment.(“भारत में राष्ट्रीय राजनैतिक दल केन्द्रीयकरण के पक्ष में हैं,
जबकि क्षेत्रीय दल राज्य स्वायत्तता के पक्ष में ।” टिप्पणी कीजिए। )

How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve 2021
their fiscal position? (150 words) [भारत के 14वें वित्त आयोग की संस्तुतियों ने राज्यों को
अपनी राजकोषीय स्थिति सुधारने में कैसे सक्षम किया है ?]

The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe 2021
within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to
withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India.
(250 words) [एक राज्य-विशेष के अन्दर प्रथम सूचना रिपोर्ट दायर करने तथा जांच करने के
केन्द्रीय अन्वेषण ब्यूरो (सी. बी. आइ.) के क्षेत्राधिकार पर कई राज्य प्रश्न उठा रहे
हैं . हालांकि, सी. बी. आइ. जांच के लिए राज्यों द्वारा दी गई सहमति को रोके रखने की शक्ति
आत्यंतिक नहीं है। भारत संघीय ढाँचे के विशेष संदर्भ में विवेचना कीजिए।]

How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in 2020
India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (आपके विचार में सहयोग, स्पर्धा एवं
संगर्ष ने किस प्रकार से भारत में महासंघ को किस सीमा तक आकर दिया है? अपने उत्तर को
प्रमाणित करने के लिए कुछ हालिया उद्धत कीजिए l)

Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate 2020
in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently
passed Farm Acts. (राष्ट्र की एकता और अखण्डता बनाये रखने के लिये भारतीय संविधान
केन्द्रीयकरण करने की प्रवृति प्रदर्शित करता है l महामारी अधिनियम, 1897; आपदा
प्रबंधन अधिनियम, 2005 तथा हाल में पारित किये गए कृषि क्षेत्र के अधिनियमों के
परिप्रेक्ष्य में सुस्पष्ट कीजिए l)

The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of 2020
‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical
challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (‘ भारत में स्थानीय
निकायों की सुदृढ़ता एवं संपोषिता ‘प्रकार्य, कार्यकर्ता व कोष’ की अपनी रचनात्मक
प्रावस्था से ‘ प्रकार्यात्मकता’ की समकालिक अवस्था की ओर स्थानान्तरित हुई है l हाल के
समय में प्रकार्यात्मकता की दृष्टी से स्थानीय निकायों द्वारा सामना की जा रही अहम्
चुनौतियों को आलोकित कीजिए l)

“The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self- government has had a limited impact 2019
on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (“स्थानीय स्वशासन की
संस्थाओं में महिलाओं के लिए सीटों के आरक्षण का भारत के राजनितिक पराक्रम के
पितृतंत्रात्मक अभिलक्षण पर एक सिमित प्रभाव पड़ा है |” टिपण्णी कीजिए | ) (15m 250 words)

How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you about the terms of reference of the 2018
recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss.

Assess the importance of Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government 2018
grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects.

“The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. 2017
Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.

Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any that have led to 2016
recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant
Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the
functioning of the Indian federal politics?

To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with 2016
respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in
the context of Indian polity.

Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss. 2016

The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the 2015
drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the
shortcomings.

In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, `Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ 2015
have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss.

Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, 2014
but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a
feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss.

Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the `Nagas’ as a threat to 2013
override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian
 Constitution.

Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and Talukas for 2013
better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that more number of smaller States would
bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss.

Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the 2013
problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss.

Polity: Bodies
GS2 Syllabus Topic: Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies (powers,
functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the 2023
Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. (भारत में बहुराष्ट्रीय निगमों के
द्वारा प्रभावशाली स्थिति के दुरुपयोग को रोकने में भारत के प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग की
भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए। हाल के निर्णयों का संदर्भ लें । ) (150 words/10m)

Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in 2023
rendering free legal aid in India. (निःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता प्राप्त करने के हकदार कौन है ?
निःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता के प्रतिपादन में राष्ट्रीय विधि सेवा प्राधिकरण (एन.ए.एल.एस.ए.)
की भूमिका का आकलन कीजिए ।) (150 words/10m)

Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and 2023
case laws. (प्रासंगिक संवैधानिक प्रावधानों और निर्णय विधियों की मदद से लैंगिक न्याय के
संवैधानिक परिप्रेक्ष्य की व्याख्या कीजिए । ) (250 words/15m)

Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a 2022
statutory body to a constitutional body.(राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग के सांविधिक निकाय से
संवैधानिक निकाय में रूपांतरण को ध्यान में रखते हुए इसकी भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिए)

Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, 2021
yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and
practical limitations, suggest remedial measures. (250 words) [यद्यपि मानवाधिकार आयोगों ने भारत में
मानव अधिकारों के संरक्षण में काफी हद तक योगदान दिया है, फिर भी वे ताकतवर और
प्रभावशालियों के विरुद्ध अधिकार जात्ताने में असफल रहे हैं। इनकी संरचनात्मक और
व्यवहारिक सीमाओं का विश्लेषण करते हुए सुधारात्मक उपायों के सुझाव दीजिए।]

Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to 2020
the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give
reasons. (एक आयोग के सांविधानिकीकरण के लिए कौन-कौन से चरण आवश्यक हैं? क्या आपके विचार में
राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग का सांविधानिकता प्रदान करना भारत में लैंगिक न्याय एवं
सशक्तिकरण और अधिक सुनिश्चित करेगा? कारन बताइए l)

“The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or 2019
against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial
authority.” Explain. (केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक अधिकरण जिसकी स्थापना केन्द्रीय सरकार के
कर्मचारियों द्वारा या उनके विरुद्ध शिकायतों एवं परिवादों के निवारण हेतु की गई थी,
आजकल एक स्वतंत्र न्यायिक प्राधिकरण के रूप में अपनी शक्तियों का प्रयोग कर रहा है |”
व्याख्या कीजिए | ) (10m 150 words)

“The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss. 2019
(“महान्यायवादी भारत की सरकार का मुख्या विधि सलहाकार और वकील होता है |” चर्चा कीजिए | )
(15m 250 words)

“The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the 2018
method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise.

How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the 2018
above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.

Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both 2017
public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Exercise of CAC’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of 2016
the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government’s Policy implementation could amount to
overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction.

What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples. 2016

What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent 2015
Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism?
Discuss.

“For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain 2015
independent and autonomous.” Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately 2014
supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above
observation assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in
promoting and protecting human rights standards.

The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to 2014
demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the
experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian
Railways or the private container operators.

Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous 2013
commissions for strengthening the local government finances.
The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of
products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and
IRDA. Just

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
FEDERALISM:

The framers of the Constitution incorporated federal principles to establish a sense of

cooperation between the Central and the State governments. Encroachment by either of the
units is strictly against the Constitution. Hence both the Centre and the States have to strive to
work in coordination in the best interests of the people
Instances of control by the Centre over states (Combative federalism):
 Misuse of office of Governor: Dispute between the centre and the Delhi government
over who should have control of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
 Tussle over All-India Services: The proposed amendments to the Indian Administrative
Service (Cadre) Rules of 1954 are being opposed by states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West
Bengal, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Telangana
 Deployment of central investigative agencies: Various States have withdrawn the
general consent for the functioning of the CBI in their respective jurisdictions.

Constitutional provision regarding Federalism:

 7th Schedule of the constitution: Three lists i.e. Union, State and Concurrent divides the responsibilities
between centre and state. Here, each level of government has its own sphere, enabling context-sensitive
decision-making to them.
 73rd and 74th amendment Act: It provided the institutions for local self-government, which helps in
strengthening grassroots democracy.
 Article 246 : Power of Parliament to make laws on subjects in State List.
 Article 280 : Finance Commission
 Article 263 : Inter State Council
 The inter-state tribunals, the National Development Council and other informal bodies also served as
vehicles of consultations between the Union, states and UTs

Way Forward:
There is a need to understand that Article 1 of our Constitution declares that “India that is Bharat is a union of
states”, and that devolution of powers is necessary for such a setting. So, there is a need to recognize the federal
character of our polity to protect the national character.

How Federalism is under strain?

 Scrapping of Planning Commission
 Meeting of the Inter-State Council only once in the last seven years
 No meeting of National Development Council
 Removal of Article 370 without consulting the state legislature
 Stripped autonomy of state under GST and
 Making of indirect tax regime unitary in nature are some of the examples where country’s federal structure is in
question.
 Parliament legislated on “agriculture”, entry no. 14 in the state list, to enact the three contentious farm laws is an
example of overstepping its jurisdiction and imposing a law on the states.
 Extension of BSF jurisdiction in Assam, West Bengal and Punjab without any consultation with the concerned
states.
 Rejection of the Republic Day tableaux of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal by the Centre.
 Controversial post of governor are some of the examples which disregard the diversity of the country and
contempt for constitutional values

What steps should be taken to resolve this situation?

 It is time for the constitution of a committee like the Rajamannar committee to study centre-state
relations.
 As recommended by NCRCW, the state should demand the creation of an institutional framework to mandate and
facilitate consultation between unions and the states in areas of legislation under concurrent lists.
 Chief ministers should try to create forums for regular engagement rather than just during times of crisis. For
example, Finance Minister Thomas Isaac rallied finance ministers from different states during the initial stages of
discussion on the terms of reference of the 15th finance commission. This would be crucial for a discussion on
which demands like the extension of GST compensation to 2027 and the inclusion of cess in the divisible pool of
taxes.
Issues over the implementation of 14th Finance Commission report

 The 14th Finance Commission report in 2015 promised devolution of more finances to the States.
 As part of the process, States would have new responsibilities, especially in the social sector.
 The Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime was also justified as a grand bargain that would eventually leave all
States better off.
 In reality, tax devolution to States has been consistently below 14th Finance Commission projections.
 One reason for this has been the economic slowdown, and lower-than-expected GST collections.
  Payments to the States have been delayed as well.

Conclusion

Centre government needs to be more considerate of the financial woes of the State and try to deliver on the
recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission report.

A new governance framework should be devised to determine the relations between the Centre and the states. Till such
time, the progress of reforms in health, education, land, labour, electricity and agriculture could remain fraught with
problems, agitations and delays.

Centralisation and Political federalism:

There is a growing incursion of the Union government into sectors where State governments have a primary
responsibility. For instance,
 Resource Allocation : There has been increasing centralisation in resource allocations and welfare
interventions. For instance, GST has negatively impacted the finances of State governments.
 Interference in State Subjects: Centre has been encroaching into domains under State government control
through centrally sponsored schemes in sectors such as education and health. For example, NEET exam,
meddling with the appointments of vice-chancellors in universities funded and run by State governments etc.
It subverts the affirmative action policies developed at the regional level in response to local political demands.
 Bypassing State Governments: Centre is increasingly ignoring elected representatives of State governments.
It is holding direct meetings with State secretaries and district collectors on issues that are primarily under State
control. It subverts the Constitutional arrangement of Power-sharing between Centre and State.
Centralisation and Economic Federalism:
 Nepotism and crony capitalism. Big businessmen are getting benefits from the government.
 Apathy towards small businesses. The centre had strongly supported the Indian big business from global
competition by side lining the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). In contrast, the
government has eroded the power of small businesses through GST and the call for a single national market.
 Restricting the political funding for regional parties. Regional parties rely on region-specific rent-thick
sectors for political funding, such as mining and real estate. The ruling party has curtailed this by levelling
corruption allegations and the use of central agencies against businesses supporting the regional parties. This
weakens the ability of regional parties to compete with the ruling party electorally.

Positives of 15th FC Recommendations:

 Grants to local bodies is high compared to the previous Finance Commission. For example, Finance
Commission has granted Rs 4,36,361 crore from the central divisive tax pool to local governments.
 It will strengthen cooperative federalism. Out of the total grants earmarked for Panchayati raj institutions, 60
percent is earmarked for national priorities. (drinking water, rainwater harvesting, sanitation, etc.,).

15th FC Recommendations : Analysis – UPSC GS2

Federal Issues, Polity for Mains

The 15th Finance Commission recommendations are slightly different from the other Finance commission’s
recommendations. It has introduced many revolutionary changes that can shape India’s future.

What are the major challenges faced by 15th Finance commission?

The 15th Finance commission (FC) had faced many challenges while preparing its report for the year 2021-26. Some of
them are,

 The issue of using 2011 population census data. The southern states were against it.
 The issue of creating a non-lapsable defence fund.
 Using certain parameters for calculating performance incentives to states.
 The 15th FC was required to prepare the fiscal roadmap for the Union and state amid a shortfall in the GST
collection and the Pandemic.
How the 15th FC report addressed these challenges?

 The 15th FC recommended vertical devolution at 41 per cent to states against 14th FC recommendation of
42% devolution. The 15th FC adjusted 1 per cent for the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir.
 For horizontal distribution, it introduced efficiency criteria for tax and fiscal efforts of states. This is expected
to harmonise the principles of revenue needs and performance.
 The 15th FC assigned 12.5 per cent weightage to demographic performance. By that, it incentivized the
southern states for the progress made by them in replacement rate of population growth.
What was the recommendation of 15th FC for distributing grant in aids to the states?

The grant allocation will be based on the below five categories.

1. Revenue deficit grants
2. Grants for local governments
3. Grants for disaster management
4. Sector-specific grants and
5. State-specific grants.
 The centre in its Action Taken Report accepted all the grants except sector-specific grants (Rs 1,29,987
crore) and state-specific grants (Rs 49,599 crore).
 The Commission also tasked to examine, whether revenue deficit grants should be provided at all to the
states. Some states argued that providing revenue deficit grants will disincentives tax efforts and prudence in
expenditure.
 However, the FC recommended revenue deficit grants of Rs 2,94,514 crore for (2021-26). It will help fiscally
stressed states due to COVID pandemic, such as Kerala, Punjab, West Bengal.
What were the Changes brought by 15th FC regarding grants to local governments?

 The 15th FC has prescribed the following conditions to local bodies to get access to the grants:
 Constitution of State Finance Commissions
 Timely auditing and online availability of accounts for rural local bodies
 Notifying consistent growth rate for property tax revenue for urban local bodies.
 It has also recommended for tying the grants to the local bodies to drinking water, sanitation, solid-waste
management and faecal sludge management. This is in line with the national programmes such as
Swachch Bharat Mission and Jal Jeevan Mission.
 For the first time, the FC recommends Rs 8,000 crore to states for incubation of eight new cities. It also
provides for urban grants to million-plus cities for improving air quality, to meet the benchmark of solid waste
management and sanitation.
 The landmark recommendation of the 15th FC is the health grant of Rs 70,051 crore through local bodies. It will
help to address the gaps in primary health infrastructure.
15th FC recommendations for strengthening Disaster risk management

 The FC recommends setting up the state and national level Disaster Risk Mitigation Fund (SDRMF). It is in line
with the provisions of the Disaster Management Act.
 Also, for the first time, it introduced a 10-25 per cent graded cost-sharing by the states for the NDRF and
NDMF. Though, this is not accepted by the states.
15th FC recommendations to strengthen Defence sector

 It recommends for setting up of a dedicated non-lapsable fund and the Modernisation Fund for Defence
and Internal Security (MFDIS) for 2021-2026.
 The fund will bridge the gap between projected budgetary requirements and budget allocation for defence and
internal security. It will also provide greater predictability to critical defence related capital expenditure.
 It has recommended the following four specific sources from where the funds for defence can be sourced:
 Transfers from the Consolidated Fund of India.
 Disinvestment proceeds of DPSEs.
 Proceeds from the monetisation of surplus defence land.
 Proceeds of receipts from defence land, which is likely to be transferred to state governments.
 Furthermore, it recommends an allocation of Rs 1,000 crore per annum for the welfare of families of the defence
and CAPF personnel who sacrifice their lives in frontline duties.
According to B R Ambedkar: “India’s Draft Constitution can be both unitary as well as federal according to the
requirements of time and circumstances.”
Why Federalism has been successful in India?
 Accommodating linguistic Identities: The States Reorganisation Act allowed India to use federalism to
accommodate linguistic diversity, as it could become a source of resistance to centralisation.
 Led to distribution of political power: Rise of coalition governments, economic liberalisation, regional parties,
has provided a favourable ground for political federalism.
 Role of Institutions: Role of the supreme court in defending federalism and the role of Institutions like finance
commission in creating create bi-partisan consensus
 Asymmetrical nature: Under which special exemptions are given to various states.
Problems associated with Federalism in India:
 Misused by Union government:
 Citing procedural impropriety: to oust opponents.
 Union often ignoring the will of the state legislature: E.g. Bifurcation of erstwhile Andhra was done
against the resolution of the state legislature, Stripping statehood of Kashmir.
 Curtailing the powers of States: Though Centre enables states to suspend labour laws if necessary, but is
unwilling to do that in the case of agriculture.
 Increasing presidentialisation of national politics: a single-party dominance with powerful messaging
power, and change in forms of communication, might diminish the stature of chief ministers.
 Constitutional amendments undermining federalism: Amendments to introduce Goods and Services act is
seen as a step to increase centralisation in the system.
Problems associated with states:
 Focussed more on political federalism rather than true financial and administrative federalism:
 Most states are reluctant to honour more decentralisation within, to rural and urban bodies.
 Failed to make a council of chief ministers a more robust forum.
 Very few states have shown a zeal to increase their own financial headroom by utilising whatever powers they
might have on taxation.
Inter State Council:
Constitutional Provision:
Article 263 provides for an Inter State Council if at any time it appears to the President that the public interests would
be served by the establishment of a Council charged with the duty of :
1. inquiring into and advising upon disputes which may have arisen between States
2. investigating and discussing subjects in which some or all of the States, or the Union and one or more of the
States, have a common interest; or
3. making recommendations upon any such subject and, in particular, recommendations for the better coordination
of policy and action with respect to that subject, in shall be lawful for the President by order to establish such a
Council, and to define the nature of the duties to be performed by it and its organisation and procedure
Its creation:
It was constituted based on the recommendations of Sarkaria Commission in 1990 under Article 263
Its purpose:
To bridge the trust deficit between the centre and the states
Has NITI Ayog’s Governing Council diluted its need?
 NITI Aayog’s Governing Council has a similar composition, including the prime minister, chosen cabinet ministers
and chief ministers. It could also address centre-state issues
 But the ISC has constitutional backing, as against the NITI Aayog which only has an executive mandate
 This puts the states on more solid footing—an essential ingredient in building the atmosphere of cooperation
needed for calibrating centre-state relations
Why in news?
ISC meeting held after 10 years. In meeting, certain very important topics were discussed e.g. Direct Benefit Transfer
through Aadhar, education, internal security and most importantly GST. Discussion of such important topics signals the
ushering in of cooperative federalism, wherein the centre govt. wants states to be a party in decision making rather
than taking unilateral decisions and imposing it on states for mere executive actions