Sheet 1

1- An office worker claims that a cup of cold coffee on his table warmed up to 80°C by picking
up energy from the surrounding air, which is at 25°C. Is there any truth to his claim? Does
this process violate any thermodynamic laws?
2- A 3-kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m3 is filled with liquid water. Assuming the
density of water is 1000 kg/m3, determine the weight of the combined system.
3- The value of the gravitational acceleration g decreases with elevation from 9.807 m/s2 at sea
level to 9.767 m/s2 at an altitude of 13,000 m, where large passenger planes cruise.
Determine the percent reduction in the weight of an airplane cruising at 13,000 m relative to
its weight at sea level.
4- A large fraction of the thermal energy generated in the engine
of a car is rejected to the air by the radiator through the
circulating water. Should the radiator be analyzed as a closed
system or as an open system? Explain.

5- A can of soft drink at room temperature is put into the refrigerator so that it will cool. Would
you model the can of soft drink as a closed system or as an open system? Explain.
6- For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, do the temperature and the pressure have
to be the same everywhere?
7- Define the isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric.
8- Someone claims that the absolute pressure in a liquid of constant density doubles when the
depth is doubled. Do you agree? Explain.
9- Consider two identical fans, one at sea level and the other on top of a high mountain,
running at identical speeds. How would you compare (a) the volume flow rates and (b) the
mass flow rates of these two fans?
10- A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 35 kPa at a location where the atmospheric
pressure is 92 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the chamber.
11- A manometer is used to measure the air pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific
gravity of 1.25, and the differential height between the two arms of the manometer is 28 in.
If the local atmospheric pressure is 12.7 psia, determine the absolute pressure in the tank for
the cases of the manometer arm with the (a) higher and (b) lower fluid level being attached
to the tank.
12- Consider an alcohol and a mercury thermometer that read exactly 0°C at the ice point and
100°C at the steam point. The distance between the two points is divided into 100 equal
parts in both thermometers. Do you think these thermometers will give exactly the same
reading at a temperature of, say, 60°C? Explain.
13- Consider two closed systems A and B. System A contains 3000 kJ of thermal energy at
20°C, whereas system B contains 200 kJ of thermal energy at 50°C. Now the systems are
brought into contact with each other. Determine the direction of any heat transfer between
the two systems.
14- Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric reading is 750 mm
Hg. Take the density of mercury to be 13,600 kg/m3.
15- The absolute pressure in water at a depth of 5 m is read to be 145 kPa. Determine (a) the
local atmospheric pressure, and (b) the absolute pressure at a depth of 5 m in a liquid whose
specific gravity is 0.85 at the same location.
16- A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 15 kPa at a location where the barometric reading
is 750 mm Hg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Take ρHg 13,590 kg/m3.
17- Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free surface of the sea. Assume
a barometric pressure of 101 kPa and a specific gravity of 1.03 for seawater. Answer: 404.0 kPa
18- A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston–cylinder
device. The piston has a mass of 4 kg and a cross-sectional area
of 35 cm2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force
of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa,
determine the pressure inside the cylinder. Answer: 123.4 kPa

19- Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to

measure its pressure. If the reading on the pressure gage is 80
kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of
the manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury ( ρ = 13,600 kg/m3)
or (b) water (ρ =1000 kg/m3).

20- A pressure cooker cooks a lot faster than an ordinary pan by

maintaining a higher pressure and temperature inside. The lid of a
pressure cooker is well sealed, and steam can escape only
through an opening in the middle of the lid. A separate metal
piece, the petcock, sits on top of this opening and prevents steam
from escaping until the pressure force overcomes the weight of
the petcock. The periodic escape of the steam in this manner
prevents any potentially dangerous pressure buildup and keeps
the pressure inside at a constant value. Determine the mass of the petcock of a pressure
cooker whose operation pressure is 100 kPa gage and has an opening cross-sectional area of
4 mm2. Assume an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa, and draw the free-body diagram of the
petcock. Answer: 40.8 g.

21- Consider a fish swimming 5 m below the free surface of water. The increase in the pressure
exerted on the fish when it dives to a depth of 45 m below the free surface is
(a)392 Pa (b) 9800 Pa (c) 50,000 Pa (d) 392,000 Pa (e) 441,000 Pa
22- The atmospheric pressures at the top and the bottom of a building are read by a barometer to
be 96.0 and 98.0 kPa. If the density of air is 1.0 kg/m3, the height of the building is.

(a) 17 m (b) 20 m (c) 170 m (d) 204 m (e) 252 m

23- An apple loses 4.5 kJ of heat as it cools per °C drop in its temperature. The amount of heat
loss from the apple per °F drop in its temperature is
(a) 1.25 kJ (b) 2.50 kJ (c) 5.0 kJ (d) 8.1 kJ (e) 4.1 kJ
24- Consider a 2-m deep swimming pool. The pressure difference between the top and bottom
of the pool is
(a) 12.0 kPa (b) 19.6 kPa (c) 38.1 kPa (d) 50.8 kPa (e) 200 kPa
25- At sea level, the weight of 1 kg mass in SI units is 9.81 N. The weight of 1 lbm mass in
English units is
(a) 1 lbf (b) 9.81 lbf (c) 32.2 lbf (d) 0.1 lbf (e) 0.031 lbf
26- During a heating process, the temperature of an object rises by 20°C. This temperature rise
is equivalent to a temperature rise of
(a) 20°F (b) 52°F (c) 36 K (d) 36 R (e) 293 K

27- Choose the Correct Answer :

1. A definite area or space where some thermodynamic process takes place is known as
(a) thermodynamic system (b) thermodynamic cycle
(c) thermodynamic process (d) thermodynamic law.
2. An open system is one in which
(a) heat and work cross the boundary of the system, but the mass of the working substance does not
(b) mass of working substance crosses the boundary of the system but the heat and work do not
(c) both the heat and work as well as mass of the working substances cross the boundary of the
system
(d) neither the heat and work nor the mass of the working substances cross the boundary of the
system.
3. An isolated system
(a) is a specified region where transfer of energy and/or mass take place
(b) is a region of constant mass and only energy is allowed to cross the boundaries
(c) cannot transfer either energy or mass to or from the surroundings
(d) is one in which mass within the system is not necessarily constant
(e) none of the above.
4. In an extensive property of a thermodynamic system
(a) extensive heat is transferred (b) extensive work is done
(c) extensive energy is utilised (d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
5. Which of the following is an intensive property of a thermodynamic system ?
(a) Volume (b) Temperature
(c) Mass (d) Energy.
6. Which of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic system ?
(a) Pressure (b) Volume
(c) Temperature (d) Density.
7. When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body they are also in thermal
equilibrium with
each other. This statement is called
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Kelvin Planck’s law.
8. The temperature at which the volume of a gas becomes zero is called
(a) absolute scale of temperature (b) absolute zero temperature
(c) absolute temperature (d) none of the above.
9. The value of one bar (in SI units) is equal to
(a) 100 N/m2 (b) 1000 N/m2
(c) 1 × 104 N/m2 (d) 1 × 105 N/m2
(e) 1 × 106 N/m2.
10. The absolute zero pressure will be
(a) when molecular momentum of the system becomes zero
(b) at sea level (c) at the temperature of – 273 K
(d) under vacuum conditions (e) at the centre of the earth.
11. Absolute zero temperature is taken as
(a) – 273°C (b) 273°C
(c) 237°C (d) – 373°C.
12. The unit of energy in SI units is
(a) Joule (J) (b) Joule metre (Jm)
(c) Watt (W) (d) Joule/metre (J/m).
13. One watt is equal to
(a) 1 Nm/s (b) 1 N/min
(c) 10 N/s (d) 100 Nm/s
(e) 100 Nm/m.
14. One joule (J) is equal to
(a) 1 Nm (b) kNm
(d) 10 Nm/s (d) 10 kNm/s.
15. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water through 1°C is
called
(a) specific heat at constant volume (b) specific heat at constant pressure
(c) kilo calorie (d) none of the above.
16. The heating and expanding of a gas is called
(a) thermodynamic system (b) thermodynamic cycle
(c) thermodynamic process (d) thermodynamic law
 Sheet 2

Choose the correct answer :

1. (a) Specific volume of water decreases on freezing
(b) Boiling point of water decreases with increasing pressure
(c) Freezing temperature of water decreases with increasing pressure.
2. (a) The process of passing from liquid to vapor is condensation
(b) An isothermal line is also a constant pressure line during wet region
(c) Pressure and temperature are independent during phase change
(d) The term dryness fraction is used to describe the fraction by mass of liquid in the mixture of
liquid water and water vapor.
3. The latent heat of vaporization at critical point is
(a) less than zero (b) greater than zero
(c) equal to zero (d) none of the above.
4. (a) Critical point involves equilibrium of solid and vapor phases
(b) Critical point involves equilibrium of solid and liquid phases
(c) Critical point involves equilibrium of solid, liquid and vapor phases
(d) Triple point involves equilibrium of solid, liquid and vapor phases.

5. With the increase in pressure

(a) boiling point of water increases and enthalpy of evaporation increases
(b) boiling point of water increases and enthalpy of evaporation decreases
(c) boiling point of water decreases and enthalpy of evaporation increases.
6. With increase in pressure
(a) enthalpy of dry saturated steam increases
(b) enthalpy of dry saturated steam decreases
(c) enthalpy of dry saturated steam remains same
(d) enthalpy of dry saturated steam first increases and then decreases.
7. Dryness fraction of steam is defined as
(a) mass of water vapor in suspension/(mass of water vapor in suspension + mass of dry steam)
(b) mass of dry steam/mass of water vapor in suspension
(c) mass of dry steam/(mass of dry steam + mass of water vapor in suspension)
(d) mass of water vapor in suspension/mass of dry steam.
8. The specific volume of water when heated at 0°C
(a) first increases and then decreases (b) first decreases and then increases
(c) increases steadily (d) decreases steadily.
9. Volume of wet steam (per kg) with dryness fraction x is given by
(a) x3vg (b) xvf
2 2
(c) x (vg – vf) (d) x vg
(e) none of the above

10. Find the specific volume, enthalpy and internal energy of wet steam at 18 bar, dryness fraction
0.9. [Ans. 0.0994 m3/kg ; 2605.8 kJ/kg ; 2426.5 kJ/kg]
11. Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of steam at 7 bar and enthalpy
2600 kJ/kg. [Ans. 0.921 ; 0.2515 m3/kg, 2420 kJ/kg]
12. Steam at 110 bar has a specific volume of 0.0196 m3/kg, find the temperature, the enthalpy and
the internal energy. [Ans. 350°C ; 2889 kJ/kg ; 2673.4 kJ/kg]

13. Steam at 150 bar has an enthalpy of 3309 kJ/kg, find the temperature, the specific volume and
the internal energy. [Ans. 500°C ; 0.02078 m3/kg ; 2997.3 kJ/kg

14. Calculate the internal energy of 0.3 m3 of steam at 4 bar and 0.95 dryness. If this steam is
superheated at constant pressure through 30°C, determine the heat added and change in internal
energy. [Ans. 2451 kJ/kg ; 119 kJ ; 107.5 kJ/kg]

15. Water is supplied to the boiler at 15 bar and 80°C and steam is generated at the same pressure at
0.9 dryness. Determine the heat supplied to the steam in passing through the boiler and change in
entropy. [Ans. 2260.5 kJ/kg ; 4.92 kJ/kg K]

16. A cylindrical vessel of 5 m3 capacity contains wet steam at 1 bar. The volume of vapor and
liquid in the vessel are 4.95 m3 and 0.05 m3 respectively. Heat is transferred to the vessel until the
vessel is filled with saturated vapor. Determine the heat transfer during the process. [Ans. 104.93 MJ]

17. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of steam at 5 bar and 0.9 dryness when the gas was switched
off. Determine the quantity of heat rejected by the pressure cooker when the pressure in the cooker
falls to 1 bar. [Ans. – 2355 kJ]

18. A vessel of spherical shape having a capacity of 0.8 m3 contains steam at 10 bar and 0.95
dryness. Steam is blown off until the pressure drops to 5 bar. The valve is then closed and the steam
is allowed to cool until the pressure falls to 4 bar. Assuming that the enthalpy of steam in the vessel
remains constant during blowing off periods, determine :

(i) The mass of steam blown-off,

(ii) The dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling, and

(iii) The heat lost by steam per kg during cooling. [Ans. (i) 2.12 kg ; (ii) 0.78 ; (iii) – 820 kJ

19. Is it possible to have water vapor at 10°C

20. A househusband is cooking beef stew for his family in a pan that is (a) uncovered, (b) covered
with a light lid, and (c) covered with a heavy lid. For which case will the cooking time be the
shortest? Why?

21. Does the amount of heat absorbed as 1 kg of saturated liquid water boils at 100°C have to be
equal to the amount of heat released as 1 kg of saturated water vapor condenses at 100°C?

22. Is it true that it takes more energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 100°C than it
would at 120°C?

23. Which process requires more energy: completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 1
atm pressure or completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 8 atm pressure?
24. Water is to be boiled at sea level in a 30-cm-diameter stainless
steel pan placed on top of a 3–kW electric burner. If 60 percent of the
heat generated by the burner is transferred to the water during boiling,
determine the rate of evaporation of water.

25. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of

the air in the tire. When the air temperature is 25°C, the pressure
gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3, determine
the pressure rise in the tire when the air temperature in the tire rises
to 50°C. Also, determine the amount of air that must be bled off to
restore pressure to its original value at this temperature. Assume the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.

26. A rigid tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 3 atm and 40°C. Now a valve is opened, and half of
mass of the gas is allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 2.2 atm, the final
temperature in the tank is

(a) 186°C (b) 59° (c) 43°C (d) 20°C (e) 230°C

27. The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 190 kPa (gage) before a trip and 215 kPa
(gage) after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. If the temperature of air
in the tire before the trip is 25°C, the air temperature after the trip is

(a) 51.1°C (b) 64.2°C (c) 27.2°C (d) 28.3°C (e) 25.0°C

28. A 300-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid – vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa. If 25
percent of the mass is liquid and 75 percent of the mass is vapor, the total mass in the tank is

(a) 451 kg (b) 556 kg (c) 300 kg (d) 331 kg (e) 195 kg

29. Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a coffee maker equipped with an immersion-type electric
heating element. The coffee maker initially contains 1 kg of water. Once boiling started, it is
observed that half of the water in the coffee maker evaporated in 18 minutes. If the heat loss from
the coffee maker is negligible, the power rating of the heating element is

(a) 0.90 kW (d) 1.05 kW (b) 1.52 kW (e) 1.24 kW (c) 2.09 kW
30. A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 10 kg of water (in any phase or phases) at 160°C. The pressure in the
tank is (a) 738 kPa (b) 618 kPa (c) 370 kPa (d) 2000 MPa (e) 1618 kPa

31. Water is boiling at 1 atm pressure in a stainless steel pan on an electric range. It is observed that
2 kg of liquid water evaporates in 30 min. The rate of heat transfer to the water is

(a) 2.51 kW (b) 2.32 kW (c) 2.97 kW (d) 0.47 kW (e) 3.12 kW

32. Water is boiled in a pan on a stove at sea level. During 10 min of boiling, it is observed that
200 g of water has evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is

(a) 0.84 kJ/min (b) 45.1 kJ/min (c) 41.8 kJ/min (d) 53.5 kJ/min (e) 225.7 kJ/min

33. A 3-m3 rigid vessel contains steam at 10 MPa and 500°C. The mass of the steam is

(a) 3.0 kg (b) 19 kg (c) 84 kg (d) 91 kg (e) 130 kg