COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM
(CEP)
ENGINEERING SURVEYING-II
(CE-201)
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. SHAHRUKH ALI & ENGR. WALEED AHMED
CEP SUBMITTED BY:
LAIBA NOOR (CN-23003)
TABEEB SIYAL (CN-23005)
ADNAN NADEEM (CN-23008)
KASHIF ALI (CN-23009)
DISCIPLINE : CONSTRUCTION (FE)
SECTION : “F”
NED University of Engineering and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering (Specialization in Construction)
ABSTRACT
This report focuses on the creation of as-built drawings and georeferencing for the AV Hall located
in the NED University's main campus. As-built drawings are important because they show the
exact condition of a building after construction. They help with building maintenance, repairs,
renovations, and safety planning. Georeferencing improves these drawings by connecting them to
real-world locations, making them useful for maps and spatial analysis.
To achieve these goals, a combination of traditional and modern tools and techniques was
employed. The survey was conducted using measuring tapes and theodolites to gather dimensions
and angular measurements, particularly for the hall’s octagonal structure and inclined surfaces.
Advanced software, including SketchUp and Enscape, was used to create and render a detailed 3D
model of the AV Hall. Google Earth Pro and AutoCAD were utilized for georeferencing, ensuring
the model's alignment with its real-world location.
This project highlights the importance of integrating traditional survey methods with
modern technologies to produce accurate and detailed representations of built environments. By
linking the as-built drawings to real-world coordinates, the report demonstrates how these practices
support better building management, facilitate future development, and contribute to sustainable
infrastructure planning.
TABLE OF CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION 4
• LITERATURE REVIEW 5
• METHODOLOGY OF SURVEY 5-7
• DEVELOPMENT OF AS-BUILT DRAWING 7 - 10
• CONCLUSION 10
• REFERENCES 10
• APPENDIX 11
OBJECTIVE:
By using manual and digital techniques develop an as-built drawing (2D/3D) of the building, road
or facility or its part located at NED university, main campus.
Tasks:
1. Search and select method, tools (including softwares) and techniques of surveying for
producing an as-built drawing of infrastructure.
2. Create the geo-referenced as-built with the help of given GCPs (ground control points) and on
site surveys.
3. Produce and submit a CEP report (.docx file format).
4. Submit the as-built in the CAD format (.dwg; .dfx; .dwt etc).
INTRODUCTION:
The accurate documentation and spatial analysis are vital for infrastructure projects for their
maintenance and future development. This report examines two crucial components:
1. As-Built Drawings:
As-built drawings are essential in construction, providing a comprehensive record of a
facility's design and construction. Their significance includes:
• Effective facility management, maintenance, and operations.
• Accurate records of construction changes.
• Facilitating future renovations.
• Enhanced safety and emergency planning.
• Reduced errors, rework and costs associated with incorrect information.
2. Georeferencing:
Georeferencing integrates spatial data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enabling
accurate location-based analysis. Its significance includes:
• Accurate location information.
• Spatial analysis, mapping, and visualization.
• Assigning spatial coordinates (latitude, longitude, elevation).
• Integrating GIS data with CAD designs.
• Connecting data to real-world locations.
3. Softwares Used:
• SketchUp (for the development of an As-Built drawing)
• Enscape (for rendering purpose)
• Google Earth Pro (to import the image of buildings for georeferencing)
• AutoCad (for georeferencing of an As-Built drawing)
This report documents the creation of as-built drawings and georeferencing for the Civil AV Hall
at NED University Karachi Main Campus.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
As-built drawings are essential for streamlining maintenance, renovations, and future projects in
the construction and surveying industry. These detailed records of the completed structure
facilitate efficient asset management, reduce errors, and enhance operational safety. By providing
a single source of truth, as-built drawings enable stakeholders to make informed decisions,
optimize resources, and extend the structure's lifespan.
➢ Evolution of Surveying Methodologies for As-Built Drawings:
Historically, surveyors employed various methods to document infrastructure, each with
limitations:
1. Plane Table Surveying:
A traditional surveying method using a graphical technique to measure and map the location
of features on the Earth's surface. This method was widely used for topographic mapping and
boundary surveys, relying on surveyor skill for accuracy. Best suited for smaller areas.
2. Tape and Chain Surveying:
A traditional surveying method using measuring tapes and chains to determine distances
between reference points. Manual distance measurements using tapes and chains were time-
consuming and prone to human error, particularly over long distances or uneven terrain. This
method has been used for centuries, with early surveyors employing chains made of metal or
rope to measure distances.
3. Photogrammetry/Photographic Surveying:
Ground-based photography captured site conditions, with measurements derived from
photographs. photogrammetry evolved with advancements in photography, computer vision,
and geographic information systems (GIS).
These traditional methods laid the groundwork for as-built documentation but were constrained by
accuracy, efficiency, and scalability issues compared to modern techniques and digital tools.
METHODOLOGY OF SURVEY:
The following steps were taken to conduct a survey of the AV Hall, located in the Civil Department
of NED University of Engineering and Technology's main campus, for the creation of an as-built
drawing.
1. Site Description:
The AV Hall, situated within the Civil Department of NED University's main campus, served
as the survey site for the creation of an as-built drawing.
2. Survey Equipments:
Due to the unavailability of a total station, the survey relied on measuring tape and theodolite
to ensure a satisfactory level of accuracy.
➢ Measuring Tape Measurements:
o Ground Measurements:
Utilizing measuring tape, the following horizontal lengths and possible vertical heights were
recorded:
• Length and width of AV Hall
• Tread, riser, and width of stairs
• Width and height of doors
• Ground dimensions of columns
o Angular Measurements:
As the shape of AV Hall is octagonal and stairs at the backside of AV Hall are also at some
inclination from the hall so that, in order to determine angles of inclined lines in the octagonal
shape and stairs following steps takes place:
• Imaginary right triangles were created at inclined parts.
• All three sides of each triangle were measured using measuring tape.
• Applying the sine law, angles were calculated since one angle (90°) and all three sides were
known.
➢ Theodolite Measurements:
The exterior as well as the interior heights of AV Hall were measured using a theodolite,
following these steps:
o Exterior Height Measurements:
• Position the tripod at a certain distance from the AV Hall.
• Attach and level the theodolite, ensuring the bubble is centered.
• Measure the distance from the AV Hall to the theodolite's center using a measuring tape,
serve as a base distance.
• Set up the staff in front of the theodolite and center it.
• Record the staff reading through the theodolite, which serve as height of instrument.
• Measure the angle from the theodolite to the upper part of the AV Hall.
• For accuracy, apply the repetition method, measure the angle three times and calculate the
average.
• Form an imaginary right triangle using the base distance, angle, and height.
• As we know the base distance and angle, calculate the perpendicular (height) using the
formula:
tan(θ) = perp / base.
• Add the height of the instrument and perpendicular to obtain the AV Hall's height.
o Interior Inclined Roof Measurements:
• Measure the highest and lowest points of the inclined roof using the same method.
• Record staff readings and angles for both points.
• Calculate the heights for both points.
• Use SketchUp to join the two points, creating an accurate model of the inclined roof.
DEVELOPMENT OF AS-BUILT DRAWING:
After conducting a site survey to gather measurements and photos of exterior elevations and
interior spaces, the development of an As-built drawing of AV Hall was done using SketchUp by
following these steps:
1. Setting Up SketchUp Project:
• Create a new SketchUp project with units set to feet (ft).
• Ensure the origin (axes) is set as the reference point.
2. Modelling of AV Hall:
• The creation of model was started with draw the floor using the Rectangle tool.
• Create boundary walls using Pencil, Push/Pull, and Rotate tools according to recorded
dimensions and orientation.
• Create interior stairs using Pencil, Push/Pull, and Rotate tools according to recorded
dimensions, orientation and location.
• Model inclined roof by identifying lowest and highest points as per the recorded
measurements, joining them, adding wall thickness, and extrude the roof to cover the entire
AV Hall using push/pull tool.
• Add backside stairs and projection using Pencil, Rotate, and Push/Pull tools according to
recorded dimensions.
• Install MAJrail extension using extension warehouse and use it to add railings to stairs.
• Add components like AC's, Chairs, Tables, Doors, boards, etc, according to recorded
dimensions and observed locations where ever needed.
• To import photo of Ashraf Habibullah, go to File > Import, select photo and placed at
required location.
• Applying textures and colors to match actual finishes to surfaces like walls, roofs, stairs,
floors, etc.
• In this way, the As-built drawing of AV Hall was created.
3. Rendering:
• Install Enscape plugin for SketchUp.
• Configure rendering settings like lightning, camera and resolution.
• Generate photorealistic renderings of AV Hall.
4. Exporting 3D Model:
• Export SketchUp model as 3D drawing in DWG format.
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
REAR VIEW
INTERNAL VIEW
➢ Method of Geo Referencing an As-Built Drawing:
The As-Built drawing was georeferenced using Google Earth Pro and AutoCAD through the
following steps:
• Open Google Earth Pro, locate the project site using the search bar, zoom in to the area
covering both the As-Built drawing model and the GCP’s specified in the CEP instruction
file, export the image for use as a reference.
• Open AutoCAD and set units to meters.
• Draw a circle and use Quick Properties to insert Easting and Northing coordinates of the
points selected (1 and 5) given in the CEP instruction file.
• Insert x and y coordinates of Point 1 in circle 1, then draw a new circle and insert x and y
coordinates of Point 5 from CEP instruction file.
• Import the image saved from Google Earth Pro.
• Use Align command to align point 1 with circle 1 and point 5 with circle 2.
• Import the 3D As-Built drawing which was exported in DWG format after aligning.
• Accurately position the model on its exact location using Move and Rotate tools.
• In this way, Georeferencing of an As-built drawing was Completed.
GEOREFERENCED 3D MODEL
CONCLUSION:
This project shows how important it is to have accurate drawings and location data for managing
buildings and making improvements in the future. By using measuring tools like tapes and
theodolites along with software like SketchUp, Enscape, and AutoCAD, a detailed and accurate
model of the AV Hall was created.
The as-built drawing helps manage the building better by showing all its details clearly, which
is useful for repairs, renovations, and safety. Georeferencing connects the model to its real-world
location using Google Earth Pro and AutoCAD, making it easy to use for maps and analysis.
This combination of old and new methods reduced mistakes, improved accuracy, and made the
process more efficient. It shows how important it is to use technology and proper documentation
to support better building management and sustainable development.
REFERENCES:
• Sketchup Basics, Brightman M.
The Sketchup Workflow for Architecture (2017)
• Georeferencing: AQ review of methods and applications, Hackeloeer A.Klasing K.,Krisp J.
M., Meng L.
Annals of GIS (2014)
• Google Earth Pro, Wuthrich D.
Geospatial Solutions (2006)
• What are “As Built” Drawings in Construction?, Big Rentz
https://www.bigrentz.com (2020)
APPENDIX:
