Last updated JULY 2022

APA 7th is an author-date referencing style used across a broad range of subject areas. It is based on the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition.

This guide is primarily for students completing assignments at Curtin University. If you are publishing (e.g. journal article,
PhD), please consult the above publication as examples provided here may differ slightly from the requirements outlined
in the official style guide.

Guide Contents Page Reference list examples Page Reference list examples Page

Using this guide 2 Journal and news articles 10 Legislation and standards 19
About APA referencing 3 Journal article 10 Act of Parliament 19
Advance online publication 11 Case 20
In-text citations explained 3 Supplement 11 Standard 20
Paraphrasing 3 Newspaper or magazine article 12 United Nations treaty or 20
Quoting 4 convention
Multiple sources for the same 4 Books 12
information Book 12 Audiovisual media 21
Multiple works by the same 5 Chapter in an edited book 13 Film or video 21
author(s) Conference paper or poster 13 TV series episode 21
Multiple works by the same 5 Thesis 14 TV series 21
author in the same year Religious and classic works 14 YouTube or streaming video 22
Different authors, same surname 5 Podcast episode 22
Authors citing other authors 6 Websites and social media 15 Music 22
Webpage on a website 15
Author variations 7 Webpage on a news website 15 Health resources 23
No author 7 Online dictionary or encyclopedia 16 Cochrane systematic 23
1 – 2 authors 7 entry review
3 – 20 authors 7 Lecture 16 UpToDate 23
21 or more authors 8 Blog post 16 AMH, MIMS and Martindale 23
Organisation as author 8 Facebook 17 Clinical practice guidelines 24
Instagram 17 DSM-5 and ICD 24
Reference components 9 Twitter 17
Other sources 24
Reports & grey literature 18 Personal communication 24
Tables and figures (including Government or organisation 18 Review (Book, movie or other) 25
images) – see the separate APA report Data set 25
7th Referencing Tables and Press release 18 Australian Curriculum 26
Figures guide Brochure, fact sheet or pamphlet 19 Indigenous knowledges 26
Code of ethics or conduct 19

Page 1 of 26
Using this guide
This guide includes three sections, which when used together address how to create in-text citations and reference
list entries in the APA 7th referencing style.

In-text citations explained

Provides information and examples regarding quoting, paraphrasing and other scenarios
primarily impacting your in-text citations.

Author variations
Provides information and examples crucial to the construction of your in-text citations
and reference list. Not sure how to display different numbers of authors, a corporate
author or no author at all? You’ll find the information here.

Reference list examples

Provides information and examples for constructing your reference list entries.

Page 2 of 26
About APA referencing

Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your
assignments or research, in a way that uniquely identifies the source. It is not only necessary for avoiding plagiarism,
but also for supporting your ideas and arguments.

There are two parts to referencing:

• In-text citation
• Reference list entry

In-text citations explained

In-text citations are included throughout the course of your writing, to acknowledge the sources of information you
have used to build and support your ideas. An in-text citation provides information about the author, the year the
information was published, and sometimes location information such as a page number.

An in-text citation can be presented in different ways:

Stark and Lannister (2019) – the author(s) names are part of the sentence, appearing outside the brackets
(Stark & Lannister, 2019) – all the referencing information appears within brackets

Tip! As shown above: use and when the author’s names form part of the sentence
use & when the author’s names appear within brackets

The table below provides additional information and examples of how to reference in-text when paraphrasing and
quoting in the APA style.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you present the ideas of others, in your own words.
• The in-text citation includes author and year of publication
• Check with your lecturer to see whether you should also include a page number (which is not required in
the APA manual)

In-text citation

Palladino and Wade (2010) argue that mental well-being is linked with flexible thinking.

It could be argued that mental flexibility is a key factor in well-being (Palladino & Wade, 2010).

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Quoting (40 words or less)

Quoting is when you copy the exact words from another source into your work.
• Place quotation marks around the quote
• The in-text citation includes author, year of publication and page number
• Use the paragraph number for sources where the page number is not available

In-text citation

According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).

In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).

Lee (2015) states that, “in APA style, double quotation marks are used to enclose quoted material” (para. 1).

“In APA style, double quotation marks are used to enclose quoted material” (Lee, 2015, para. 1).

Quoting (more than 40 words)

• Use a freestanding block of text which:

o Starts on a new line
o Is indented from the left margin
o Does not include quotation marks
• Your in-text citation will appear in brackets after the final punctuation mark and will include the author,
year of publication, and page/paragraph number

In-text citation

In-text citations are important in academic writing, drawing the parallel between the author’s work and the
sources which support it:
The function of any citation-signaller is to alert the reader to some kind of association between the citing
text and the cited text. Citation-signallers may additionally, by using page references or chapter numbers,
single out a particular part of the text as especially relevant. (Langham, 2005, p. 361)

Multiple sources for the same information

When including multiple sources to support a particular point in your writing or demonstrate a consensus:
• The in-text citation includes all sources in the same set of brackets, ordered alphabetically. Separate the
citations with semi colons
• Include a reference list entry for each source

In-text citation

There is an established consensus that the current trend towards a warming climate is directly linked to human
activity (Hegerl, 1996; Levitus et al., 2017; NASA, n.d.; Robinson et al., 2014; Santer et al., 2003).

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Multiple works by the same author(s)

• Order chronologically in the reference list. References with no date (n.d.) precede references with dates

In-text citation

(Bull, 2008). Bull (2010) states…

Reference list

Bull, M. (2008). Governing the heroin trade: From treaties to treatment. Ashgate Publishing.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=438571

Bull, M. (2010). Punishment and sentencing: Risk, rehabilitation and restitution. Oxford University Press.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=1985996

Multiple works by the same author(s) – published in the same year

• Add a, b, c after the year to differentiate works by the same author(s) published in the same year
• Order alphabetically by title of the work in the reference list
• For references that have no date (shown by n.d.), use the following forms for the date in the in-text
citation and reference list: (n.d.-a), (n.d.-b) etc.

In-text citation

(Clarke & Fawcett, 2014b). AND Clarke and Fawcett (2014a) suggest that…

Reference list

Clarke, P. N., & Fawcett, J. (2014a). Life as a mentor. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(3), 213-215.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534492

Clarke, P. N., & Fawcett, J. (2014b). Life as a nurse researcher. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(1), 37-41.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413509708

Different authors with the same surname

If referring to two or more publications where the primary (first) authors have the same surname, include the first
author’s initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Initials help avoid confusion within
the text and help readers locate the correct reference list entry.

In-text citation

(B. Johnson, 2017). OR According to B. Johnson (2017)…

(M. Johnson et al., 2016). OR M. Johnson et al. (2016) state…

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Authors citing other authors

Academic content such as books and journal articles will often contain a lot of citations. When do you need to give
credit to the original author (primary source)? Cite the original author when:
• They are quoted by your source (the secondary source)
• When a specific study is discussed in the secondary source and you reproduce findings or arguments from
that study without accessing the primary source
• Indigenous knowledges are cited by a non-Indigenous author, or knowledges cited are connected to a
particular community or language group to which the Indigenous author does not belong

When citing a secondary source:

• The in-text citation should include author details from the primary source, as well as the author, year of
publication and page/paragraph number from the secondary source
• Only the secondary source is included in the reference list

In-text citation

"We are part of the land, it is part of us" (Philippe, 2008, as cited in Maldonado et al., 2013, p. 610).

Philippe (2008, as cited in Maldonado et al., 2013) states "we are part of the land, it is part of us" (p. 610).

In-text citation – Indigenous knowledges

Sixteen plant parts, collected from eight separate species were assessed by the University of Western Sydney's
Health Research Institute for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, their effectiveness long established
within the Aboriginal community (Mbabaram knowledge, as cited in Packer et al., 2019, p. 5).

Reference list

Maldonado, J. K., Shearer, C., Bronen, R., Peterson, K., & Lazrus, H. (2013). The impact of climate change on tribal
communities in the US: Displacement, relocation, and human rights. Climatic Change, 120(3), 601-614.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0746-z

Packer, J., Turpin, G., Ens, E., Venkataya, B., Mbabaram Community, Yirralka Rangers, & Hunter, J. (2019). Building
partnerships for linking biomedical science with traditional knowledge of customary medicine: A case
study with two Australian Indigenous communities. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 15, 69-81.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0348-6

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Author variations (for in-text citations and reference list)
Author variations apply to all reference types.

No author
If no personal author is given, check to see if an organisation has acted as the author. Where there are no authors
and you are sure that your source is credible, follow the guidelines below:

• Use the title of the work in place of the author in the in-text citation and in the reference list
• If the title is too long, shorten it in the in-text citation
• If the title is italicised in the reference also italicise it in the in-text citation
• If the title is not italicised in the reference, use double quotation marks around it in the in-text citation
• Use headline style capitalisation (all major words start with a capital letter) for the title for in-text citations
and in the text of your assignment

In-text citation

(“A Higher Education Return,” 2016). OR In the article “A Higher Education Return” (2016)…

Reference list

A higher education return. (2016, August 18). The Australian. https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/higher-

education-return/docview/1811922139/se-2?accountid=10382

One or two authors

• List author(s) in every citation
• Spell ‘and’ if you include two authors as part of the sentence (outside of brackets) in your assignment

In-text citation
(Burns, 2015). OR Burns (2015) claimed that…

(Lane & Catling, 2016). OR Lane and Catling (2016) found that...

Reference list
Burns, T. (2015). Philosophy and poetry: A new look at an old quarrel. The American Political Science Review,
109(2), 326-338. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000076

Lane, R., & Catling, S. (2016). Preservice primary teachers’ depth and accuracy of knowledge of tropical cyclones.
Journal of Geography, 115(5), 198-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2016.1153133

Three to 20 authors

• For in-text citations, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al (meaning and others).
• When multiple works with three or more authors shorten to the same in-text citation, to avoid ambiguity
write out as many names as needed to distinguish the references and abbreviate the remaining names to
et al. For example: (Smith, Jones, McDonald et al., 2019) (Smith, Jones, Black et al., 2019).
• Include all authors in the reference list

In-text citation

(Habary et al., 2017). OR Habary et al. (2017) suggested that...

Page 7 of 26
Reference list
Habary, A., Johansen, J. L., Nay, T. J., Steffensen, J. F., & Rummer, J. L. (2017). Adapt, move or die - how will
tropical coral reef fishes cope with ocean warming? Global Change Biology, 23(2), 566-577.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13488

21 or more authors

• For in-text citations, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
• When multiple works with three or more authors shorten to the same in-text citation, to avoid ambiguity
write out as many names as needed to distinguish the references and abbreviate the remaining names to
et al. For example: (Smith, Jones, McDonald et al., 2019) (Smith, Jones, Black et al., 2019).
• List the first 19 authors in the reference followed by an ellipsis (. . . ) then the final author’s name

Reference list

Naghavi, M., Abajobir, A. A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Adetokunboh, O.,
Afshin, A., Agrawal, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, M. T. E., Aichour, I., Aiyar, S.,
Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., . . . Murray, C. J. L. (2017). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific
mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2016. The Lancet, 390(10100), 1151-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9

Organisation as author

• Write the organisation name in full in text and in the reference list
• Organisation names should be written in full in the first in-text citation and may be abbreviated
thereafter, as shown in the example below
• Where multiple departments are listed, use the organisation most responsible for the information as the
author. In government documents particularly, the hierarchy is often displayed, for example: Government
of Western Australia, Department of Health, Royal Perth Hospital. The smallest department is usually
primarily responsible for the content (in this case, Royal Perth Hospital)

First in-text citation

(World Health Organization [WHO], 2018). OR The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) reports…

Subsequent citations

(WHO, 2018).

WHO (2018) highlights…

Reference list

World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684

Page 8 of 26
Reference components

A reference consists of a number of components that allow the identification of the original source. These
components must be presented with specific formatting. Examples for some reference types are provided below.
Find components for additional reference types in the table of reference list examples.

Journal article Article title Journal title

Year Display in sentence style - capitalise only the Display in headline style -
first word, proper nouns, and words following capitalise all significant
Display year of punctuation such as colons, full stops etc. words. Italicise the title
publication in brackets

Lee, C. (2012). Have magic, will travel: Tourism and Harry Potter’s United (magical) Kingdom. Tourist Studies,
12(1), 52-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797612438438

Volume -shown in italics Issue number -displayed

Author in brackets Page range

The author’s surname is listed first, followed by their

initials. Include as many initials as is shown on the paper.
The Author variations section of this guide shows how DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
to present different numbers of authors A DOI provides a stable address. If one has been
assigned, include it in your reference. If you cannot
locate a DOI, include the item’s URL instead

Chapter in an edited eBook

Chapter author

The chapter author is responsible for the

content within a chapter. Their surname(s) Chapter title
appear in in-text citations
Display in sentence style - capitalise Book title
Year only the first word, proper nouns, and
words following punctuation such as Appears italicised and
Display year of colons, full stops etc. in sentence style
publication in brackets

Applebaum, P. (2008). The great Snape debate. In E. E. Heilman (Ed.), Critical perspectives on Harry Potter (2nd
ed., pp. 83-100). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203892817

Edition statement (not

provided if 1st edition), Editor
chapter page range.
Publisher Name. The editor is responsible for compiling content written by different
authors to form a book. Their initial(s) are provided first, followed by
their surname, and Ed. (or Eds. for multiple editors) in brackets
Page 9 of 26
 Reference list examples
Your reference list includes all of the books, journal articles, reports etc. that you have cited in the text of your work. See an example of an APA Reference list in the APA
Referencing guide: Sample reference list. Note when using the APA style: All titles (with the exception of journal titles) appear in sentence style capitalisation (where only
the first word, proper nouns, and words following punctuation such as colons, full stops etc. are capitalised). Journal titles appear in headline style capitalisation (where all
significant words are capitalised).

Journal and In-Text Example Reference List Example

news articles
Journal article Components: Components:
(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of Journal in italics, volume in italics(issue), page range.
https://doi.org... or URL

Example: Examples:
(Burns, 2015) Burns, T. (2015). Philosophy and poetry: A new look at an old quarrel. The American Political Science Review, 109(2), 326-
338. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000076
(Eades & Banks, 2017)
Eades, S. J., & Banks, E. (2017). 50 years since citizenship: Successes and challenges in Indigenous health. Public Health
(Rudd et al., 2020) Research & Practice, 27(4), Article e2741730. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp2741730

Rudd, K. E., Johnson, S. C., Agesa, K. M., Shackelford, K. A., Tsoi, D., Kievlan, D. R., Colombara, D. V., Ikuta, K. S., Kissoon, N.,
If quoting: Finfer, S., Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Machado, F. R., Reinhart, K. K., Rowan, K., Seymour, C. W., Watson, R. S., West, T.
(Burns, 2015, p. 326) E., Marinho, F., Hay, S. I., . . . Naghavi, M. (2020). Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–
2017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 395(10219), 200-211.
(Eades & Banks, 2017, p. 2) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7

(Rudd et al., 2020, p. 210) Style notes:

• The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, include the item’s URL
• If there is no issue number, omit this from the reference e.g. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67-78.
• For a print journal article omit the DOI/URL
• For articles with article numbers/eLocators, write the word Article followed by the article number in place of the
page range (see Eades example above)

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 10 of 23
Journal article Components: Components:
– Advance (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of Journal in Italics. Advance online publication.
online https://doi.org... or URL
publication Example:
(Jayathilake & Huxham, Example:
2021) Jayathilake, C., & Huxham, M. (2021). Communities of practice or communicative rationality? A study of autonomous peer
assisted learning. Active Learning in Higher Education. Advance online publication.
If quoting: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787421998123
(Jayathilake & Huxham,
2021, p. 4) Style notes:
• Advance online publications have been accepted for publication, but are published online ahead of print. They will
not have a volume or issue number
• The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, include the item’s URL

Journal article Components: Components:

published in a (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of Journal in Italics, volume in Italics(Suppl. x), Spp-Spp.
supplement https://doi.org... or URL
Example:
(Lock, 2015) Example:
Lock, M. (2015). Eclipse of the gene and the return of divination. Current Anthropology, 46(Suppl. 5), S47-S70.
If quoting: https://doi.org/10.1086/432452
(Lock, 2015, p. S48)
Style notes:
• Replace issue number with supplement letter or number e.g. Suppl. A or Suppl. 3
• The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, include the item’s URL
• For a print journal article omit the DOI/URL
• For a supplement to a particular issue of a journal, include the issue number in the brackets before the supplement
number e.g. (5, Suppl. 2)

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 11 of 26
Newspaper or Components: Components:
magazine (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year, Month day). Title of article: Subtitle. Newspaper or Magazine Title in Italics. URL
article
Example: Examples:
(“A Higher Education A higher education return. (2016, August 18). The Australian. https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/higher-education-
Return,” 2016) return/docview/1811922139/se-2?accountid=10382

(Winning & Glynn, 2020) Winning, D., & Glynn, J. (2020, January 6). World news: Australia’s fires create own storms. Wall Street Journal.
https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/world-news-australia-s-fires-create-own-storms/docview/2333541834/se-
If quoting include a page 2?accountid=10382
or paragraph number:
(“A Higher Education Style notes:
Return,” 2016, para. 2) • Use for articles from an online newspaper – for articles from news websites that do not have an associated daily or
weekly newspaper (e.g. ABC news), use the Webpage from a news website reference type
(Winning & Glynn, 2020, • The title moves to the author position when there is no author
para. 2) • For a print newspaper article replace the URL with the page number e.g. The West Australian, 22.
• In-text citation: For articles with no author, shorten the title with capitalisation and enclose in quotation marks. For
more information see Author variations – No author (p. 7)

Books In-Text Example Reference List Example

Book Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of book: Subtitle in italics (# ed.). Publisher Name. https://doi.org... or URL

Example: Example:
(Crawford & Novak, 2018) Crawford, L. A., & Novak, K. B. (2018). Individual and society: Sociological social psychology (2nd ed.). Routledge.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=5323290
(Doyle et al., 2015)
Doyle, T., McEachern, D., & MacGregor, S. (2015). Environment and politics (4th ed.). Routledge.
If quoting:
(Crawford & Novak, 2018,
p. 78) Style notes:
• For editions other than the first, include the edition number in brackets after the book title, e.g. (4th ed.)
(Doyle et al., 2015, p. 10) • The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, include the item’s URL
• For print books, omit the DOI/URL

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 12 of 26
Chapter in an Components: Components:
edited book (Author, year) Chapter Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of chapter. In Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle in
italics (# ed., pp. chapter page range). Publisher Name. https://doi.org... or URL
Example:
(Bessarab & Forrest, 2017) Example:
Bessarab, D., & Forrest, S. (2017). Anggaba jina nimoonggoon: Whose knowledge is that? Aboriginal perspectives of
If quoting: community development. In C. Kickett-Tucker, D. Bessarab, J. Coffin & M. Wright (Eds.), Mia mia Aboriginal
(Bessarab & Forrest, 2017, community development: Fostering cultural security (pp. 1-18). Cambridge University Press.
p. 12) https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107741768.002

Style notes:
• For editions other than the first, include the edition number in the brackets preceding the page range e.g. (2nd ed.,
pp. 259-269)
• The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, include the item’s URL
• For print books, omit the DOI/URL

Conference Components: Components:

paper or poster (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year, Month day). Title of paper in italics [Type of presentation]. Title of Conference: Subtitle of
Conference, Location. https://doi.org... or URL
Example:
(Fredericks & Lawrence, Example:
2018) Fredericks, J., & Lawrence, C. (2018, September 3). #thisismymob: Preserving and promoting Indigenous Australian cultural
heritage [Paper presentation]. MobileCH 2018, Barcelona, Spain. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2176/paper3.pdf
(White et al., 2020)
White, H., Chan, J., & Cairns, A. (2020, February 13). Practitioner and researcher collaboration through a student master's
If quoting: paper [Paper presentation]. VALA 2020: Focus on the Future, Melbourne. https://vala.org.au/vala2020-
(Fredericks & Lawrence, proceedings/vala2020-session-12-white
2018, p. 4)
Style notes:
(White et al., 2020, p. 7) • The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, include the item’s URL
• For a poster use [Poster presentation]
• For conference proceedings published in a journal or book follow the same format as a journal article or edited book
chapter

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 13 of 26
Thesis Components: Components:
(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of dissertation or thesis in italics [Doctoral dissertation or Master’s thesis, Name of
Institution Awarding the Degree]. Source Name. URL
Example:
(Gao, 2018) Examples:
Gao, W. (2018). Fuel properties and thermal processing of bio-oil and its derived fuel mixtures [Doctoral dissertation, Curtin
If quoting: University]. espace. https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/75545
(Gao, 2018, p. 46)
Ling, J. (2015). Lords and ladies of the modern age [Master’s thesis, Mills College]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/lords-ladies-modern-age/docview/1676462563/se-
2?accountid=10382

Religious and Components: Components:

classic works (Author, original year/year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of work in italics (Translator Initial(s). Surname, Trans.; Editor Initial(s). Surname, Ed.;
# ed.). Publisher Name. https://doi.org/DOI or URL (Original work published Year)
Example:
(Aristotle, ca. 350 Examples:
B.C.E/1997). Aristotle. (1997). Poetics (G. Whalley, Trans.; J. Baxter & P. Atherton, Eds.). McGill-Queen's University Press.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=3330809 (Original work published ca. 350 B.C.E.)
(King James Bible,
1769/2017) King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. https://kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769)

(The Qur’an, 2004) The Qur'an (M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, Trans.). (2004). Oxford University Press.

(Shakespeare, 1599/2012) Shakespeare, W. (1988). Richard III (J. Hankey, Ed.). Bristol Classic Press. (Original work published 1597)

Shakespeare, W. (2012). Romeo and Juliet. First Avenue Editions.

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=5445113 (Original work published 1599)

Style notes:
• Religious works are usually treated as having no author
• If the original publication date is unknown, omit this from the reference. For versions of religious works that are
republished, include the republished date
• If referencing a translated version, include the translator after the title in the reference
• When the date of original publication is ancient, use the abbreviation B.C.E. (stands for 'before the common era'),
and if the date is approximate, use the abbreviation ca. (stands for 'circa')

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 14 of 26
Websites and In-Text Example Reference List Example
social media
Webpage on a Components: Components:
website (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title of webpage in italics. Site Name. URL

Examples: Example:
(Department of Education, Department of Education, Skills and Employment. (2021). International education engagement.
Skills and Employment, https://www.dese.gov.au/international-education-engagement
2021)
DevelopmentWA. (n.d.). Yagan Square. https://developmentwa.com.au/projects/redevelopment/yagan-square/overview
(DevelopmentWA, n.d.)
Style notes:
If quoting, include a page • When the author and the site name are the same, omit the site name
or paragraph number: • For multiple pages from the same website include a unique reference list entry for each and differentiate with a, b, c
(Department of Education, etc. after the date e.g. (2021a) (2021b)
Skills and Employment,
• If there is no date on the webpage, replace the year with (n.d.)
2021, para. 3)
• The copyright date for the whole website (usually in the footer) should not be used as the publication date for a
particular webpage. If there is a last updated date for the particular page then this can be used
(DevelopmentWA, n.d.,
para. 1)

Webpage on a Components: Components:

news website (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year, Month Day). Title of webpage in italics. Site Name. URL

Examples: Example
(In the Former Capital, In the former capital of pro-slavery America, Confederate statues are coming down. (2020, July 2). SBS News.
2020) https://sbs.com.au/news/in-the-former-capital-of-pro-slavery-america-confederate-statues-are-coming-down

(Hill et al., 2021) Hill, B., Unik, B., Bonson, D., Dodd, J., & Bennett, S. (2021, June 25). New research shows how Indigenous LGBTIQ+ people
don’t feel fully accepted by either community. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/new-research-shows-
how-indigenous-lgbtiq-people-dont-feel-fully-accepted-by-either-community-161096
If quoting, include a page
or paragraph number: Style note:
(Hill et al., 2021, para. 2) • Use for articles from online news sources that do not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper (e.g. SBS news)
• The title moves to the author position when there is no author

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 15 of 26
Online Components: Components:
dictionary or (Title, year) Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title of entry. In In Editor Initial(s). Editor Surname (Ed.), Title of
encyclopedia dictionary or encyclopedia in italics (# ed.). Publisher Name. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
entry (e.g. Example:
(“Ecology,” n.d.) Example:
Wikipedia) Ecology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

If quoting, include a page Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Behaviorism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from
or paragraph number: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behaviorism
(“Ecology,” n.d., para. 6)
(Merriam-Webster, n.d., Style notes:
para. 2) • Check with your lecturer first that sources such as Wikipedia are appropriate for use in your assignment
• The title moves to the author position when there is no author
• Include a retrieval statement when the source material changes over time
Lecture Components: Components:
(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of lecture in italics [Format]. Site Name. URL

Examples: Example:
(Leaver, 2012) Leaver, T. (2012). Social media rivers [iLecture]. Blackboard. https://echo.ilecture.curtin.edu.au
(Richardson, 2015)
Richardson, C. (2015). RDA management [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard. https://lms.curtin.edu.au/
If quoting:
(Leaver, 2012, 1:30) Style notes:
(Richardson, 2015, slide 9) • Include the format of the lecture notes in square brackets after the title of the lecture e.g. [iLecture]
• In-text citation: If quoting from a recorded lecture, include a timestamp alongside the author and date indicating the
point at which the quotation begins. For a PowerPoint presentation, include the slide number

Blog post Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year, Month day). Title of the blog post. Blog Name in Italics. URL

Example: Example:
(saywhatnathan, 2019) saywhatnathan. (2019, November 6). Anniversaries need to be uncomfortable. Archival Decolonist.
https://archivaldecolonist.com/2019/11/06/anniversaries-need-to-be-uncomfortable/
If quoting, include a page
or paragraph number: Style note:
(saywhatnathan, 2017, • If the author’s name is not available, provide the username
para. 1)

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 16 of 26
Facebook Components: Components:
(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year, Month day posted). Content of the post up to the first 20 words in italics [Description].
Facebook. URL
Example:
(Obama, 2018) Example:
Obama, B. (2018, January 1). During my presidency, I started a tradition of sharing my reading and play lists. It was a nice
way to [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/posts/10155532677446749

Style notes:
• Provide a description of the content inside square brackets after title e.g. Poll, Status update, Infographic, Video etc.
• Do not alter the spelling or capitalisation used in the post

Instagram Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). [Instagram username]. (year, Month day posted). Content of the post up to the first 20 words in
italics [Description]. Instagram. URL
Example:
(Souza, 2018) Example:
Souza, P. [@petesouza]. (2018, February 8). A loving touch [Photograph]. Instagram. https://instagram.com/p/Be8MsHcl8DP

Style notes:
• If the real name of the author is unknown, then include only the Instagram username without brackets
• Provide a description of the content inside square brackets after title e.g. Photograph, Video
• Do not alter the spelling or capitalisation used in the post

Twitter Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). [Twitter username]. (year, Month day posted). Content of the post up to the first 20 words in
italics [Description] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
Example:
(Hayman-Reber, 2021) Example:
Hayman-Reber, M. [@MadelineHayman]. (2021, July 4). Thanks to all the deadly mob around the country who contributed to
this special weather map that @NareldaJacobs10 and I [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/MadelineHayman/status/1411619224720601090

Style note:
• If the real name of the author is unknown, then include only the Twitter username without brackets
• Do not alter the spelling or capitalisation used in the tweet

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 17 of 26
Reports and In-Text Example Reference List Example
grey literature
Government or Components: Components:
organisation (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title of report: Subtitle in italics (Report No.). Publisher Name. URL
report
Example: Examples:
(Aboriginal Child, Family Aboriginal Child, Family and Community Care State Secretariat. (2017). Our families, our way: Strengthening Aboriginal
and Community Care State families so their children can thrive. https://www.absec.org.au/images/downloads/AbSec-Feb2017-Our-families-our-
Secretariat, 2017) way-program-framework-final.pdf

(Australian Institute of Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Retail trade, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/retail-and-
Health and Welfare, 2018) wholesale-trade/retail-trade-australia/dec-2021

(Tessema, 2017) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Emergency department care 2017-18: Australian hospital statistics (Health
Services Series No. 89, Cat. No. HSE 216). https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/emergency-department-care-
If quoting: 2017-18
(Tessema, 2017, p. 9)
Tessema, M. E. (2017). Wildlife crime assessment in Ethiopia. IUCN National Committee of The Netherlands.
(Australian Bureau of https://www.iucn.nl/files/publicaties/wlc_doc-ethiopie_small.pdf
Statistics, 2022, Online
Retailing section, para. 1) Style notes:
• When the author is also the publisher, omit the publisher name from the reference
• For the report number use the terminology that appears on the report, e.g. Publication No., Cat. No.
• If there is no report number, omit this from the reference
• If the report is part of a series include the series title in brackets preceding the report number (see Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare example)
• For a print report, omit the URL

Press release Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year, Month day). Title of press release in italics [Press release]. Publisher Name. URL

Example: Example:
(MacTiernan, 2019) MacTiernan, A. (2019, November 5). Capital idea for landing investors [Press release]. Government of Western Australia.
https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2019/11/Capital-idea-for-landing-investors.aspx
If quoting, include a page
or paragraph number: Style note:
(MacTiernan, 2019, para. 1) • When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name from the reference

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 18 of 26
Brochure, fact Components: Components:
sheet or (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title in italics [Type of document]. Publisher Name. URL
pamphlet
Example: Example:
(Department of Health, Department of Health. (2022). Support at home program overview [Brochure]. Australian Government.
2022) https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/01/support-at-home-program-overview.pdf

If quoting, include a page Style notes:

or paragraph number: • When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name from the reference
(Department of Health, • Include the type of document in square brackets after the title e.g. [Fact sheet]
2022, p. 4) • For a print version, omit the URL

Code of ethics Components: Components:

or code of (Author, year) Organisation name. (year). Title of code in italics. URL
conduct
Example: Examples:
(Australian Public Service Australian Public Service Commission. (2020). Code of conduct. https://www.apsc.gov.au/working-aps/integrity/code-
Commission, 2020) conduct

If quoting, include a page International Council of Nurses. (2021). The ICN code of ethics for nurses. https://www.icn.ch/system/files/2021-
or paragraph number: 10/ICN_Code-of-Ethics_EN_Web_0.pdf
(Australian Public Service
Commission, 2020, para. 1)

Legislation and In-Text Example Reference List Example

standards
Act of Components: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not cover Australian legal materials. The guidelines
Parliament (Title of Act) below are adapted from the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.

Example: Components:
(Building Industry Act 1985) Title of the Act in Italics (Jurisdiction abbreviation) section number and subdivision if relevant. URL
OR
According to s. 10.4 of the Examples:
Building Industry Act Building Industry Act 1985 (Cth) s. 10.4. http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/bia198521
1985…
Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fwa2009114/

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 19 of 26
Case Components: Components:
(Case, year) Case Name in Italics (year) volume number Law Report Series starting page. URL

Example: Example:
(Shea v. News Ltd., 2015) Shea v. News Ltd. (2015) WASC 1. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/wa/WASC/2015/1.html
If quoting: Style notes:
(Shea v. News Ltd., 2015, p.
• If the volumes of the law report are organised by year, there will be no volume number
2)
• For cases from overseas jurisdictions, refer to the Australian Guide to Legal Citation

Standard Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title of standard in italics (Standard number). Publisher Name. URL

Example: Example:
(Standards Australia, 2015) Standards Australia. (2015). Placement and presentation of hand hygiene materials in relation to the basin in healthcare
settings (AS 1071:2015). Techstreet Enterprise. https://subscriptions-techstreet-
If quoting: com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/products/819671
(Standards Australia, 2015,
p. 11) Style notes:
• When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name from the reference
• If there is no standard number, omit this from the reference
• If using a print standard omit the URL

United Nations Components: Components:

treaty or (Title of Treaty or Name of Treaty or Convention, Month Day, Year of signing or approval, URL
convention Convention, year)
Example:
Example: United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, November 20, 1989, https://www.ohchr.org/en
(United Nations
Convention on the Rights United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, December 13, 2006,
of the Child, 1989) https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 20 of 26
Audiovisual In-Text Example Reference List Example
media
Film or video Components: Components:
(Director, year) Director Surname, Initial(s). (Director). (year). Title of work in italics [Film]. Production Company. URL

Example: Example:
(Miller, 2015) Miller, G. (Director). (2015). Mad Max: Fury road [Film]. Warner Bros. Pictures.
https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/edutv.1193010
If quoting:
(Miller, 2015, 5:45) Style notes:
• If accessed online, provide a URL (if available) to aid in retrieval
• In-text citation: When quoting, include a timestamp indicating the point at which the quotation begins
TV series Components: Components:
episode (Writer & Director, year) Writer Surname, Initial(s). (Writer), & Director Surname, Initial(s). (Director). (year). Title of episode (Season #, Episode #) [TV
series episode]. In Executive Producer Initial(s). Surname (Executive Producer), TV series name in italics. Production
Example: Company. URL
(Muharrar & Adams, 2019)
Example:
If quoting: Muharrar, A. (Writer), & Adams, A. (Director). (2019). Chillaxing (Season 4, Episode 3) [TV series episode]. In M. Schur, D.
(Muharrar & Adams, 2019, Miner, M. Sackett, & D. Goddard (Executive Producers), The good place. Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal
6:39) Television.

Style notes:
• If accessed online, provide a URL (if available) to aid in retrieval
• In-text citation: When quoting, include a timestamp indicating the point at which the quotation begins

TV series Components: Components:

(Executive producer, year) Executive Producer Surname, Initials. (Executive Producer). (Years series aired). Title of series in italics [TV series]. Production
Company. URL
Example:
(Michaels et al., 2006- Example:
2013) Michaels, L., Fey, T., Miner, D., Klein, M., Carlock, R., Richmond, J., & Riggi, J. (Executive Producers). (2006-2013). 30 Rock [TV
series]. Broadway Video; Little Stranger; NBC Studios; NBC Universal Television; Universal Media Studios.

Style notes:
• If the series is still airing, replace the second year with the word present e.g. (2007-present)
• If accessed online, provide a URL (if available) to aid in retrieval

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 21 of 26
YouTube or Components: Components:
streaming (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). [Screen name]. (year, Month day). Title of video in italics [Video]. Site Name. URL
video
Example: Example:
(Haran, 2015) Haran, B. [Numberphile2]. (2015, May 14). Why basic research is important - Numberphile [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gnsQjPCC78
If quoting:
(Haran, 2015, 4:35) Style notes:
• The person or group who posted the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create it
• If the real name of the person who posted it is unknown, then include only the screen name without brackets
• In-text citation: When quoting, include a timestamp indicating the point at which the quotation begins

Podcast Components: Components:

episode (Host, year) Host Surname, Initial(s). (Host). (year, Month day). Title of episode (Episode Number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of
podcast in italics. Site Name. URL
Example:
(Malcolm, 2018) Example:
Malcolm, L. (Host). (2018, September 16). Tripping for depression [Audio podcast episode]. In All in the mind. ABC Radio
If quoting: National. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/tripping-for-depression/10223006
(Malcolm, 2018, 2:30)
Style notes:
• If the podcast does not have an episode number, omit this from the reference
• In-text citation: When quoting, include a timestamp indicating the point at which the quotation begins

Music – Single Components: Components:

song or track (Artist, year) Artist Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of song [Description]. On Title of album in italics. Label.

Example: Example:
(Beyonce, 2008) Beyonce. (2008). Single ladies (put a ring on it) [Song]. On I am... Sasha Fierce. Sony BMG Music Entertainment.

If quoting: Childish Gambino. (2014). What kind of love [Song]. MCDJ Entertainment; Glassnote Entertainment Group.
(Beyonce, 2008, 1:00)
Style notes:
• If the song has no associated album, omit this from the reference (e.g. Childish Gambino example)
• Include a URL if that location is the only means of retrieval (e.g. for artists who only provide music in one location,
such as SoundCloud or their website)

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 22 of 26
Health In-Text Example Reference List Example
resources
Cochrane Components: Components:
systematic (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in Italics. https://doi.org...
review
Example: Example:
(Moriarty et al., 2021) Moriarty, A. S., Meader, N., Snell, K. I. E., Riley, R. D., Paton, L. W., Chew-Graham, C. A., Gilbody, S., Churchill, R., Phillips, R.
S., Ali, S., & McMillan, D. (2021). Prognostic models for predicting relapse or recurrence of major depressive disorder
If quoting: in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013491.pub2
(Moriarty et al., 2021, p. 5)

UpToDate Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of article or entry. UpToDate in Italics. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL

Example: Example:
(Williams & Nieuwsma, Williams, J., & Nieuwsma, J. (2022). Screening for depression in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from
2022) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-for-depression-in-adults

If quoting, include a page Style notes:

or paragraph number: • Provide a retrieval date as the content will change over time
(Williams & Nieuwsma, • Use the year listed after “this topic last updated” from the UpToDate database
2022, para. 2)

AMH, MIMs Components: Components:

and Martindale (“Title,” year) Title of article or entry. (year). Title of Source in Italics. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL

Example: Examples:
(“Atorvastatin,” 2019) Atorvastatin. (2019). Australian Medicines Handbook. Retrieved November 7, 2019, from https://amhonline-amh-net-
au.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/chapters/cardiovascular-drugs/drugs-dyslipidaemia/statins/atorvastatin
If quoting, include a page
or paragraph number: Panamax. (2017). MIMS Online. Retrieved November 7, 2019, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au
(“Atorvastatin,” 2019, para.
1) Style notes:
• The title moves to the author position when there is no author
• Provide a retrieval date as the content will change over time
• When referencing MIMs, provide a gateway URL for the database

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 23 of 26
Clinical Components: Components:
practice (Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title of clinical guideline in italics (Guideline no.). Source Name. URL
guidelines
Example: Example:
(Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth Children's Hospital. (2020). Bronchiolitis. Government of Western Australia, Child and Adolescent Health Service.
2020) https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/en/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Bronchiolitis

If quoting, include a page Style notes:

or paragraph number: • When the author and the source are the same, omit the Source Name
(Perth Children’s Hospital, • If there is no guideline number this can be omitted
2020, Background section)

DSM-5 and ICD Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Title of diagnostic manual in italics (# ed.). Publisher Name. https://doi.org... or
URL
Example:
(American Psychiatric Example:
Association, 2013) American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Feeding and eating disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm10
If quoting, include a page
or paragraph number: Style notes:
(American Psychiatric • When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the Publisher Name
Association, 2013, Pica • When referring to the complete manual, use the Book reference type
section, para. 1)

Other sources In-Text Example Reference List Example

Personal Example: Personal communications are not included in the reference list
communication P. M. Walker (personal
communication, April 18, Styles notes:
2015) • Personal communications may not be acceptable to include in your assignment – please check with your
OR lecturer/tutor before doing so
(T. S. Reed, personal • Personal communications are works which cannot be recovered by the reader. They include emails, text messages,
communication, September online chats, letters, memos, personal (unpublished) interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches etc.
20, 2019) • Cite in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible
• Quotations from participants whom you interviewed as part of your research are treated differently than quotations
from published works. See page 278 of the APA 7th publication manual for more information.

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 24 of 26
Review (Book, Components: Components:
movie etc.) (Author, year) Reviewer Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of review [Review of the medium Title of medium in italics, by Author Initial(s).
Author Surname]. Source details as applicable
Example:
(Robbins, 2011) Examples:
Lane, A. (2019, July 1). ‘Toy story 4’ plays it again [Review of the movie Toy story 4, by J. Cooley, Dir.]. New Yorker.
If quoting: https://newyorker.com/magazine/2019/07/01/toy-story-4-plays-it-again
(Robbins, 2011, p. 344)
Robbins, M. (2011). Conservation biology [Review of the book The American bird conservancy guide to bird conservation, by
D. J. Lebbin, M. J. Parr, & G. H. Fenwick]. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 86(4), 343-344.
https://doi.org/10.1086/662504

wiwibloggs. (2020, July 6). Husavik song reaction: Eurovision song contest: The story of Fire Saga [Review of the song
Husavik, by W. Ferrell & M. Marianne]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmxjqpMarss

Style notes:
• The structure of your reference will depend on where you find the review. Provide the details of the source as
applicable for that reference type
• If the review is untitled, leave this component out of your reference. Following the date, include the information
provided within square brackets

Data set Components: Components:

(Author, year) Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of data set in italics [Data set]. Publisher Name. https://doi.org... or URL

Example: Example:
(Irino & Tada, 2009) Irino, T., & Tada, R. (2009). Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP site 127-797 [Data set]. PANGAEA.
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726855

Style note:
• The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your
reference. If you cannot locate a DOI, use the item’s URL

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 25 of 26
Australian Components: Components:
Curriculum (Author, year) Organisation Name. (year). Title of curriculum document: Subtitle in italics (Version number). URL

Example: Example
(Australian Curriculum, Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2015). Science: Sequence of content F-6 strand: Science
Assessment and Reporting understanding (Version 8.1). https://docs.acara.edu.au/resources/Science_-_Sequence_of_content.pdf
Authority, 2016)
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2016). The Australian curriculum: Humanities and social
sciences: 7 – 10 civics and citizenship (Version 8.3).
https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/umbraco/Surface/Download/Pdf?subject=
7%E2%80%9310%20Civics%and%20Citizenship&type=F10

Style note:
• Download the curriculum document for date and version information

Indigenous Indigenous knowledges are those which are held and continuously developed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
knowledges in Australia or other First Nations people globally. IP Australia (2021) defines two distinct areas:

• Cultural Expressions - including language, stories, songlines, music, performance, visual arts, crafts, architecture,
designs and symbols
• Knowledge - including know-how, practices, skills and innovations, often related but not limited to agricultural,
scientific, technical, ecological, medicinal and biodiversity-related knowledge.

See Indigenous knowledges in the APA 7th online guide for information and examples for referencing Indigenous knowledges.

Check the Author variations section (pp. 7-8) for information on presenting the author component Page 26 of 26