MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Oersted Experiment

Hans Christian oersted

(1777-1851)
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT (OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT)
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT (OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT)

▪ Oersted (1820) was the first to discover the magnetic effect of current
▪ if a compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire, needle gets
deflected.
▪ Hence a current carrying wire produces some magnetic field around itself.
MAGNETISM
MAGNETIC FIELD

▪ It is the space around a magnetic pole or a magnet in which its effect

is experienced by another magnetic pole or magnet
▪ Magnetic field is a quantity which has both direction and
magnitude.
 MAGNETISM
PROPERTIES MAGNETIC LINES PROPERTIES

▪ All field lines are closed curves.

▪ They come out of magnet from the side
of the north pole and go into it on the
side of the south pole.
 MAGNETISM
PROPERTIES MAGNETIC LINES PROPERTIES

▪ Inside the magnet the direction of field lines is from its south pole to
north pole.
▪ They are always normal to the surface of the magnet at every point.
 MAGNETISM
PROPERTIES MAGNETIC LINES PROPERTIES

▪ Two lines of force do not intersect each other. If they intersect at a point, it
would mean compass needle placed at the point of intersection would point
towards two directions at that point which is not possible.
 MAGNETISM
PROPERTIES MAGNETIC LINES PROPERTIES

▪ The field lines are close together near the poles and spread out away from
them. The field is stronger where the field lines are more closely spaced. So
the field is stronger near the poles than at other point.
▪ The number of magnetic lines of force passing normally per unit area about a
point, gives the intensity of the magnetic field at that point.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

▪ MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT CARRYING STRAIGHT

DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

▪ The direction of the magnetic lines of force

is related with the direction of the current by
the right hand thumb rule.
▪ This rule states that :Curl the four fingers of
the right hand on the palm, keeping the
thumb stretched out at right angles. The
thumb is straight and the fingers are circular,
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Fig. Right hand thumb rule for direction of magnetic field.

DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

▪ If thumb represents the direction of the current in the straight wire then
curling of fingers represents the direction of the circular magnetic lines of
force.
▪ If curled fingers represents the direction of the current in circular wire
then thumb represents the direction of the straight magnetic lines of force.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

▪ It means that when the current flows in a straight wire, the magnetic field
produced has circular lines of force surrounding the wire, having their
centers at the wire
▪ The plane of circular lines is perpendicular to the length of the wire.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT (OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT)

▪ CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL

DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
Question - 5

Find the direction of magnetic field due to a current carrying circular

coil held:
(i) vertically in North - South plane and an observer looking it
from east sees the current to flow in anticlockwise direction,
(ii) vertically in East - West plane and an observer looking it from
south sees the current to flow in anticlockwise direction,
(iii) horizontally and an observer looking at it from below sees
current to flow in clockwise direction.
[Board Term I, 2017]
Solution

According to right hand rule, the direction of magnetic field is

(i) west to east
(ii) north to south
(iii) into the paper
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT IN A SOLENOID
▪ A coil of many turns of wire wrapped in the shape of a cylinder is called a
solenoid

▪ One end of the coil acts as a north pole while the other end acts like a
south pole.
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT IN A SOLENOID
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT IN A SOLENOID
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
RULE FOR POLARITY AT THE ENDS:
▪ If at any end, the current in the coil (or loop) is clockwise, the face of the
coil towards the observer behaves as a south pole.
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
ELECTROMAGNET
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
ELECTROMAGNET
Strength of the electromagnet depends on:

▪ Number of turns/m in the coil:

▪ Current flowing in the coil:

▪ Medium inside electromagnet:

Question

Write three differences between the permanent magnate and electromagnet.

DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
ELECTROMAGNET PERMANENT
MAGNET
1 It behaves as a magnet as long as electric current passes It cannot be demagnetized
through the solenoid surrounding it. It is demagnetised easily
when electric current stops passing through the
solenoid. Thus, electromatgnet is a temporary magnet.

2 Electromagnet gives a strong magnetic field and the Magnetic field of a

strength of the magnetic field produced by these permanent magnet is weak.
electromagnet can be increased or decreased by The strength of magnetic
increasing or decreasing electric current through the field of the permanent
solenoid. magnet cannot be changed.

3 The polarity (i.e. North and South poles) of an The polarity of a permanent
electromagnet can be reversed by reversing the magnet cannot be reversed.
direction of electric current through the solenoid.
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it. When

it is placed in a magnetic field, the two magnetic fields interact with each
other and a net force acts on the conductor.
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Left Hand Rule

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE

Direction of the force action on a current carrying

conductor when placed in a magnetic field is
given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states
that:

If the forefinger, second finger and thumb of the

left hand are stretched at right angles to each
other, with the forefinger in the direction of the
field and the second finger in the direction of the
current then the thumb indicates the direction of
the force.
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE

Magnetic Force is maximum when current and Magnetic field are

perpendicular to each other and its zero when both are parallel or antiparallel.

There will be no Force on a charge kept at rest in a Magnetic field.

Question

An electron enters a magnetic field at right

angles to it, as shown in Fig. The direction of
force acting on the electron will be
(a) to the right.
(b) to the left.
(c) out of the page.
(d) into the page.
Answer is option (d). The direction of force is perpendicular to the direction
of magnetic field and current as given by Fleming’s left hand rule. Recall
that the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of motion of
electrons. The force is therefore directed into the page.
ELECTRIC MOTOR

A motor is a device, which converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The fact that a current carrying
conductor experiences a force in a
magnetic field is used in the electric
motor.
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

The essential parts of a d.c motor are shaft, armature, commutator and
brushes

The shaft is a rod which rotates when current passes.

An insulated copper wire is wound (also known as coil) over a soft iron core
with many turns. The core and the coil together form armature, The
armature is fixed on the shaft and kept between the poles of strong magnet.

The two free ends of coil are connected to the two halves of a metallic split
ring. This metallic split ring is known as split ring commutator or simply
commutator.
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

WORKING OF DC MOTOR
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Note that , when the shaft rotates, the commutator and the coil, which are
fixed to shaft rotate with it Two carbons 𝐵1 and 𝐵2 press against the two
halves of the commutator. These are the brushed 𝐵1 and 𝐵2 with which a
source of DC is connected (for example battery).
Question

What is the principle of an electric motor?

Question

What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?

Question

(a) Write the principle of working of an electric motor.

(b) Explain the function of the following parts of as electric motor.
(i) Armature (ii) Brushes (iii) Split ring
(a) Principle of working of electric motor: A coil carrying
electric current placed in an external magnetic field
experiences a force.
(b) (i) Function of armature : It is a rectangular iron core
wrapped by the copper coil through which electricity
passes and due to magnetic field it experiences a
force and rotates.
(ii) Function of brushes: It helps in easy transfer of
charge between the coil and the external circuit.
(iii) Function of split rings: It reverses the direction of
current after each half rotation of the coil so that the
coil can keep rotating continuously.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The phenomenon in which an electric current is induced in a circuit because

of a changing magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FACTORS OF WHICH INDUCED CURRENT DEPENDS

▪ The number of turns in the coil:

▪ The strength of the magnet:

▪ The speed with which the magnet moves towards the coil.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY’S DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

▪ Michael Faraday in 1831, discovered phenomenon of electromagnetic

induction.

▪ Faraday performed putting a primary coil P near coil AB. He completed

primary circuit with a battery Ba and tapping key T. So long as key was
open, no deflection was seen in the galvanometer G. As the key was
pressed and primary circuit was closed, galvanometer showed some
deflection to the right. Deflection became zero when key was kept
pressed. When key was left to open, deflection in the galvanometer to the
left side was observed. The closing and opening of circuit changed the
current in primary coil, which produced changing magnetic flux in the
primary.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY’S DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Question

Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.

To induce current in a coil, the magnetic flux linked with it is to
be changed. This is achieved if:
(a) There is a relative motion between the coil and a magnet.
(b) There is a relative motion between the coil and a conductor
carrying current.
(c) There is a charge in the current in a conductor placed near
the coil.