Lining of Canal

CE 702 Irrigation Engineering

By

Quamrul Hassan
Lining of Canal
 Water logging – effects of water logging,
causes of water logging and their remedial
measures.

 Canal lining – advantages, types of lining,

and design of lined channels.
 Water logging –
Effect, Cause and Remedy
Water logging
 when the pores of soil within the root zone of a plant
gets saturated and the normal growth of the plant
is adversely affected due to insufficient air
circulation.

 The depth of the water table at which it starts

affecting the plant would depend on plant and soil
characteristics.

 The problem of water logging has already affected

about 5 Mha of culturable area in India
Water logged area - classification

Title Details
Water logged Areas Water table within 2 meters of the
(Due to rise in water Table) land surface

Potential Areas for water-logging Water table between 2 to 3 meters

below land surface

Safe Areas Water table below 3 meters of land

surface
Source:
http://mowr.gov.in/programmes/component-reclamation-waterlogging
Water Logging - Effects
Crop yield is considerably reduced in a
waterlogged area due to the following adverse
effects of water logging:

(i) Absence of soil aeration,

(ii) Difficulty in cultivation operations,

(iii) Weed growth, and

(iv) Accumulation of salts.

Water logging - Cause
 Topography
◦ Steep or flat terrain
◦ Inadequate Surface Drainage
◦ Seepage of water from the adjoining high lands
 Geographical features
◦ Location of impervious layer
◦ Inadequate Natural Drainage
◦ Obstructions to natural drainage
 Rainfall characteristics
◦ Excessive rainfall
◦ Submergence due to Floods
Water logging - Cause

 Defective method of cultivation

 Defective irrigation practices

◦ Over and Intensive Irrigation

 Blocking of natural drainage

 Seepage of Water through the Canals

 Water logging – remedial
 To achieve this, inflow of water into the
underground reservoir should be reduced and
outflow from reservoir should be increased.

Following means
 Controlling the seepage from canal
 keeping the full supply level of channels as low
as possible,
 controlling the intensity of irrigation,
 Running of canals by rotation,
 provision of intercepting drains,
 Encouraging economical use of water,
 Water logging – remedial
Following means
 Provision of an Efficient Drainage System.
 removing obstructions in natural drainage,
 rotation of crops
 Raising awareness among farmers
 Conjunctive use of water
Water logging – remedial

 Most effective method of preventing water

logging in a canal irrigated area, however, is to
eliminate or reduce the seepage of canal
water into the ground.

 This can be achieved by the lining of irrigation

channels (including watercourses, if feasible).
 In areas which have already become
waterlogged, curative methods such as surface
and subsurface drainage and pumping of
ground water are useful.
 Earthen Channel
Major Advantage of Earthen channel – Economical

Disadvantages of Earthen channels are:

(i) the low velocity of flow to prevent erosion ⇒ larger

cross-section of channels,
(ii) excessive seepage loss ⇒ result in waterlogging and
related problems such as salinity of soils, etc.,
(iii) ⇒ favourable conditions for weed growth ⇒ further retards
the velocity
(iv) ⇒ breaching of banks due to erosion and burrowing of
animals.
These problems of earth channels can be got rid of by lining
the channel.
Canal Linings
Advantages of lining
 Seepage control – seepage reduced to 2-5% (but cost 2 to 2.5 times
of unlined canal

 Prevention of water logging

 Increase in channel capacity

 Increase in command area

 Reduction in maintenance cost

Periodical removal of silt
Repairs of plugging of cracks, cuts, and uneven settlement of banks etc
Removal of weeds and water plants

 Elimination of flood danger

Canal Linings
Disadvantages of canal lining
 The cost of lining a channel is, however, the only factor
against lining.
 Canal lining itself may rapidly deteriorate and require
recurring maintenance inputs if they are to be effective in
controlling seepage loss.
 A detailed cost analysis is essential for determining the
economic feasibility of lining a channel.
 The true cost of lining is its annual cost rather than the
initial cost.
 The cost of lining is compared with the direct and
indirect benefits of lining to determine the economic
feasibility of lining a channel.
Canal Linings

Justification of Lining of existing canal

 Annual benefits
◦ Savings in seepage loss + savings in maintenance
cost
◦
 Annual costs – Capital costs

 Benefit cost ratio

= Annual benefits/Annual costs >1
 Suitability of Type of canal lining
The suitability of the lining material is decided by:

(i) economy

(ii) structural stability

(iii) durability

(iv) reparability

(v) impermeability

(vi) hydraulic efficiency, and

(vii) resistance to erosion

Types of canal lining
 Commonly adopted various types of canal linings

 Hard Surface linings

 Cast insitu Cement Concrete lining
 Shotcrete or Plaster lining
 Cement Concrete tile lining or Brick lining
 Precast concrete lining
 Lime concrete lining
 Asphaltic Concrete lining
 Boulder lining

 Earth type linings

 Compacted earth lining
 Soil cement lining
Types of canal lining
Cast in-situ Cement Concrete lining
 Best type of lining.

 M15 (1:2:4)

 Practically meets all the requirements of lining - durable,

impervious, and requires least maintenance.
 Properly constructed concrete lining can easily last about
40 years.

 Reinforcement in concrete linings usually varies from 0.1

to 0.4% of the area in the longitudinal direction and 0.1 to
0.2% of the area in the transverse direction.
 Types of canal lining
Shotcrete or Plaster lining
 Constructed by applying cement mortar pneumatically to
the canal surface.
 Cement mortar does not contain coarse aggregates and,
therefore, the proportion of cement is higher in shotcrete
mix than in concrete lining (1:4).

 Shotcrete lining is suitable for:

(a) lining small sections,
(b) placing linings on irregular surfaces without any need to
prepare the subgrade,
(c) placing linings around curves or structures, and
(d) repairing badly cracked and leaky old concrete linings.
 Types of canal lining
 Cement Concrete tile lining or Brick lining
◦ Popular in India
◦ Require ordinary mason, No rigid quality control,
◦ Large no. of labours required (employment) etc,
◦ No expansion joints required
◦ The specifications·may provide either a single or a
double layer of c.c. tiles or bricks laid in mortar.

 Precast concrete lining

◦ Precast concrete slabs, laid properly on carefully
prepared subgrades and with the joints effectively sealed,
constitute a serviceable type of lining.
◦ The precast slabs are about 5 to 8 cm thick with suitable
width and length to suit channel dimensions and to
result in weights which can be conveniently handled.
◦ Best suited for repair work as it can be placed rapidly
without long interruptions in canal Operation.
 Types of canal lining
Lime concrete lining

 The use of this type of lining is limited to small and medium

size irrigation channels with capacities of up to 200 m /s and in
3

which the velocity of water does not exceed 2 m/s (16).

 The materials required for this type of lining are lime, sand,
coarse aggregate, and water.

 The lime concrete mix should be such that it has a minimum

compressive strength of about 5.00 kN/m2 after 28 days of
moist curing.

 Lime concrete lining has been used in the Bikaner canal taking
off from the left bank of the Sutlej.
Types of canal lining
Asphaltic Concrete lining
 Comprises of asphalt-based combination of cement and
sand mixed in hot condition.
 Asphaltic linings are relatively cheaper, flexible, and can be
rapidly laid in any time of year.
 Because of their flexibility, minor movements of the
subgrade are not of serious concern.
 However, asphaltic linings have short life and are unable
to permit high velocity of flow.
 Since asphaltic concrete lining becomes distorted at
higher temperatures, it is unsuitable for warmer climatic
regions.
 It is preferred to a concrete lining in situations where the
aggregate is likely to react with the alkali constituents of
Types of canal lining

Boulder lining
◦ Boulder lining of canals, if economically
feasible, is useful for preventing erosion and
where the ground water level is above the
bed of the canal and there is a possibility of
occurrence of damaging back pressures.
Types of canal lining
Earth type linings
 Different types of earth linings have been used in
irrigation canals.
 They are inexpensive but require high maintenance
expenditure.

 The main types of earth linings

(a) stabilised earth linings,
(b) loose earth blankets,
(c) compacted earth linings,
(d) buried bentonite membranes, and
(e) soil-cement linings.
Design of lined canal
Channel cross sections

 Triangular channel section – for low

discharge

 Trapezoidal channel sections – for

large discharges
 Design of Lines canal

Triangular sections
Let central depth = radius of circle = y

 1
A  y 2 2  y 2 cot  y 2 (  cot )
 2

P  2y  2 y cot  2 y (  cot )


R = A/P = y/2

 Channel is designed according to Manning’s equation.

 Limited to maximum permissible velocities
 Design of Lines canal
Trapezoidal Section
Let central depth = radius of circle = y

 1
A  By  2y 2  2  y 2 cot  By  y 2 (  cot )  y ( B  y  y cot )
2 2

P  B  2(2y )  2 y cot  B  2 y  2 y cot )


R = A/P

 Channel is designed according to Manning’s equation.

 Limited to maximum permissible velocities
Design of Lines canal

As per IS 10430:2000 (reaffirmed in 2005)

The cross-section of lined canal may be

a) trapezoidal with or without rounded corners.
This section can be used for all types of lined
canals.

b) cup shaped -- It may be used for distributaries/

minors for discharge up to 3m3/s as far as
possible.
 Example-1
Design a lined channel to carry a discharge of I
5 cumecs. The available and accepted country
slope is I in 9000. Assume suitable values of side
slopes and good brick work in lining.

Solution
Assume that the side slopes of the channel be
1.25: 1 (l.25 H: 1V)
Manning's rugosity coefficient
n = 0.015 (for good brick work).
Q = 5 cumec (consider small) ⇒ Triangular
 Example-1
 1
A  y 2  2  y 2 cot  y 2 (  cot )
 2

P  2y  2 y cot  2 y (  cot )


R = y/2
tan𝞱 =1/1.25 ⇒ cot𝞱 = 1.25⇒ 𝞱 = 0.675 radian
A = y2 (𝞱 +cot𝞱) = y2 (1.925)
Using Manning’s formula

Q  AV  y 2 (  cot )  1n R 2/3
S 1/ 2
1/ 2


 15  1.925y
12

0.5 y 2 / 3  1 
0.015  9000 
 15  0.852 y 8 / 3
 y  2.93m
Example-2

Design a concrete lined channel to carry a

discharge of 350 cumecs at a slope of 1 in 6400.
The side slopes of the channel may be taken as
1.5H:1.The value of n of lining material may be
taken as 0.013. Assume limiting depth of the
channel as 4.0 m.

Solution
Q = 350 cumec (consider large)
⇒ Trapezoidal section
 Example-2
 1
A  By  2y 2  2  y 2 cot  By  y 2 (  cot )  y ( B  y  y cot )
2 2

P  B  2(2y )  2 y cot  B  2 y  2 y cot )


tan𝞱 =1/1.50 ⇒ cot𝞱 = 1.5⇒ 𝞱 = 0.59 radians

A = y(B+0.59y+1.5y)=y(B+2.09y)
P = B+2y(0.59)+2y(1.5)=B+4.18y

Considering the limiting value of depth as y = 4.0 m

⇒ A = 4B+33.44
B = B+16.72
 Example-2
Using Manning’s formula

Q  AV  4 B  33.44)  R 2 / 3 S 1 / 2
1
n

1  4 B  33.44 
2/3 1/ 2
 1 
 350  4 B  33.44    
0.013  B  16.72   6400 

 364 
4 B  33.44
5/3

B  16.722 / 3
By trial and error
B= 32.5 m
y = 4.0 (given)
Acknowledgements
 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, by S.K.
Garg, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi

 Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering, G.L. Asawa,

New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers, New Delhi

 Irrigation Water Resources and Water Power

Engineering by P.N. Modi, Standard Book House, New
Delhi