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04 Sustainable Design

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11 views24 pages

04 Sustainable Design

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quasarjupiter
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sustainable design
Environmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design,
eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and
services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability and also aimed at improving the
health and comfort of occupants in a building.[1][2] Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative
impacts on the environment, the health and well-being of building occupants, thereby improving
building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-
renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments.

Theory
The sustainable design intends to "eliminate negative environmental impact through skillful
sensitive design".[1] Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources and
innovation to impact the environment minimally, and connect people with the natural
environment.

"Human beings don't have a pollution problem; they have a design problem. If humans were to
devise products, tools, furniture, homes, factories, and cities more intelligently from the start, they
wouldn't even need to think in terms of waste, contamination, or scarcity. Good design would allow
for abundance, endless reuse, and pleasure." - The Upcycle by authors Michael Braungart and
William McDonough, 2013.

Design-related decisions are happening everywhere daily, impacting "sustainable development" or


provisioning for the needs of future generations of life on earth. Sustainability and design are
intimately linked. Quite simply, our future is designed. The term "design" is here used to refer to
practices applied to the making of products, services, as well as business and innovation strategies
— all of which inform sustainability. Sustainability can be thought of as the property of
continuance; that is, what is sustainable can be continued.[3]

Conceptual problems

Diminishing returns
The principle that all directions of progress run out, ending with diminishing returns, is evident in
the typical 'S' curve of the technology life cycle and in the useful life of any system as discussed in
industrial ecology and life cycle assessment. Diminishing returns are the result of reaching natural
limits. Common business management practice is to read diminishing returns in any direction of

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effort as an indication of diminishing opportunity, the potential for accelerating decline, and a
signal to seek new opportunities elsewhere. (see also: law of diminishing returns, marginal utility,
and Jevons paradox.)

Unsustainable investment
A problem arises when the limits of a resource are hard to see, so increasing investment in
response to diminishing returns may seem profitable as in the Tragedy of the Commons, but may
lead to a collapse. This problem of increasing investment in diminishing resources has also been
studied as a cause of civilization collapse by Joseph Tainter among others.[4] This natural error in
investment policy contributed to the collapse of both the Roman and Mayan, among others.
Relieving over-stressed resources requires reducing pressure on them, not continually increasing it
whether more efficiently or not.[5]

Negative Effects of Waste


The designer is responsible for choices that place a demand on
natural resources, produce waste, and potentially cause
irreversible ecosystem damage.[6]

About 80 million tonnes of waste in total are generated in the


U.K. alone, for example, each year.[7] And concerning only
household waste, between 1991–92 and 2007–08, each person
in England generated an average of 1.35 pounds of waste per
day.[8]

Experience has now shown that there is no completely safe


method of waste disposal. All forms of disposal have negative
effects on the environment, public innovation, and local
economies. Landfills have contaminated drinking water.
Garbage burned in incinerators has poisoned air, soil, and
water. The majority of water treatment systems change the
Plans for Floriade 2012 in Venlo, the
local ecology. Attempts to control or manage wastes after they Netherlands: "The Greenest
are produced fail to eliminate environmental impacts. Building in the Netherlands - no
external fuel, electricity, water or
The toxic components of household products pose serious sewage."
health risks and aggravate the trash problem. In the U.S., about
seven pounds in every ton of household garbage contains toxic
materials, such as heavy metals like nickel, lead, cadmium, and mercury from batteries, and
organic compounds found in pesticides and consumer products, such as air freshener sprays, nail
polish, cleaners, and other products.[9] When burned or buried, toxic materials also pose a serious
threat to public health and the environment.

The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution
prevention means changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the
problem. It does not mean doing without, but doing differently. For example, preventing waste
pollution from litter caused by disposable beverage containers does not mean doing without
beverages; it just means using refillable bottles.

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Industrial designer Victor Papanek has stated that when we design and plan things to be discarded,
we exercise insufficient care in design.[10]

Waste prevention strategies In planning for facilities, a comprehensive design strategy is


needed for preventing the generation of solid waste. A good garbage prevention strategy would
require that everything brought into a facility is recycled for reuse or recycled back into the
environment through biodegradation. This would mean a greater reliance on natural materials or
products that are compatible with the environment.

Any resource-related development is going to have two basic sources of solid waste — materials
purchased and used by the facility and those brought into the facility by visitors. The following
waste prevention strategies apply to both, although different approaches will be needed for
implementation.[11]

use products that minimize waste and are nontoxic


compost or anaerobically digest biodegradable wastes
reuse materials onsite or collect suitable materials for offsite recycling
consuming fewer resources means creating less waste, therefore it reduces the impact on the
environment.

Climate change
Perhaps the most obvious and overshadowing driver of environmentally conscious sustainable
design can be attributed to global warming and climate change. The sense of urgency that now
prevails for humanity to take action against climate change has increased manifold in the past
thirty years. Climate change can be attributed to several faults, and improper design that doesn't
take into consideration the environment is one of them. While several steps in the field of
sustainability have begun, most products, industries, and buildings still consume a lot of energy
and create a lot of pollution.

Loss of Biodiversity
Unsustainable design, or simply design, also affects the biodiversity of a region. Improper design of
transport highways forces thousands of animals to move further into forest boundaries. Poorly
designed hydrothermal dams affect the mating cycle and indirectly, the numbers of local fish.

Sustainable design principles


While the practical application varies among disciplines, some common principles are as follows:

Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably produced, or recycled materials that


require little energy to process
Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products that require less energy
Emotionally durable design: reducing consumption and waste of resources by increasing the
durability of relationships between people and products, through design
Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems should be designed for
performance in a commercial 'afterlife'."[12]
Targeted durability, not immortality, should be a design goal.[13]
Material diversity in multicomponent products should be minimized to promote disassembly
and value retention.[14]

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Design impact measures for total carbon footprint


and life-cycle assessment for any resource used
are increasingly required and available.^[15] Many
are complex, but some give quick and accurate
whole-earth estimates of impacts. One measure
estimates any spending as consuming an
average economic share of global energy use of
8,000 BTU (8,400 kJ) per dollar and producing
CO2 at the average rate of 0.57 kg of CO2 per
dollar (1995 dollars US) from DOE figures.[16]
Sustainable design standards and project design
guides are also increasingly available and are The California Academy of Sciences, San
vigorously being developed by a wide array of Francisco, California, is a sustainable building
private organizations and individuals. There is designed by Renzo Piano. It opened on
also a large body of new methods emerging from September 27, 2008
the rapid development of what has become
known as 'sustainability science' promoted by a
wide variety of educational and governmental institutions.
Biomimicry: "redesigning industrial systems on biological
lines ... enabling the constant reuse of materials in
continuous closed cycles..."[17]
Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from
personal ownership of products to provision of services that
provide similar functions, e.g., from a private automobile to
a carsharing service. Such a system promotes minimal
resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip
One Central Park, Sydney
driven).[18]
Renewable resource: materials should come from nearby
(local or bioregional), sustainably managed renewable sources that can be composted when
their usefulness has been exhausted.

Bill of Rights for the Planet


A model of the new design principles necessary for sustainability is exemplified by the "Bill of
Rights for the Planet" or "Hannover Principles" - developed by William McDonough Architects for
EXPO 2000 that was held in Hannover, Germany.

The Bill of Rights:

1. Insist on the right of humanity and nature to co-exist in healthy, supportive, diverse, and
sustainable conditions.
2. Recognize Interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and depend on the
natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every scale. Expand design
considerations to recognize even distant effects.
3. Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of human settlement
including community, dwelling, industry, and trade in terms of existing and evolving connections
between spiritual and material consciousness.
4. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the
viability of natural systems, and their right to co-exist.
5. Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with requirements for
maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger due to the careless creation of
products, processes, or standards.
6. Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full life-cycle of products and
processes, to approach the state of natural systems in which there is no waste.
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7. Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world, derive their creative
forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporating this energy efficiently and safely for
responsible use.
8. Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and design does not
solve all problems. Those who create and plan should practice humility in the face of nature.
Treat nature as a model and mentor, not an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.
9. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct and open
communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers, and users to link long-term
sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the integral relationship
between natural processes and human activity.
These principles were adopted by the World Congress of the International Union of Architects
(UIA) in June 1993 at the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Expo 93 in Chicago. Further, the
AIA and UIA signed a "Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future." In summary, the
declaration states that today's society is degrading its environment and that the AIA, UIA, and
their members are committed to:

Placing environmental and social sustainability at the core of practices and professional
responsibilities
Developing and continually improving practices, procedures, products, services, and standards
for sustainable design
Educating the building industry, clients, and the general public about the importance of
sustainable design
Working to change policies, regulations, and standards in government and business so that
sustainable design will become the fully supported standard practice
Bringing the existing built environment up to sustainable design standards.
In addition, the Interprofessional Council on Environmental Design (ICED), a coalition of
architectural, landscape architectural, and engineering organizations developed a vision statement
in an attempt to foster a team approach to sustainable design. ICED states: The ethics, education,
and practices of our professions will be directed to shape a sustainable future. . . . To achieve this
vision we will join . . . as a multidisciplinary partnership."

These activities are an indication that the concept of sustainable design is being supported on a
global and interprofessional scale and that the ultimate goal is to become more environmentally
responsive. The world needs facilities that are more energy-efficient and that promote
conservation and recycling of natural and economic resources.[19]

Economically and socially sustainable design


Environmentally sustainable design is most beneficial when it works hand-in-hand with the other
two counterparts of sustainable design – the economic and socially sustainable designs. These
three terms are often coined under the title "triple bottom line." In addition to financial terms,
value can also be measured in relation to natural capital (the biosphere and earth's resources),
social capital (the norms and networks that enable collective action), and human capital (the sum
total of knowledge, experience, intellectual property, and labor available to society).[20]

In some countries the term sustainable design is known as ecodesign,[21] green design or
environmental design. Victor Papanek, embraced social design and social quality and ecological
quality, but did not explicitly combine these areas of design concern in one term. Sustainable

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design and design for sustainability are more common terms, including the triple bottom line
(people, planet and profit).[22] Advocates like Ecothis.EU campaign urge all three considerations
be taken into account when designing a circular economy.[23]

Aspects of environmentally sustainable design

Emotionally durable design


According to Jonathan Chapman of Carnegie Mellon University, emotionally durable design
reduces the consumption and waste of natural resources by increasing the resilience of
relationships established between consumers and products."[24] Essentially, product replacement
is delayed by strong emotional ties.[25] In his book, Emotionally Durable Design: Objects,
Experiences & Empathy, Chapman describes how "the process of consumption is, and has always
been, motivated by complex emotional drivers, and is about far more than just the mindless
purchasing of newer and shinier things; it is a journey towards the ideal or desired self, that
through cyclical loops of desire and disappointment, becomes a seemingly endless process of serial
destruction".[26] Therefore, a product requires an attribute, or number of attributes, which extend
beyond utilitarianism.[27]

According to Chapman, "emotional durability" can be achieved through consideration of the


following five elements:

Narrative: How users share a unique personal history with the product.
Consciousness: How the product is perceived as autonomous and in possession of its own
free will.
Attachment: Can a user be made to feel a strong emotional connection to a product?
Fiction: The product inspires interactions and connections beyond just the physical
relationship.
Surface: How the product ages and develops character through time and use.
As a strategic approach, "emotionally durable design provides a useful language to describe the
contemporary relevance of designing responsible, well made, tactile products which the user can
get to know and assign value to in the long-term".[28] According to Hazel Clark and David Brody of
Parsons The New School for Design in New York, "emotionally durable design is a call for
professionals and students alike to prioritise the relationships between design and its users, as a
way of developing more sustainable attitudes to, and in, design things".[29]

Beauty and sustainable design


Because standards of sustainable design appear to emphasize
ethics over aesthetics, some designers and critics have
complained that it lacks inspiration. Pritzker Architecture Prize
winner Frank Gehry has called green building "bogus",[30] and
National Design Awards winner Peter Eisenman has dismissed Discussion by Júlíanna Ósk Hafberg
it as "having nothing to do with architecture".[31] In 2009, The of Likka Fashion Brand at the
American Prospect asked whether "well-designed green Reykjavík Art Museum
architecture" is an "oxymoron".[32]

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Others claim that such criticism of sustainable design is misguided. A leading advocate for this
alternative view is architect Lance Hosey, whose book The Shape of Green: Aesthetics, Ecology,
and Design (2012) was the first dedicated to the relationships between sustainability and beauty.
Hosey argues not just that sustainable design needs to be aesthetically appealing in order to be
successful, but also that following the principles of sustainability to their logical conclusion
requires reimagining the shape of everything designed, creating things of even greater beauty.
Reviewers have suggested that the ideas in The Shape of Green could "revolutionize what it means
to be sustainable".[33] Small and large buildings are beginning to successfully incorporate
principles of sustainability into award-winning designs. Examples include One Central Park and
the Science Faculty building, UTS.

The popular Living Building Challenge has incorporated beauty as one of its petals in building
design. Sustainable products and processes are required to be beautiful because it allows for
emotional durability, which increases the probability that they are going to be maintained and
preserved, decreasing their carbon footprint.[34] Many people also argue that biophilia is innately
beautiful.[35] Which is why building architecture is designed such that people feel close to nature
and is often surrounded by well-kept lawns – a design that is both "beautiful" and encourages the
inculcation of nature in our daily lives. Or utilizes daylight design into the system – reducing
lighting loads while also fulfilling our need for being close to that which is outdoors.[36]

Economic aspects
Discussed above, economics is another aspect of it environmental design that is crucial to most
design decisions. It is obvious that most people consider the cost of any design before they consider
the environmental impacts of it. Therefore, there is a growing nuance of pitching ideas and
suggestions for environmentally sustainable design by highlighting the economical profits that they
bring to us. "As the green design field matures, it becomes ever more clear that integration is the
key to achieving energy and environmental goals especially if cost is a major driver." Building
Green Inc. (1999) To achieve the more ambitious goals of the green design movement, architects,
engineers and designers need to further embrace and communicate the profit and economic
potential of sustainable design measures. Focus should be on honing skills in communicating the
economic and profit potential of smart design, with the same rigor that have been applied to
advancing technical building solutions.[37]

Standards of Evaluation
There are several standards and rating systems developed as sustainability gains popularity. Most
rating systems revolve around buildings and energy, and some cover products as well. Most rating
systems certify on the basis of design as well as post construction or manufacturing.

LEED - Leadership in energy and environmental design.


Living building challenge
HERS - Home energy rating
WELS rating - water efficiency labeling standard
BREEAM - Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method
GBI - Green Building Initiative
EPA WaterSense
Energy Star
FSC - Forest Stewardship Council
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CASBEE - Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency


Passive house.
Net-Positive Design (http://netpositivedesign.org) Net-Positive Design and Assessment
computer app
While designing for environmental sustainability, it is imperative that the appropriate units are
paid attention to. Often, different standards weigh things in different units, and that can make a
huge impact on the outcome of the project. Another important aspect of using standards and
looking at data involves understanding the baseline. A poor design baseline with huge
improvements often show a higher efficiency percentage, while an intelligent baseline from the
start might only have a little improvement needed and show lesser change. Therefore, all data
should ideally be compared on similar levels, and also be looked at from multiple unit values.

Greenwashing
Greenwashing is defined to be "the process of conveying a false impression or providing misleading
information about how a company's products are more environmentally sound".[38] This can be as
simple as using green packaging which subconsciously leads a consumer to think that a product is
more environmentally friendly than others. Another example are eco-labels. Companies can take
advantage of these certifications for appearance and profit, but their exact meanings are unclear
and not readily available. Some labels are more credible than others as they are verified by a
credible third-party, while others are self-awarded.[39] The labels are badly regulated and prone to
deception. This can lead people to make different decisions on the basis of potentially false
narratives. These labels are highly effective as a study in Sweden found that a 32.8% of purchase
behavior on ecological food can be determined by the presence of an eco-label.[40] Increased
transparency of these labels and recycling labels can empower consumers to make better choices.
The methods used by most assessment tools can also result in greenwashing, as explained in Net-
Positive Design and Sustainable Urban Development.[41]

LCA and Product Life


Life cycle assessment is the complete assessment of materials from their extraction, transport,
processing, refining, manufacturing, maintenance, use, disposal, reuse and recycle stages. It helps
put into perspective whether a design is actually environmentally sustainable in the long run.
Products such as aluminum which can be reused multiple number of times but have a very energy
intensive mining and refining which makes it unfavorable. Information such as this is done using
LCA and then taken into consideration when designing.

Applications
Applications of this philosophy range from the microcosm — small objects for everyday use,
through to the macrocosm — buildings, cities, and the Earth's physical surface. It is a philosophy
that can be applied in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban
planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, fashion design and
human-computer interaction.

Sustainable design is mostly a general reaction to global environmental crises, the rapid growth of
economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, damage to ecosystems,
and loss of biodiversity.[42] In 2013, eco architecture writer Bridgette Meinhold surveyed
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emergency and long-term sustainable housing projects that were developed in response to these
crises in her book, "Urgent Architecture: 40 Sustainable Housing Solutions for a Changing
World."[43][44] Featured projects focus on green building, sustainable design, eco-friendly
materials, affordability, material reuse, and humanitarian relief. Construction methods and
materials include repurposed shipping containers, straw bale construction, sandbag homes, and
floating homes.[45]

The limits of sustainable design are shrinking. Because growth in goods and services consistently
outpaces gains in efficiency. As a result, the net effect of sustainable design has simply been to
improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. This problem is not solved by the current
approach, which focuses on the efficiency of delivering individual goods and services. The
fundamental dilemmas are as follows: the increasing complexity of efficiency improvements; the
difficulty of implementing new technologies in societies built around old ones; the fact that the
physical impacts of delivering goods and services are not localized, but are distributed across
economies; and the fact that the scale of resource use is growing and not stabilizing.

Sustainable architecture
Sustainable architecture is the design of sustainable buildings.
Sustainable architecture attempts to reduce the collective
environmental impacts during the production of building
components, during the construction process, as well as during
the lifecycle of the building (heating, electricity use, carpet
cleaning etc.) This design practice emphasizes efficiency of
heating and cooling systems; alternative energy sources such as
solar hot water, appropriate building siting, reused or recycled Sustainable building design
building materials; on-site power generation - solar technology,
ground source heat pumps, wind power; rainwater harvesting
for gardening, washing and aquifer recharge; and on-site waste management such as green roofs
that filter and control stormwater runoff. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the
architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages, from site selection, scheme formation,
material selection and procurement, to project implementation.[46] This is also called a charrette.
Appropriate building siting and smaller building footprints are vital to an environmentally
sustainable design. Oftentimes, a building may be very well designed, and energy efficient but its
location requires people to travel far back and forth – increasing pollution that may not be building
produced but is directly as a result of the building anyway. Sustainable architecture must also
cover the building beyond its useful life. Its disposal or recycling aspects also come under the wing
of sustainability. Often, modular buildings are better to take apart and less energy intensive to put
together too. The waste from the demolition site must be disposed of correctly and everything that
can be harvested and used again should be designed to be extricated from the structure with ease,
preventing unnecessary wastage when decommissioning the building. Another important aspect of
sustainable architecture stems from the question of whether a structure is needed. Sometimes the
best that can be done to make a structure sustainable is retrofitting or upgrading the building
services and supplies instead of tearing it down. Abu Dhabi, for example has undergone and is
undergoing major retrofitting to slash its energy and water consumption rather than demolishing
and rebuilding new structures.[47]

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Sustainable architects design with sustainable living in mind.[48] Sustainable vs green design is the
challenge that designs not only reflect healthy processes and uses but are powered by renewable
energies and site specific resources. A test for sustainable design is — can the design function for
its intended use without fossil fuel — unplugged. This challenge suggests architects and planners
design solutions that can function without pollution rather than just reducing pollution. As
technology progresses in architecture and design theories and as examples are built and tested,
architects will soon be able to create not only passive, null-emission buildings, but rather be able to
integrate the entire power system into the building design. In 2004 the 59 home housing
community, the Solar Settlement, and a 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) integrated retail, commercial and
residential building, the Sun Ship, were completed by architect Rolf Disch in Freiburg, Germany.
The Solar Settlement is the first housing community worldwide in which every home, all 59,
produce a positive energy balance.[49]

An essential element of Sustainable Building Design is indoor environmental quality including air
quality, illumination, thermal conditions, and acoustics.[50] The integrated design of the indoor
environment is essential and must be part of the integrated design of the entire structure. ASHRAE
Guideline 10-2011 addresses the interactions among indoor environmental factors and goes
beyond traditional standards.[51]

Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a
sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth,
architectural tradition and classical design.[52][53] This in contrast to modernist and globally
uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.[54]
Both trends started in the 1980s. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is an award that recognizes
efforts in New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice
as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.[55]

Several advances in sustainable architecture emerged in the late 20th Century that are now widely
known by ordinary practitioners. These overlapping but distinct paradigms include Biophilic
Urbanism,[56][57][58] Permaculture,[59][60][61] Biomimicry,[62][63][64] Bioregional
Planning, [65][66][67] Regenerative Design, [68][69][70] Circular Systems approaches ranging from
Cradle to Cradle product design to the Circular Economy,[71][72][73] Nature-Based
Design,[74][75][76] Net-zero Design,[77][78][79] Nature Positive Design,[80][81][82] and Net-Positive
Design.[83][84][85]

These paradigms go beyond traditional sustainable design, which simply integrates sustainable
design techniques and technologies into conventional urban planning patterns and building design
templates. Instead, they represent a broader societal shift (from aiming for resource and energy
efficiency) to creating environments that contribute towards net outcomes, such as 'net-positive
sustainability'. Net-positive architecture aims to reverse planetary overshoot as well as improving
socio-ecological conditions by changing the nature of built environment decision making, design
and assessment.

Green Design
Green design has often been used interchangeably with environmentally sustainable design. It is
the practice of creating structures by using environment friendly processes.[86] There is a popular
debate about this with several arguing that green design is in effect narrower than sustainable
design, which takes into account a larger system. Green design focuses on the short-term goals and
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while it is a worthy goal, a larger impact is possible using sustainable design.[87] It is included in
the process of creating a sustainable design.[86] Another factor to be considered is that green
design has been stigmatized by popular personalities such as Pritzker Architecture Prize winner
Frank Gehry, but this branding hasn't reached sustainable design. A large part of that is because of
how environmentally sustainable design is generally used hand in hand with economically
sustainable design and socially sustainable design. Finally, green design is although
unintentionally, often associated only with architecture while sustainable design has been
considered under a much larger scope.

Engineering Design
Sustainable engineering is the process of designing or operating systems such that they use energy
and resources sustainably, in other words, at a rate that does not compromise the natural
environment, or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Common engineering
focuses revolve around water supply, production, sanitation, cleaning up of pollution and waste
sites, restoring natural habitats etc.

Sustainable Interior Design


Achieving a healthy and aesthetic environment for the occupants of a space is one of the basic rules
in the art of Interior design. When applying focus onto the sustainable aspects of the art, Interior
Design can incorporate the study and involvement of functionality, accessibility, and aesthetics to
environmentally friendly materials.[88] The integrated design of the indoor environment is
essential and must be part of the integrated design of the entire structure.

Goals of Sustainable Interior Design


Improving the overall building performance through the reduction of negative impacts on the
environment is the primary goal.[89] According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
Americans spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, where the concentrations of some
toxins and impurities are frequently two to five times higher than they are outside.[90] Sustainable
interior design solutions strive to create truly inspirational rooms while simultaneously enhancing
indoor air quality and mitigating the environmental impact of interior design procedures. This
requires interior designers to make ethical design choices and include environmental concerns into
their work, as interiors and the environment are closely intertwined.

Reducing consumption of non-renewable resources, minimizing waste and creating healthy,


productive environments are the primary objectives of sustainability.[89] Optimizing site potential,
minimizing non-renewable energy consumption, using environmentally preferable products,
protecting and conserving water, enhancing indoor environmental quality, and optimizing
operational and maintenance practices are some of the primary principles. An essential element of
Sustainable Building Design is indoor environmental quality including air quality, illumination,
thermal conditions, and acoustic. Interior design, when done correctly, can harness the true power
of sustainable architecture.

Incorporating Sustainable Interior Design


Sustainable Interior Design can be incorporated through various techniques: water efficiency,
energy efficiency, using non-toxic, sustainable or recycled materials, using manufactured processes
and producing products with more energy efficiency, building longer lasting and better functioning
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products, designing reusable and recyclable products, following the sustainable design standards
and guidelines, and more.[91] For example, a room with large windows to allow for maximum
sunlight should have neutral colored interiors to help bounce the light around and increase
comfort levels while reducing light energy requirement. The size should, however, be carefully
considered to avoid window glare.[92]

Interior Designers must take types of paints, adhesives, and more into consideration during their
designing and manufacturing phase so they do not contribute to harmful environmental factors.
Choosing whether to use a wood floor to marble tiled floor or carpeted floor can reduce energy
consumption by the level of insulation that they provide. Utilizing materials that can withhold 24-
hour health care facilities, such as linoleum, scrubbable cotton wall coverings, recycled carpeting,
low toxic adhesive, and more.[93]

Furthermore, incorporating sustainability can begin before the construction process begins.
Purchasing items from sustainable local businesses, analyzing the longevity of a product, taking
part in recycling by purchasing recycled materials, and more should be taken into consideration.
Supporting local, sustainable businesses is the first step, as this not only increases the demand for
sustainable products, but also reduces unsustainable methods. Traveling all over to find specific
products or purchasing products from overseas contributes to carbon emissions in the atmosphere,
pulling further away from the sustainable aspect. Once the products are found, it is important to
check if the selection follows the Cradle-to-cradle design (C2C) method and they are also able to be
reclaimed, recycled, and reused. Also paying close attention to energy-efficient products during
this entire process contributes to the sustainability factors. The aesthetic of a space does not have
to be sacrificed in order to achieve sustainable interior design.[94] Every environment and space
can incorporate materials and choices to reducing environmental impact, while still providing
durability and functionality.

Promotion of Sustainable Interior Design


The mission to incorporate sustainable interior design into every aspect of life is slowly becoming a
reality. The commercial Interior Design Association (IIDA)[95] created the sustainability forum to
encourage, support, and educate the design community and the public about sustainability.[96] The
Athena Sustainable Materials Institute ensures enabling smaller footprints by working with
sustainability leaders in various ways in producing and consuming materials.[97] Building Green
considers themselves the most trusted voice for sustainable and healthy design, as they offer a
variety of resources to dive deep into sustainability.[98] Various acts, such as the Energy Policy Act
(EPAct) of 2005[99] and the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007[100] have been
revised and passed to achieve better efforts towards sustainable design.[89] Federal efforts, such as
the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to the commitment of sustainable design and the
Executive Order 13693[101] have also worked to achieve these concepts.[89] Various guideline and
standard documents have been published for the sake of sustainable interior design[102][103] and
companies like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)[104] are guiding and
certifying efforts put into motion to contribute to the mission. When the thought of incorporating
sustainable design into an interior's design is kept as a top goal for a designer, creating an overall
healthy and environmentally friendly space can be achieved.

Global Examples of Sustainable Interior Design


Proximity Hotel in North Carolina, United States of America: The Proximity Hotel was the first

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hotel to be granted the LEED Platinum certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.[105]
Shanghai Natural History Museum in Shanghai, China: This new museum incorporates
evaporative cooling and maintained temperatures through is design and structure.[106]
Vancouver Convention Centre West in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: The West
location of the Vancouver Convention Centre was the first convention center in the world to be
granted LEED Platinum.[107]
Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington, United States of America: Considered "The Greenest
Commercial Building in the World," it is the first to achieve the Living Building Challenge[108]
certification.[109]
Sydney, Australia became the first city in the country to contribute Green roof and Green wall to
their architecture following their "Sustainable Sydney 2030" set of goals.[110]

Sustainable urban planning


Sustainable design of cities is the task of designing and planning the outline of cities such that they
have a low carbon footprint, have better air quality, rely on more sustainable sources of energy,
and have a healthy relationship with the environment. Sustainable urban planning involves many
disciplines, including architecture, engineering, biology, environmental science, materials science,
law, transportation, technology, economic development, accounting and finance, and government,
among others. This kind of planning also develops innovative and practical approaches to land use
and its impact on natural resources.[111] New sustainable solutions for urban planning problems
can include green buildings and housing, mixed-use developments, walkability, greenways and
open spaces, alternative energy sources such as solar and wind, and transportation options. Good
sustainable land use planning helps improve the welfare of people and their communities, shaping
their urban areas and neighborhoods into healthier, more efficient spaces. Design and planning of
neighbourhoods are a major challenge when creating a favourable urban environment. The
challenge is based on the principles of integrated approach to different demands: social,
architectural, artistic, economic, sanitary and hygienic. Social demands are aimed at constructing
network and placing buildings in order to create favourable conditions for their convenient use.
Architectural-artistic solutions are aimed at single spatial composition of an area with the
surrounding landscape. Economic demands include rational utilization of area territories. Sanitary
and hygienic demands are of more interest in terms of creating sustainable urban areas.

Sustainable landscape and garden design


Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design and energy-efficient
landscaping concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. Plants and materials may
be bought from local growers to reduce energy used in transportation. Design techniques include
planting trees to shade buildings from the sun or protect them from wind, using local materials,
and on-site composting and chipping not only to reduce green waste hauling but to increase
organic matter and therefore carbon in the soil.

Some designers and gardeners such as Beth Chatto also use drought-resistant plants in arid areas
(xeriscaping) and elsewhere so that water is not taken from local landscapes and habitats for
irrigation. Water from building roofs may be collected in rain gardens so that the groundwater is
recharged, instead of rainfall becoming surface runoff and increasing the risk of flooding.

Areas of the garden and landscape can also be allowed to grow wild to encourage bio-diversity.
Native animals may also be encouraged in many other ways: by plants which provide food such as
nectar and pollen for insects, or roosting or nesting habitats such as trees, or habitats such as
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ponds for amphibians and aquatic insects. Pesticides, especially persistent pesticides, must be
avoided to avoid killing wildlife.

Soil fertility can be managed sustainably by the use of many layers of vegetation from trees to
ground-cover plants and mulches to increase organic matter and therefore earthworms and
mycorrhiza; nitrogen-fixing plants instead of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers; and sustainably
harvested seaweed extract to replace micronutrients.

Sustainable landscapes and gardens can be productive as well as ornamental, growing food,
firewood and craft materials from beautiful places.

Sustainable landscape approaches and labels include organic farming and growing, permaculture,
agroforestry, forest gardens, agroecology, vegan organic gardening, ecological gardening and
climate-friendly gardening.

Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture adheres to three main goals:

Environmental health,
Economic profitability,
Social and economic equity.
A variety of philosophies, policies and practices have contributed to these goals. People in many
different capacities, from farmers to consumers, have shared this vision and contributed to it.
Despite the diversity of people and perspectives, the following themes commonly weave through
definitions of sustainable agriculture.

There are strenuous discussions — among others by the agricultural sector and authorities — if
existing pesticide protocols and methods of soil conservation adequately protect topsoil and
wildlife. Doubt has risen if these are sustainable, and if agrarian reforms would permit an efficient
agriculture with fewer pesticides, therefore reducing the damage to the ecosystem.

Energy sector
Sustainable technology in the energy sector is based on utilizing renewable sources of energy such
as solar, wind, hydro, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydrogen. Wind energy is the world's fastest
growing energy source; it has been in use for centuries in Europe and more recently in the United
States and other nations. Wind energy is captured through the use of wind turbines that generate
and transfer electricity for utilities, homeowners and remote villages. Solar power can be
harnessed through photovoltaics, concentrating solar, or solar hot water and is also a rapidly
growing energy source.[112] Advancements in the technology and modifications to photovoltaics
cells provide a more in depth untouched method for creating and producing solar power.
Researchers have found a potential way to use the photogalvanic effect to transform sunlight into
electric energy.[113]

The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed
early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy
demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global
environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to sustainable development and a

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sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate
energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency
with the use of primary renewable energy resources.[114]

Water sector
Sustainable water technologies have become an important
industry segment with several companies now providing
important and scalable solutions to supply water in a
sustainable manner.

Beyond the use of certain technologies, Sustainable Design in


Water Management also consists very importantly in correct
implementation of concepts. Among these principal concepts is
the fact normally in developed countries 100% of water A 35,003 litre rainwater harvesting
destined for consumption, that is not necessarily for drinking tank in Kerala
purposes, is of potable water quality. This concept of
differentiating qualities of water for different purposes has
been called "fit-for-purpose".[115] This more rational use of water achieves several economies, that
are not only related to water itself, but also the consumption of energy, as to achieve water of
drinking quality can be extremely energy intensive for several reasons.

Domestic machinery and furniture


Automobiles, home appliances and furnitures can be designed for repair and disassembly (for
recycling), and constructed from recyclable materials such as steel, aluminum and glass, and
renewable materials, such as wood and plastics from natural feedstocks. Careful selection of
materials and manufacturing processes can often create products comparable in price and
performance to non-sustainable products. Even mild design efforts can greatly increase the
sustainable content of manufactured items.

Improvements to heating, cooling, ventilation and water heating

Absorption refrigerator
Annualized geothermal solar
Earth cooling tubes
Geothermal heat pump
Heat recovery ventilation
Hot water heat recycling
Passive cooling
Renewable heat
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
Solar air conditioning
Solar hot water
Superinsulation

Design for sustainable manufacturing

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Sustainable manufacturing can be defined as the creation of a manufactured product through a


concurrent improvement in the resulting effect on factory and product sustainability. The concept
of sustainable manufacturing demands a renewed design of production systems in order to
condition the related sustainability on product life cycle and Factory operations.

Designing sustainable production systems imply, on the one hand, the analysis and
optimization of intra-factory aspects that are related to manufacturing plants. Such aspects can
regard the resource consumption restrain, the process efficiency, the ergonomics for the
factory workers, the elimination of hazardous substances, the minimization of factory emissions
and waste as well as internal emissions, the integrated management of information in the
production facilities, and the technological updating of machines and plants.
Other inter-factories aspects concern the sustainable design of manufactured products,
product chain dematerialisation, management of the background and foreground supply
chains, support of circular economy paradigm, and the labelling for sustainability.
Advantageous reasons for why companies might choose to sustainably manufacture either their
products or use a sustainable manufacturing process are:[116]

Increase operational efficiency by reducing costs and waste


Respond to or reach new customers and increase competitive advantage
Protect and strengthen brand and reputation and build public trust
Build long-term business viability and success
Respond to regulatory constraints and opportunities

Sustainable technologies
Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete natural resources,
do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused or recycled at the end of
their useful life.[117] They may also be technology that help identify areas of growth by giving
feedback in terms of data or alerts allowed to be analyzed to improve environmental footprints.
There is significant overlap with appropriate technology, which emphasizes the suitability of
technology to the context, in particular considering the needs of people in developing countries.
The most appropriate technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable
technology may have high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an
"appropriate technology", as that term is commonly used.

"Technology is deeply entrenched in our society; without it, society would immediately collapse.
Moreover, technological changes can be perceived as easier to accomplish than lifestyle changes
that might be required to solve the problems that we face."[118] The design of sustainable
technology relies heavily on the flow of new information. Sustainable technology such as smart
metering systems and intelligent sensors reduce energy consumption and help conserve water.
These systems are ones that have more fundamental changes, rather than just switching to simple
sustainable designs. Such designing requires constant updates and evolutions, to ensure true
environmental sustainability, because the concept of sustainability is ever changing – with regards
to our relationship with the environment. A large part of designing sustainable technology involves
giving control to the users for their comfort and operation. For example, dimming controls help

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people adjust the light levels to their comfort. Sectioned lighting and lighting controls let people
manipulate their lighting needs without worrying about affecting others – therefore reducing
lighting loads.[119]

Innovation and development


The precursor step to environmentally sustainable development must be a sustainable design. By
definition, design is defined as purpose, planning, or intention that exists or is thought to exist
behind an action, fact, or material object. Development utilizes design and executes it, helping
areas, cities, or places to advance. Sustainable development is that development which adheres to
the values of sustainability and provide for the society without endangering the ecosystem and its
services. "Without development, design is useless. Without design, development is unusable." –
Florian Popescu, How to bridge the gap between design and development.[120]

Eco-innovation is the design and development of products and processes that contribute to
sustainable development, applying the commercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or
indirect ecological improvements. This includes a range of related ideas, from environmentally
friendly technological advances to socially acceptable innovative paths towards sustainability.
WIPO GREEN is an online global marketplace for technology exchange connecting providers and
seekers of inventions and innovations in sustainable technology innovations.

Several factors drive design innovation in the environmental sphere. These include growing
consumer awareness and demand for green products and services, development and (re)discovery
of renewable materials, sustainable refurbishment, new technologies for manufacturing and
growing use of artificial intelligence-based tools based to map needs and identify areas for
improved efficiency.

Whatever the industry or product, design rights (whether registered or unregistered) can harness
innovative design. Design rights (known as design patents in some jurisdictions) are widely used to
protect everything from marketing logos and packaging to the shape of furniture and vehicles and
the user interfaces of computers and smartphones. Design rights are available in many
jurisdictions and through regional systems. Protection can also be obtained internationally using
the WIPO-administered Hague System for the International Registration of Designs.[121]

See also
Energy portal

Active daylighting
Bright green environmentalism
Building Information Modeling
Building services engineering
Circles of Sustainability
Climate-friendly gardening
Cool roof
Cradle to Cradle
Daylighting
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Earth embassy
Ecodistrict
Ecological Restoration
Ecosa Institute
Ecosystem services
Energy plus house
Green chemistry
Green transport
Healthy building
Landscape ecology
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
List of energy storage projects
List of low-energy building techniques
Metadesign
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
Source reduction
Sustainable art
Terreform ONE
Urban vitality
Vertical garden
Zero energy building

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