Data

Communication
Terminologies
Arshia, Khushi, Trisha - 12AF
 Terminologies:
Data Channel
Channel is the medium used to carry information or data from one point to
another.
Baud
It is the unit of measurement for the information-carrying capacity of a
communication channel.
Bits Per Second (bps)
It refers to the speed at which data transfer is measured. It is generally used to
measure the speed of information through a high speed phone lines or modems.
 Terminologies:
Bandwidth
Technically, the bandwidth refers to the difference between the highest and
lowest frequencies of a transmission channel. Generally speaking, bandwidth is
directly proportional to the amount of data transmitted or received per unit
time.
Data Transfer Rates
The data transfer rate represents the amount of data transferred per second by
, communications channel or a computing or storage device.
Data rate is measured in units of bits per second (bps), bytes per second (Bps),
or baud.
Transmission
media
Twisted Pair
Cable
It consists of two identical wires wrapped together in a double helix.

Different types and categories of twisted pair cable exist, but they all have
two things in common:
1. the wires come in pairs
2. the pairs of wires are twisted around each other

The twisting of wires reduces crosstalk, which is the bleeding of a signal from
one wire to another and which can corrupt the signal and cause network errors.

Advantages: The main advantages of twisted pair cable are :

(i) It is simple and easy to install and maintain. (ii) It is physically flexible.
(iii) It has a low weight.
Disadvantages:
Because of high attenuation, it is incapable of carrying a signal over long
distances without the use of repeaters.
(ii) Its low bandwidth capabilities make it unsuitable for broadband
applications.
 Unshielded

01. Twisted Pair (UTP)

Types of Cable.
CAT1, CAT2, CAT3, CAT4,

Twisted Pair CAT5, CAT6, CAT7, CAT8

Cable Shielded Twisted

Pair (STP) Cable.

02.
This type of cable comes with
shielding of the individual pairs
of wires, which further protects
it from external interference.
Coaxial Cable
This type of cable consists of a solid wire core surrounded by one or more foil or wire
shields, each separated by some kind of plastic insulator.

The inner core carries the signal, and the shield provides the ground. The coaxial cable has
high electric properties and is suitable for high-speed communication.

Advantages:
(i)The data transmission characteristics of coaxial cables are considerably better than
those of twisted-pair cables.
(ii) The coaxial cables can be used as the basis for a shared cable network.
(iii) The coaxial cables can be used for broadband transmission ie., several channels can
be transmitted simultaneously (as with cable TV).

Disadvantages:
(i) Expensive compared to twisted pair cables.
(ii) The coaxial cables are not compatible with twisted pair cables.
 Thicknet.
01.
Types of
This form of coaxial cable is thicker
than thinnet. The thicknet coaxial
cable segments (while joining nodes

Coaxial
of a network) can be upto 500
meters long.

Cable Thinet.
This form of coaxial cable is thinner
and it can have maximum segment

02. length of 185 metres. Using this cable,

nodes having maximum distance of
185 metres can be joined.
Optical Fibers
Optical fibers consist of thin strands of glass or glass like material which are so
constructed tha they carry light from a source at one end of the fiber to a detector at the
other end. The light soun used are either light emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs).

The fiber cable consists of three pieces: (i) the core, ie, the glass or plastic through which
the light travels (ii) the cladding, which is a covering of the core that reflects light back to
the core, and the (iii) protective coating, which protects the fiber cable from hostile
environment

Advantages:
(i) It is immune to electrical and magnetic interference ie., noise in any form because the
information is travelling on a modulated light beam and not on an electric signal.
(ii) It is highly suitable for harsh industrial environments.

Disadvantages:
(i)Installation problems. Fiber optic cables are quite fragile and may need special care to
make them sufficiently robust for an office environment.
(ii) Connecting either two fibers together or a light source to a fiber is a difficult process.
 01. Single mode
Types of Supports a segment length of upto 5

Optical
km and bandwidth of upto 10 Gbps

Fibre
02. Multimode

Supports a segment length of upto 1

km and bandwidth upto 100 Gbps.
 Guided Media Compared
Maximum
Type Sub Bandwidth
Type Type
Segment
Supported
Installation Cost Interference
Length

Twisted Pair
UTP 100 m 40 Gbps easy cheapest high
Cable

STP 100 m 500 Mbps moderate moderate moderate

Coaxial
Thinnet 185 m 10 Mbps easy cheap moderate
Cable

Thicknet 500 m 10 Mbps hard moderate low

Fiber Optic
Single mode upto 5 km 10 Gbps very hard expensive none
Cable

Multimode upto 1 km 100 Gbps very hard expensive none

Thank you
Internetworking
Terms and
Concepts
Arshia, Khushi, Trisha - 12AF
Web Hosting
Web hosting is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organisations
to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. The companies that provide
web hosting services are called web hosts. They provide space on their server so that
other computers around the world can access the websites of individuals and companies
by means of a network or modem.
Various types of web hosting services:
1. Free Hosting
2. Shared/Virtual Hosting
3. Dedicated Hosting
Web 2.0 vs Web 3.0
Parameters Web 3.0 Web 2.0

Basics Portable and Personal Wildly Read-Write

Primary Focus Individual Focus Community Focus

Example of Content Live-streams/Waves Blogs/Wikis

Consolidating
Focus of Content Sharing Content
Content

Example of
Smart Applications Web Applications
Interaction

Interaction Based On User Behaviour Tagging

Monetization
User Engagement Cost Per Click
Strategy

Behavioural
Type of Advertising Interactive Advertising
Advertising

Website Example The Semantic Web Wikipedia

Languages and
RDF/RDFS/OWL XML/RSS
Backlinks
HTML
HyperText Markup Language

A Markup language is a mechanism to identify structures in a document

Everything that you see on the Web is documents written in a specific language
called HTML

This language tells the browsers how to:

1. display the contents of a hypertext document (document including text, images,
etc.)
2. make a document interactive through special hyperlinks

HTML provides layout commands, called tags, that let you control the presentation
of information on a web page
XML
eXtensible Markup Language

Also a Markup language, but for documents containing structured information, i.e.
documents having some structures as heading, subheading, tables, etc.

XML defines a standard way to add markup to documents

So XML is Just Like HTML? No

HTML: Contains predefined tag semantics (eg; <header>,<footer>) and tag set.

XML: No pre-defined tag semantics nor tag sets.

All Semantics of an XML document is defined either by the applications that
process them or by stylesheets.
DHTML
Dynamic HTML

DHTML refers to a combination of web development technologies (HTML, CSS,

Javascript) that is used to create Dynamic web pages with or without multimedia
content

Dynamic web content refers to web content that changes each time it is viewed

For eg:
the same URL could result in different pages depending on:
-> Geographical location of the reader
-> Time of day
-> Previous pages viewed by the reader etc.
Web Screening
A script is a list of commands embedded in a web-page. Scripts are interpreted and
executed by a certain program or scripting-engine.

The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as web-
scripting.

Scripts may be written for a variety of purposes, such as for automating processes on
a local-computer or to generate web-pages on the web.

The programming languages in which scripts are written are called scripting languages,
such as VBScript, JavaScript, PERL etc.
 01. Client-Side Scripts
Types of Supports interaction within a web

Web
Scripting
02. Server-Side Scripts

Supports execution at server-end

Client-Side Scripts
enables interaction within a web page

The client-side scripts are downloaded at the client-end and then interpreted and
executed by the browser

samples uses:
-> to get data from user's screen or browser
-> online games

popular client-side scripting languages are: JavaScript, VBScript, PHP (Hypertext

Preprocessor)
Server-Side Scripts
enables the completion of task at the server-end and then sending the result to the
client-end.

The server does all the work, so it is browser independent.

samples uses:
-> Password protection
-> Form processing
-> Editing content to a web page

popular server-side scripting languages are: Python, Perl, JSP (Java Server pages),
PHP(Hypertext Preprocessor)
01. Client-Side Scripts 02. Server-Side Scripts
Script code is downloaded and The script is executed at the server-end
executed at the client end. and the result is sent to the client-end.

Complex processes are more efficient as

Response to interaction is more
the program and associated resources
immediate once the program code
are not downloaded to the browser.
has been downloaded.
Have access to files and data bases but
Services are secure as they do not may not be secure when sending
have access to files and databases sensitive information.

Browser dependent Browser independent

Affected by the processing speed Affected by the processing speed

of user's computer of the host server.
Thank you