Computer Hardware (A+)

COURSE CONTENT

Hardware Introduction (Roles and Responsibilities)

 About Hardware and computer
 Employee Role
 Responsibilities

Desktop Components and parts identification

 Mother board components
 Microprocessor
 Types of Microprocessor
 Microprocessor Generation
 Cache memory (L1,L2,L3)
 X86_X64 Architecture
 Microprocessor speed
 Memory
 RAM
 Types of Memory’s
 DDR,DDR2,DDR3,DDR4
 Memory slots
 Memory speed
 Hard disk
 Types of hard disk
 Difference between IDE and SATA hard disk
 Hard disk connectivity
 DVD writer
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Monitor
 Types of monitors
 ATX cabinets
 Front panel
 Back panel
 SMPS (Switch mode power supply)

Computer Assembling and Disassembling

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

 BIOS features
 Types of BIOS
 BIOS functions
 POST (power on self test)
 Boot Loader (Bootmgr)
 Boot menu

File System (FAT and NTFS)

 Types of file systems
 Difference between NTFS and FAT

~1~
  Convert FAT to NTFS
 NTFS permissions

Operating System installations

 About operating system
 Types of Operating systems
 Operating system functions
 Operating system hardware requirements
 Installation methods
 Windows 7 installation
 Windows 10 installation
 Windows server 2012 installation
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation

Operating System repair and Create Restore point

 Create system restore point in windows 7
 Recovery uninstalled software’s
 Repair operating system

Dual booting and Windows Loader Installation

 Install duel operating system (windows 7 and 10)
Mother Board Drivers (LAN, VGA, Audio, wifi, chipset, Graphic ...)
 Desktop mother board drivers installation
 Laptop mother board drivers installations
 Third party tools

Application software installations

 Ms-Office 2007/10/2013
 Adobe Redder
 Browsers
 Anti-virus installation
 Win-Rar
 Skype
 Team viewer

Anti-Virus installation and Update

 About Virus
 Types of Virus
 Anti- virus types and installation and Updates
 Anti-Virus License Activation

Operating System Updates

 Windows 7/10 operating system upate
 Windows 7 upgrade

Drive partition with bit locker and encryption

 Drive Lock Portion with password
 Remove Drive lock portion

Display settings and advance features installations

 Desktop wallpapers

~2~
  Screen saver
 Screen Resulation settings
 Install advance features
 Desktop icons changes and themes

Network configuration and internet connection

Install LAN drivers
Assign IP address
Connect to switch
Internet connectivity
Window operating system Backup and restore
 Windows 7 backup with software’s and user
 Data backup
 Restore backup operating system

Windows Advance boot option and safe mode

 Repairer your computer
 Safemode
 Start windows normally
 Enable low screen resolutions

Printer installation and configuration

 Types of printers
 Printer dirvers installations
 Connect printer to desktop
 Change cartage

Internet Settings with browser maintains

 internet block in desktop
 Web site block
 Clear browsing history
 WiFi connectivity

User's management and Administration Rights

 Administrator account
 Guest account
 Create user account
 Change password or reset
 Change admin rights permissions

Disk management and create Partition

 Hard disk information
 Create/and delete partition
 Increase partition size
 Shink partition
 Hide partition

~3~
Password recovery and Breaking password
 How to reset password by using third party tool

Device manager and service management

 Manage device
 Disable hardware and partition

Data Recovery
 By using third party tool collect date from computer

Software and Hardware Troubleshooting

 Hardware issues
 Software issues
 Application software issues
 Virus issues
 Internet issues
 Networking issues

Outlook configuration in Windows Desktop

 What is outlook?
 Difference between Ms-Outlook and Office 365
 SMTP,IMAP,POP3
 Ms-Outlook configuration

Interview point question and answers

 Software troubleshooting
 Hardware troubleshooting
 Theoretical question
 Practical oriented questions

Resume preparation with students

~4~
 Computer hardware

Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, Computer

hardware is the collection of physical parts of a computer system. A computer system
consists of two major elements: hardware and software.

PC Hardware

Computer parts (H/W) Software’s

(S/W)
operating system
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. monitor Mother Board drivers
4. Cabinet
5. hard disk
6. RAM Application packages
7. Microprocessor
8. SMPS Anti-Virus
9. DVD Writer
10. Motherboard

Designation (Role):
1. System Engineer
2. Network Engineer
3. Desktop Tech Support Technician

Employee Responsibilities:
1. Hardware & Software Monitoring
2. Hardware Maintenance
3. Hardware Devise Configuration
4. Hardware and Software Installation
5. Hardware and Software Troubleshooting

~5~
Computer Parts:
1. Monitor
2. Keyboard
3. Mouse
4. ATX Cabinet
5. SMPS
6. DVD Writer
7. HDD
8. Mother Broad
9. RAM
10. Micro Processor (CPU)

Monitor:

Requires 2 wires to connect Computer

Power Cable
VGA (Video Graphic Array) Cable

Monitor is a output device

Monitor sizes 14,15,17,19,21,23 inchs

NOTE: Only Difference is Light Effect on Eye

~6~
TYPES:
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
LCD Liquid Crystal Display (Image will be seen when it is OFF)
LED Light Emitting Diode (No image will be seen when it is OFF)

Size and Screen Resolution

Eg: 12.1 1024*768

14.1 1280*800
14.1 1440*900

Shapes
Square
Rectangle

MOUSE (Graphical User KEYBOARD (Character User

Interface) Interface)

INTERFACES INTERFACES

1. PS/2 1. PS/2
2. USB 2. USB
3. Wireless 3. Wireless

TYPES OF MOUSE TYPES OF KEYBOARD

1. Mechanical or Serial Mouse 1. Standard (We r using right now)

(in olden days ball) 2. Multimedia (Extra Keys like Play,
2. Optical Mouse (Laser Lights ) Next, Forward, Previous..

TYPES OF KEYS:

Numerical -- 0-9
Alphabets -- A-Z
Function Keys -- F1-F12
Special Keys -- Alt, Ctrl, Spacebar, Shift ..
Lock Keys -- Caps, Scroll, Num Lock
Windows Keys – Windows, Popup Menu

~7~
Note: No repair will be done for Mouse, Keyboard, Processor simply replace. With Laser
Light Signal USB works
Light dull means mouse gone.
Even if mouse is not connected to Computer, the computer turns ON.
Whereas Keyboard not connected means computer won’t turn ON.

Computer Cabinet:
ATX – Advanced Technology Extension Cabinet New
XT – Extension Technology Cabinet in Olden Days Used

FRONT PANEL:
Power Switch
Restart Switch
USB Ports
Audio Ports
Power LED Light (Green Colour) if this light Blinks means Power
HDD LED Light (Red Colour) if this light blinks means HDD is working

SMPS: (Switch Mode Power Supply)

It provides power supply to MB components, HDD and DVD Writer

It converts Watts to Voltage i.e., Alternate Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) 230
- 450 – watts

HDD +12 v – Yellow Colour Wire

Takes voltages
DVD Writer +12 v, +0 v, +5 v +5 v – Red Colour Wire
Floppy 4 Wires +0 v Black Colour Wire

It Contains Three Wires

1. 20 Pins and 4 Pins Wire which is for MB Power Supply

2. Two 4 Pins wire, One is for HDD and other is for spare if first is not working
3. Two 4 Pins wire and 1 Pin, 1 is for DVD Writer & other is for spare

~8~
DVD writer:
It is used for OS Installation, S/w Installations etc..

Direct Installation Method: OS

From DVD, Pen Drive

How to Check HDD Storage Capacity in your PC

Start – Right Click on My Computer - Manage – Disk Management

Types
Floppy Drive
CD ROM – We can copy the data from CD and paste to PC but not Vice versa
CD Writer - We can copy the data from CD and paste to PC also Vice versa
DVD ROM - We can copy the data from CD and paste to PC but not Vice versa
DVD Writer - We can copy the data from CD and paste to PC also Vice versa
CD ROM accepts only CD
DVD ROM accepts both CD and DVD but Read only Memory

Floppy disk size 1.44 MB

CD size 700 MB
DVD size 4,7 GB

~9~
 HARD DISK: (Mass Storage Device (or) Secondary Storage Device)

Types:
IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics
EIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
SATA – Serial Advance Technology Attachment
SCSI – Small Computer System Interface (in Servers we used)
SSD – Solid State Storage Device (Chip)

SATA – 160 GB 250 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB IDE – Max capacity 160 GB

HDD Storage Capacity:

5 GB, 10 GB, 20 GB, 40 GB, 80 GB, 160 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB ...

Note: As we know 1024 MB = 1 GB but for Manufacturers 1000 MB = 1GB

IDE SATA
Abbreviation Abbreviation
Integrated Drive Electronics Serial Advance Technology Attachment
Speed Speed
Data Transfers at rate upto 133 MB/s Data Transfers at rate upto 1 GB/s
Cable Cable
Ribbon like wide can be upto 18 inches long Narrow can be upto a Meter (roughly 3 ft)
Max Capacity Max Capacity
160 GB Upto 1 TB

~ 10 ~
MOTHERBOARD BACK PANEL :

1. PS/2 Mouse

2. Parallel Port (25 Pins, Used for Dot Matrix Printer, Banks and RTC)

3. IEEE 1394 connector (Used to Connect Digital Camcorders, External Hard Drives)

4. RJ-45 Connector (LAN Port, Internet Purpose)

5. Line in Jack (Blue Color, Home Theatre)

6. Line out Jack (Green Color, Audio)

7. Microphone Jack (Pink Color, MIC)

8. USB 2.0 Connectors

9. USB 2.0 Connectors

10. VGA Connector (Monitor, 15 Pins)

11. Serial Connector (15 Pins, Used for CISCO Routers and Switches, Mouse with ball)

12. PS/2 Keyboard

~ 11 ~
MEMORY

CLASSIFIED IN 2 TYPES
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

SECONDARY MEMORY
Eg: HDD, Pen Drive, DVD...

PRIMARY MEMORY:
CLASSIFIED IN 2 TYPES

1. RAM
2. ROM Eg: BIOS

RAM 2 TYPES
1. Static -- Cache Memory (it is in built in MB, it is faster than Dynamic RAM)
2. Dynamic – SD, DDR, DDR2, DDR3

RAM SIZES:
16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB

SPEED:
Measures In MHz

Eg: 1333 MHz, 1066 MHz

VOLTAGE:
3.3v in Old ones, 1.6v in New

MANUFACTURES or BRANDS:
Corsair Memory
Kingston Technology
Micron Technology
Transcend Information

~ 12 ~
RAM TYPES

SRAM DRAM SDRAM

Synchronous Dynamic
Static RAM Dynamic RAM
RAM
Uses Transistors Contains Capacitors Used today in RAM DIMMs
Does not have to be Has to be Refreshed
Refreshed Often
Operates Asynchronous Operates Synchronous
Faster than DRAM
with the system clock with the system clock
All signals are tied to the
Cheaper Compare to system clock for a better
Very Expensive
SRAM controlled timing

Ex: Cache Memory

RAM SLOTS:
RAM is installed on the Motherboard in Memory Slots
The average Motherboard will have between 2 and 4 Memory Slots

The major difference between RIMM, SIMM and DIMM is the width of the data path
each type has and the way the data is moved from the system bus to memory module.

~ 13 ~
 DIMM SIMM RIMM
Dual Inline Memory Single Inline Memory RAMBUS Inline Memory
Module Module Module
Has a 64 bit data path Has a 32 bit data path Has a 16 Bit Data Path

have 168, 184 or 240 pins have either 32 or 72 pins Has 184 pins

Have 2 Independent rows Have redundant pins on Have redundant pins on

of pins, 1 row per side both sides both sides
Single Notch 2 Notches 2 Notches
Bit vs Byte
The term 32 or 64 bit data path refers to the number of bits of data that are
transferred in 1 cycle
Bit is the smallest form of data that the computer reads
8 bits = 1 byte
DIMM 64 bit – 64/8 = 8 byte wide bus
SIMM 32 bit – 32/8 = 4 byte wide bus
RIMM 16 bit – 16/8 = 2 Byte wide Bus

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DDR DDR2 DDR3

RAM DIMM
MODE NAME VOLATAGE SPEED NOTCH
L PINS
SDRAM Synchronous 3.3 100-166 Two 168

Double Data
DDR Rate 2.5 266-400 One in middle 184
Synchronous
Double Data
533-800 One slightly to
DDR2 Rate 2 1.8 240
left middle
Synchronous
Double Data
1066-1600 One further to
DDR3 Rate 3 1.5 240
left middle
Synchronous

Note: The notches on the 3 DDR's are all located a little Different so one cannot put the
Wrong Memory in the Motherboard

~ 14 ~
 32 bit vs 64 bit
CPUs comes in 32 or 64 bit versions
The difference is the way it handles Memory
32 bit 232 = 4 Gigabytes 64 bit 264 = 16 Exabytes

Microprocessor (CPU):

TYPES:
PGA Socket – Pin Grid Array
LGA Socket – Land Grid Array

BRAND:
Intel
AMD – Advanced Micro Device (Used for Multimedia, Animation Purpose)

Frequency (Clock Rate/SpeeD):

Measured in GHz Eg: 2.40 GHz

Cache memory (static memory):

Faster than RAM

Smaller in size than RAM
L1, L2, L3 are the Levels

Generations

Gen1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8

~ 15 ~
Architecture:

X86 is nothing but 32 bit Microprocessor

X64 is nothing but 64 bit Microprocessor
X86_x64 bit Microprocessor (Now Present)

Models:
Intel 4004,8085
Pentium I II III IV
Core Dual
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 for Multitasking in this processer more than one C

~ 16 ~
MOTHER BOARD: (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)

1. XT (Extension Technology) Motherboard: (RAM In-build Fixed)

2. ATX (Advanced Technology Extension) Motherboard

Brands:
AsRock
Asus
Biostar
Gigabyte
Mercury

Note: If a MB Consists of North, South Bridge and Processor of Intel means we call it
as an Intel Chipset MB

MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS:
1. CPU Socket
2. RAM Slot
3. North Bridge
4. South Bridge
5. IDE Controller
6. SATA Controller
7. AGP Slot
8. PCI Slot
9. CMOS Battery
10. BIOS
11. ATX Power Connectors
12. Front Panel
13. Back Panel

~ 17 ~
CPU Socket:
2 types:

1. PGA Eg: P4, Celron, 8086, 80286...

2. LGA Eg: Core 2 Duo, Dual Core...

RAM Slot: (Memory Extension Bus Slot)

1. DIP – (in built memory)

2. SIMM -- Single Inline Memory Module
3. RIMM – Rambus Inline Memory Module
4. DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module

North Bridge:
It controls Motherboard, RAM Slot, and AGP Slot cpu socket

South Bridge:

It controls IDE Controller, SATA Controller, PCI Slots, BIOS, Front Panel, Back Panel..

IDE Controller:

It is used to connect HDD and DVD Writer

~ 18 ~
SATA Controller:
It is used to connect Latest HDD and DVD Writer

BIOS: (Basic Input Output System)

With this we can handle all computer hardware settings (not software)

Other name for BIOS is Flash Memory or ROM

CMOS:
Date and Time

AGP Slot:

For Graphic Card or Multimedia Purpose

ATX Power Controller:

20 + 4 Pins or 24 + 4 Pins, to provide voltages to MB Components

PCI Slot:
It is used to connect add-on parts

Eg: Damage LAN Card, VGA Card, Audio Card..... we can buy a card (like LAN, VGA..)
and put it in a slot

Boot Loader:

Windows Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) is a small piece of software, called a boot manager,
that's loaded from the volume boot code, which is part of the volume boot record.

BOOTMGR helps your Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, or Windows Vista operating
system start.

BOOTMGR eventually executes winload.exe, the system loader used to continue the
Windows boot process.

On most Windows computers, this partition is labelled as System Reserved and does not have
a drive letter.

If you don't have a System Reserved partition, BOOTMGR is probably located on your
primary drive, which is usually C:

~ 19 ~
Boot Loader is used in Linux and Windows 7, 10?

LILO (Linux Loader) LOADLIN (Load Linux) GRUB (Grand Unified Boot loader)

Booting:

The term boot is used to describe the process taken by the computer when turned on, that
loads the operating system and prepares the system for use.

Booting, boot up, and start up are all synonymous terms and generally describe the long list
of things that happen from the pressing of the power button to a fully loaded and ready-to-use
session of an operating system, like Windows.

What Is CMOS and What Is It For?

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) is the term usually used to describe the

small amount of memory on a computer motherboard that stores the BIOS settings. Some of
these BIOS settings include the system time and date as well as hardware settings.

Most talk of CMOS involves clearing CMOS, which means to reset the BIOS settings to their
default levels. This is a really easy task that's a great troubleshooting step for many types of
computer problems. See How to Clear CMOS for several ways to do this on your computer.

Other Names for CMOS

CMOS is sometimes referred to as Real-Time Clock (RTC), CMOS RAM, Non-Volatile

RAM (NVRAM), Non-Volatile BIOS memory, or complementary-symmetry metal-oxide-
semiconductor (COS-MOS).

BIOS

BIOS, which stands for Basic Input Output System, is software stored on a small Memory
Chip on the Motherboard.

BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions such as booting
and keyboard control.

BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as the hard
drive, floppy drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, etc.

~ 20 ~
Popular BIOS Manufacturers
Phoenix Technologies
IBM
Dell
American Megatrends (AMI)

Here are some common things you can do in most BIOS systems:
Change the Boot Order
Load BIOS Setup Defaults
Remove a BIOS Password
Create a BIOS Password
Change the Date and Time
Change Floppy Drive Settings
Change Hard Drive Settings
Change CD/DVD/BD Drive Settings
View Amount of Memory Installed
Change the Boot Up Num Lock Status
Enable or Disable the Computer Logo
Enable or Disable the Quick Power On Self Test (POST)
Enable or Disable the CPU Internal Cache
Enable or Disable the Caching of BIOS
Change CPU Settings
Change Memory Settings
Change System Voltages
Enable or Disable RAID
Enable or Disable Onboard USB
Enable or Disable Onboard IEEE1394
Enable or Disable Onboard Audio
Enable or Disable Onboard Serial/Parallel Ports
Enable or Disable ACPI
Change the ACPI Suspend Type
Change the Power Button Function
Change Power-on Settings
Change Which Display is Initialized First on Multi-Display Setups
Reset Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD)
Enable or Disable BIOS Control of System Resources
Change Fan Speed Settings
View CPU and System Temperatures
View Fan Speeds
View System Voltages

~ 21 ~
POST:

When Power is turned on, POST is the Diagnostic Testing Sequence that a computers BIOS
or starting program run to determine if the computer Keyboard, RAM, HDD and other
Hardware are working correctly.
(Or)

The Post Tests the computer to make sure all the requirements are met and the
hardware is working correctly.
If the computer passes the test, it will make a short single “Beep”
No Beep or Multiple Beeps, indicates a problem
The computer will generate a Beep Code to help you to pinpoint the problem

Benefits:
1. We can get info of Hardware Parts
RAM, HDD, CPU
2. PC Health Condition
CPU TEMP
MB TEMP
Volatge Info
3. Boot Priority:
OS Installation with DVD, Pendrive
Before Installation we need to put
1st Priority – DVD or Pen Drive (from which device we are OS)
2nd Priority – HDD
After Installation change the Boot Priority
1st Priority – HDD
2nd Priority – DVD ....
4. Protection:
Disable or Enable (Hardware Components)

Boot Menu

The boot menu is a menu accessible when a computer is first starting up. It can contain a
number of different device options to boot to, including CD, DVD, Flash or hard drives, and
a LAN (network). The boot menu allows a user to load up other operating systems or
applications, even if the computer itself already has an operating system on it. It is also useful
when trying to install a new operating system on a computer, and the user needs to load the
installation application from a CD or DVD.

~ 22 ~
How to enter the Boot Menu

When a computer is starting up, the user can access the boot menu by pressing one of several
keyboard keys. Common keys for accessing the boot menu are Esc, F2, F10 or F12,
depending on the manufacturer of the computer or motherboard. The specific key to press is
usually specified on the computer's startup screen. The boot menu allows a user to select
what device to load an operating system or application from as the computer is booting.

If desired, the order of the devices listed in the boot menu, also called the boot sequence,
can be changed, so that the computer always tries to boot to the hard drive or to a CD/DVD
drive.

Note: F10 – Save and Exit from Boot Menu

F8 is for Advance Boot Option (Universal)

How to enter the Boot Menu??

In Lenovo Laptop (Latest) Left side Corner a hole

In HP Laptop F9

In Sony Laptop Assist Button on Keypad

Boot Sequence:

Alternatively referred to as boot options or boot order, the boot sequence defines which
devices a computer should check for the operating system's boot files. It also specifies the
order in which those devices should be checked. The list can be changed and re-ordered in
the computer's BIOS.

File System

Alternatively referred to as file management and sometimes abbreviated as FS, a file system
is a method of organizing and retrieving files from a storage medium, such as a hard drive.
File systems usually consist of files separated into groups called directories. Directories can
contain files or additional directories. Today, the most commonly used file system with
Windows is NTFS.

(Or) File System is used in Linux ext4 in Windows 10 NTFS

In a computer, a file system is the way in which files are named and where they are placed
logically for storage and retrieval.

~ 23 ~
For example, DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh and Unix-based operating systems all have
file systems in which files are placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is
placed in a directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the desired place in the tree
structure.

File systems specify conventions for naming files, including the maximum number of
characters in a name, which characters can be used and, in some systems, how long the file
name suffix can be. A file system also includes a format for specifying the path to a file
through the structure of directories.

File systems and the role of metadata

File systems use metadata to store and retrieve files. Some examples of metadata tags
include:

Date created
Date modified
File size

File system access

File systems can also restrict read and/or write access to a particular group of users.
Passwords are the easiest way to do this.

Encrypting files is another way to prevent user access. A key is applied to unencrypted text to
encrypt it, or the key is used to decrypt encrypted text. Only users with the key can access the
file.

Note:

CPUZ is software to know the info of HDD, RAM, MB ... in our PC

~ 24 ~
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAT 32 AND NTFS

FAT 32 NTFS
Abbreviation File Allocation Table New Technology File System

Introduced 1977 1993

Max File Size 4 GB Minus 2 Bytes 16 TB Minus 64 Bytes

Fault Tolerance No Auto Repair

Security Only Network Local and Network

Compression No Yes

Encryption No Yes

Max File Name 8.3 Characters (8Filename 3Exe ) 255 Characters

Conversation Can be converted to NTFS Cannot be Converted to FAT

Developer Microsoft and Caldera Microsoft

Compatibility All Windows Versions, Mac OS XP, Vista, 7, 8.1, 8, 10, 2012

Difference between System Software and Application Software:

1. System Software is designed to manage the system resources like memory

management, process management, protection and security, etc. and it also provides
the platform for the application software to run. On the other hand, the Application
Software is designed to meet the user requirements of performing specific tasks.
2. The System Software is written in a low-level language like assembly language.
However, Application Software is written in a high-level language like Java, C++,
.net, VB, etc.
3. The System Software starts running as the system is powered on and run till the
system is powered off. The Application Software starts when the user starts it and
stops when the user stops it.
4. A system cannot run without the System Software whereas, the Application Software
is user specific they are not required to run a system; they are meant only for the
users.
5. Where the System Software is general purpose software, the Application
Software is specific purpose software.

~ 25 ~
 6. The best example of System Software is Operating system whereas, the
examples of Application Software is Microsoft Office, Photoshop, etc.

OPERATING SYSTEM
It is an interface between User and Hardware

Types:

1. Desktop Operating System

Eg: Windows 7, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows XP
2. Server Operating System
Eg: Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2

SHELL is an interface between User and OS. It uses either a Command-Line Interface (CLI)
(Keyboard) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) (Mouse), depending on a computer's role and
particular operation.

Eg: Power Shell is used in Windows 7

KERNEL is an interface between Operating System and Hardware

Eg: Hybrid Kernel is used in Windows 7

S.No Windows 7 Editions Windows Server 2012 R2 Editions

1. Windows 7 Starter Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation

2. Windows 7 Home Basic Windows Server 2012 R2 Essential

3. Windows 7 Home Premium Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard

4. Windows 7 Professional Windows Server 2012 R2 Data Centre

5. Windows 7 Enterprise

6. Windows 7 Ultimate

Note:

1. Windows 7 Professional and Enterprise used by the Companies and in

Windows 7 Ultimate all features are available.

~ 26 ~
 2. Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation and Essential used in Small Companies
and Data Centre in MNC.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR

Windows 7 Windows Server 2012 R2

Hardware
32 bit 64 bit 32 Bit 64 bit

Processor 1 GHz or Faster 1 GHz or Faster 1.4 GHz

Only 64 Bit
RAM 1 GB 2 GB 512 MB
available
HDD 16 GB 20 GB 32 GB

Installation Types or OS Installation Method:

Types:

1. Direct Installation (With DVD, Pendrive)

2. Remote Installation (in Servers by using WDS, Quick Start (in Linux) Services)
3. Mount ISO Installation (3 and 4 used in Cloud Computing)
4. Zero Touch Installation

Direct Installation Types:

1. Clean Installation (All data erased, all partitions deleted)
2. Custom Installation (Only C drive)

Boot Disk: if we want to install OS from DVD then that DVD is called Boot Disk
Eg: Windows 7, 8, 8.1, 10
YUMI Tool: is used to convert a pen drive to Bootable
Virus:
A Computer Virus is a Malicious Software Program “Malware” that can infect a
computer by modifying or deleting data files, boot sector of a HDD or causes a
software program to work in unexpected manner.
(Or)

A computer virus is a program that may disturb the normal working of a computer system.

~ 27 ~
Damage Causing Virus:
1. A PC Virus can damage data or software on the PC.
2. It can delete some or all files on the PC System
3. It can destroy all the data by formatting HDD

Types:
Boot Sector Virus
Web Scripting Virus
Browser Hijacker
Resident Virus
Macro Virus
Trojan

Motherboard Drivers:
S.No Desktop Laptop
1 LAN Driver LAN Driver

2 Audio Driver Audio Driver

3 VGA Driver VGA Driver

4 Chipset Driver (North & South Bridge) Chipset Driver (North & South Bridge)

5 Wi-Fi Driver

6 Bluetooth Driver

7 Webcam Driver

Note: By default in MB CD we will get all the above drivers whn u buy a PC or Laptop

1. We should say, for Installing OS Install and for removing OS Format

2. While Installing OS keep the Pendrive at Back Panel
3. In Windows 7 not more than 4 Partitions we can make
4. After OS Installation from Disk Management we can make ‘n’ no of Partitions

~ 28 ~
 Important Note:

If we don’t have the MB CD (or) MB Drivers not found in the Internet there is a
Software Tool called Driver Pack Solution (Versions 13, 14, 15....) in this all types
(Desktop and Laptop) of MB drivers are available.

How to activate the Windows 7?

When Monitor screen is Black (after month continuously restarts)

Windows is not activated (trial version)

Windows Loader:

It's a program designed to allow you to bypass the Activation process for Windows in order to use
it fully without having to purchase a product key from Microsoft.
It is dummy key or duplicate it will
In Google Search for Windows loader software
http://winactivators.com/
Click Download
A Pop Dialog box (ask save File) and New Tab open
Open ZIP file it will ask the Password enter the password windowstool

General Software that are Commonly / Mandatory used In Company:

1. MS Office 2007/2010/2013
2. Browser
3. Adobe Reader
4. Anti Virus
5. WinRar
6. Skype

~ 29 ~
Note: While Installing OS any error comes it means OS Error or HDD error note that
error try to fix it

Windows Setup could not configure windows to run on this computer

Hardware

Windows 7:

1. At the error screen, press Shift+F10 to open a command prompt.

2. Type cd \ and press Enter.
3. Type cd c:\windows\system32\oobe and press Enter.

4. Type msoobe and press Enter. The installation process should now
automatically continue.

5. Remove the installation media and the system should finish the installation and
boot into Windows.

Windows 10:

1. While on the screen where the error appears, press Shift+F10 to bring up the
command prompt.
2. Type CD C:\windows\system32\oobe and hit Enter.
3. Type msoobe and hit Enter.
4. You may then be prompted to create an account name and password, and set the time
and date. Click Finish when done.

NOTE: If this is a retail version of Windows 10, you may also be prompted to
enter a product key for Windows 10. Enter the product key and click Finish.

~ 30 ~
Device Manager:

It provides a central and organized view of all MS Windows recognized

Hardware installed in a Computer

It is used to manage the hardware devices installed in a computer like HDD,

Keyboards, Sound cards, USB Devices and more

It can be used for changing hardware configuration options, Managing Drives,

Disabling and Enabling Hardware, indentifying conflicts between Hardware devices
and much more.

How to Access Device Manager from the Command Prompt

Open Command Prompt or Press Windows key + R on keyboard

Type devmgmt.msc

How to open Device Manager via Control Panel

Start

Open Control Panel

Click System and security

From this Control Panel Screen Look for choose Device Manager

Disk Management:

It is used to manage the drives installed in a computer like HDD (Internal and
External), Optical Disk Drives and Flash Drives.

It can be used to Partition Drives, Format Drives, Assign Drive Letters, Delete
Partitions, Shrink (Decrease) Partition and Extend Partition size.
Maximum 4 Partitions can be created at the time of OS Installation.
If you want more partitions after OS Installation we can create ‘n’ of Partitions

In HDD point of you first 4 Partitions are called Primary Partitions remaining
partitions are called Logical Partitions

~ 31 ~
How to Access Disk Management from the Command Prompt
Open Command Prompt or Press Windows key + R on keyboard
Type diskmgmt.msc

How to open Disk Management via Control Panel

Start
Right click on Computer
Click Manage
When Computer Management opens, tap or click on Disk Management on the left
side of the window, located under Storage.

How to Hide a Partition or Volume???

How to Hide Drive via Command Prompt

Open an elevated command prompt, type Diskpart and hit Enter.

Type List Volume and hit Enter.
Now type select and the numeral against the letter of the Drive (e.g.,. it could be G
Drive), which you want to hide. For instance, it could be Select Volume 6. Hit Enter.
Finally, type Remove Letter G and hit Enter.
You will see a message – Diskpart successfully removed the drive letter or
mount point.
To show the hidden drive, follow steps 1, 2, 3 mentioned above.
Now type Assign Letter D and hit Enter. This will show the drive in Explorer.

How to Hide Drive using Disk Management??

We need to right click on My Computer

Click Manage
Computer Management Console open locate Storage by double clicking on it
Now double Click on Disk Management
Disk Management Console Opens up and you will see all drives of your PC
Choose the drive which you want to hide and right click on it
Choose change letter and paths and click on remove button
If it asks for confirmation, say ‘Yes’. Now, you cannot see the hidden drive in My
Computer.

~ 32 ~
Driver Protection with Bit locker:

Open My Computer

Select the Drive that you want to Protect

Right click on drive

Select Turn on Bit Locker

It asks you Choose how you want to unlock this drive

Select use a password to unlock the drive

Type Password (must be min 6 chars long, numeric or alphabets)

Click Next

It asks you how you want to store your recovery key.

Click on save the recovery key to a file

Three Options

Save the recovery key to a Flash Drive USB

Save the recovery key to a file

Print the recovery

it asks you to save the file (location our choice) click save

Click yes

Next

Click Start Encrypting (it will encrypt and we find lock symbol on drive)

~ 33 ~
How to assign IP Address?
Assign Methods:

1. Dynamic (Router/Server will assign IP Address Automatically to PC)

2. Static (we need to Assign IP Address Manually)

Start
Control Panel
Networking and Sharing Centre
Change Adapter Settings
Right Click on LAN Adapter
Select TCP/IPV4 and Click on Properties
Select use the following IP Address
a. IP Address: Enter 10.0.0.1
b. Subnet Mask: Just click on it will take
Click ok

Advance Boot Options

Repair Your Computer

Safe Mode
Safe Mode with Networking.
Safe Mode with Command Prompt.
Enable Boot Logging.
Enable low-resolution video (640×480).
Last Known Good Configuration (advanced).
Directory Services Restore Mode.
Debugging Mode.
Disable automatic restart on system failure
Disable Driver Signature Enforcement.
Start Windows Normally.

~ 34 ~
FIREWALL:

Can be either Software or Hardware

Designed to prevent unauthorized access from entering a private network
Blocks unwanted traffic and permits wanted traffic.

How to Access Firewall from the Control Panel

Start
Control Panel
Windows Firewall
Click on Turn Windows Firewall on or off from left Pane
Select Turn on Windows firewall for both Private and Public Network

Note: In Single PC or for Personal use we need to turn ON Firewall

In Network we need to turn OFF Firewall (Hardware Firewall will use there)
(Data Sharing, Remote Desktop and Communication not possible)

USER ACCOUNTS

1. Built in accounts (by default with OS, Administrative and Guest Accounts)
2. These 2 accounts are by default disabled
3. If we want to enable these accounts

The following steps we need to follow to enable

Start
On Computer right click
Select Manage
Computer Management dialog box opens
Select Local Users and Groups and Expand it
Click on Users
On right side window – Select Administrator – right click on it
Select properties
Uncheck the Account is disabled

Note: Administrator -- Full Rights

Guest – Standard Rights (Limited Rights)

~ 35 ~
How to Create a Restore Point

Click on Start orb, Find My Computer in the start Menu, Right click with your
Mouse and Select Properties

On the left side, select the System protection option to open the System
Properties window. Then, click the Create button.

In the new window enter a description for the restore point in the text field and
click the Create button.
The restore point will be created and available to rollback to if ever needed.

Note: By Mistake if we delete Application Software (MS Office, Reader) it will

restore, it is mainly used for Application Software

How to open a system restore using command prompt?

Press windows Key + R

Type rstrui.exe
In the opened window, click Next
System Restore Windows open, Click the Next Create button.
Choose the Restore Point and Click on Next Button.
In the opened window, click 'Yes'

How to Access Restore Point if you are created

Click on Start orb, Find Control Panel in the start Menu

Opens adjust your Computer Settings windows, select the Recovery Option Click
on Open System Restore Button.
System Restore Windows open, Click the Next Create button.
Choose the Restore Point and Click on Next Button.
In the opened window, click 'Yes'

~ 36 ~
REGULAR USAGE COMMANDS

S.NO COMMAND MEANING

1. %temp% Clean Unnecessary Info

2. Cmd Enter to Command Prompt

3. dxdiag System Information

4. getmac System IP Information

5. gpupdate Update Changes

6. hostname Check Computer Name

7. ipconfig System IP Information

8. ipconfig /all System IP Information

9. ipconfig /registerdns DNS Registration

10. ipconfig /release Getting IP Address Automatically

11. ipconfig /renew Getting New IP Address Automatically

12. msinfo32 System Information

13. mstsc Remote Desktop Connection

14. ncpa.cpl Network Adapter Checking

15. net accounts Server / Desktop

16. net users Users Information

17. nslookup Check name server Information

~ 37 ~
18. prefetch Clean unnecessary Information

19. recent Clean unnecessary Information

20. Temp Clean unnecessary Information

21. Whoami Check Login User Info

~ 38 ~
ADVANCE FEATURES INSTALLATIONS

Start
Control Panel
Select Programs and Features
Click on Turn windows features ON or OFF in left Pane
Select any features to enable (Click in Checkbox)
Eg: Telnet Server
Click Ok
Restart the system

HOW TO STOP SERVICES

My Computer
Right on My Computer select Manage
Services and Applications Expand it
Double click on Services
Choose the services that u want to stop or start
Eg: Windows Firewall Double click on it
Start up type Option : Select Disable
Services Status option click on Stop tab
Apply
Ok
Restart the PC

~ 39 ~
OPERATING SYSTEM CORRUPTED (Using Hiren’s Boot CD)

Format the Pendrive with NTFS File system

Then using YUMI Tool boot the Pendrive (ISO file of Hirens Boot CD)

Shutdown the PC

Put the Pendrive in USB Port

Turn on the PC, Enter into Boot Menu, Select USB FIP save and exit

Select Other OS and Tools

Select Hierns Boot CD (15.2)

Select Mini Windows XP (Windows XP Loading default Pic)

Click on My Computer

We need to search OS in which drive

Eg: if OS in C drive means double click on it

Click on Users

If data is in Administrator or in Standard User

We need to open that User Eg: If i need data in Administrator click on Admin

Click on Desktop

Select the data and copy the data and paste it to external Storage (Pendrive)

Close

Shutdown

Remove the bootable Pendrive

Turn on the pc

~ 40 ~
ADMINISTRATIVE PASSWORD BREAKING (Using Hiren’s Boot CD)

Format the Pendrive with NTFS File system

Then using YUMI Tool boot the Pendrive (ISO file of Hirens Boot CD)
Shutdown the PC
Put the Pendrive in USB Port
Turn on the PC, Enter into Boot Menu, Select USB FIP save and exit
Select Other OS and Tools
Select Hierns Boot CD (15.2)
Select Mini Windows XP (Windows XP Loading default Pic)
Search for OS installed drive letter Eg: d drive
Click on HBCD Menu
Program Tab
Select Passwords/Keys
Window Login
NTPWEdit (Reset XP/Vista/Win7 User Password)
Under Path to Sam File
Check the drive letter where OS installed if not there change
If reopen button is in disable follow the above step
Select Administrator
Change Password
Enter New Password
Verify
Click Ok
Click on Save changes
Exit
Shut down
Turn on the PC

~ 41 ~
~ 42 ~
 INTERVIEW POINT OF VIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is hardware?
2. What is computer ?
3. Explain computer parts
4. How to reset BIOS password?
5. What is BIOS and explain bios features ?
6. Difference between SATA and IDE hard disk
7. Which kernel we are using in linux
8. How to break user Account ?
9. How many editions in windows 7 ?
10. What is kernel ?
11. What t is bootmgr ?
12. How to block internet in PC
13. What is blue screen of the death
14. Explain Mother board components
15. Explain RAM types and differences
16. What CMOS ?
17. Explain south bridge and north bridge
18. Explain front panel and back panel in mother board
19. How to update operating system
20. How to assign IP address?
21. How can I see IP address and which command we are using?
22. Explain hard disk partition types and create a partition
23. What is file system and which file system we are using in windows platform
24. Explain Operating system installation methods
25. What is migration and how to migrate from windows 7 to windows 10
26. What is “disk boot failure “
27. What is cmos check sum error ?
28. Explain user accounts in windows platform
29. What is bit-locker ?
30. How to stop and restart services
31. How to install advance features
32. How to stop update automatically in your PC
33. How to install mother drivers
34. What is virus and explain viruses types
35. Explain anti-viruses
36. What is shell which shell we are using in windows platform
37. Difference between NTFS and FAT
38. How to recovery deleted data from hard disk and which tools are you using?
39. System working very slow what are the reasons are find out
40. Explain SMPS color codes
41. Explain your system Hardware configuration
42. Explain windows 10 hardware requirement
43. How to disable and enable hardware in BIOS and operating system

~ 43 ~
44. Difference between static and dynamic RAMs
45. What is firewall and explain firewall types
46. How to share printer in a networking
47. How many partition we are created in Operating system time ?
48. What is backup and how to backup operating system
49. How to recovery uninstalled apps form windows operating ststem
50. How to protect your personal computer
51. How to share a folder in a network
52. How to setup a internet connection to the desktop
53. If user forget his password how to reset forget password
54. How to disable user account
55. What is safemod and how to enter into safemode window
56. What is advance boot options and how to enter into advance boot options
57. How to repair operating system without third party tool
58. What is APIPA
59. What is wildcard mask
60. How to format completed hard disk in command prompt
61. Difference between manageable switch and non manageable switch
62. Difference between IPv4 and IPv6 ?
63. What is subnet mask

~ 44 ~