09-11-2024

Fall 2024
United International University

EEE 3205: Power Systems

Lecture#2: Representation of
Short, Medium and Long c

Transmission Line
S. M. Lutful Kabir, PhD
Professor, UIU

Line parameters

Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance are distributed over the length of the line.

For overhead transmission lines, shunt conductance is normally neglected.

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Some Convention Regarding parameters

◇ The symbols for the line parameters are used as follows,

◇ z (small case letter, z ) = series impedance per unit length per phase
◇ y (small case letter, y ) = shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral
◇ l (small case letter, l ) = length of the line
◇ Z (large case letter, Z ) = total series impedance per phase
◇ Y (large case letter, Y ) = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral

Categories of line
◇ Short – less that 50 mile (80 km) long - Capacitance can be neglected.
◇ Medium – more than 50 mile (80 km) but less than 150 miles (240 km) long -
Capacitance can be represented in lumped form.
◇ Long – more than 150 mile (240 km) long - Capacitance can be represented in
distributed form.

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Short Line Representation

o IS and IR are the sending end and receiving end currents respectively where as VS
and VR are the sending and receiving end voltages respectively.
Z = R +j XL
IS IR

+ +

Gen VS VR Load

- -

o R and XL are the values for the entire length of the line
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Voltage and Current Relationship for Short

Transmission Line
◇ The sending end current and the receiving end voltages are equal, so IS = IR
◇ The voltage at sending end is given by,
VS = VR + IR Z
◇ Voltage regulation is defined as the change in the voltage at the receiving end,
(expressed in percent of full load voltage), when full load at the specified power
factor is removed while the sending end voltage is held constant. In the form of
equation,
◇ Percent regulation ={|VR,NL|-|VR,FL|}x100/|VR,FL|

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The Phasor diagram a Short Transmission Line

VS

jXLIR
ZIR

IR VR IR R
a) Unity pf

ZIR VS
VS
jXLIR
IR
VR ZIR
jXLIR
IR
IR R IRR
b) Lagging pf VR
c) Leading pf
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Exercise#1
#1. A 1 MW load at 11 kV, 0.8 pf (lag) is supplied through a short line having Z=0.8+j5.0
ohms. What is value of sending end voltage?

11000 0
Solution: VR  0 volt  63510 0 volt
3
PR 106
PR  3VR , L  L I R , L cos   I R , L    65.61 A
3VR , L  L cos  3 X 11X 103 X 0.8
I R , L  65.61( cos 1 0.8) amp  65.61  36.90 amp
I R , ph  I R , L  65.61  36.9 0 amp

VS , ph  VR , ph  I R , ph( R  jX L )  6351
𝑉 .0= {6351∠0
0
 33253 0
 6556
+(65.61 2.32
∠ − 36.9
0
)(0.8 + 𝑗5.0) } 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑉. = 6594∠2
VS , L  L  3 VS , ph  3 X 6556 volt|𝑉 .11,|356
= 11425  11=.36
volt 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 kV kV
11.425 8
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Representation of Medium Length Line

Z = R +j XL
IS IR

+ +

VS Y/2 Y/2 VR Load

- -

◇ Total shunt admittance of the line is divided into two parts placed at the receiving
and sending end of the line.
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IS Z = R +j XL IR
Voltage and Current
+
ICS IRL ICR +
Relationship for the
VS VR Load
-
Y/2 Y/2 - medium length line
Now the sending end current is,
Applying KCL at the load end
Y I S  I CS  I RL ... ( 4)
I RL  I R  I CR  I R  VR .....(1)
2 Since, ICS=VSY/2 and substituting for IRL
Applying KVL over the loop
 Y  Y
I S  VS    I R  VR  .... (5)
VS  VR  I RL Z ..... ..... ( 2)  2  2
Substituting VS from eqn (3) into (5),
Substituting the expression of IRL
 Y    ZY  Y Y
VS  VR   I R  VR I S  VR 1    ZI R   I R  VR
 Z   2   2 2
 2 
After simplification Substituting VS from eqn (3) into (5),

ZY  ZY   ZY 
or,VS  (1  )VR  ZI R .... (3) I S  VR 1   Y  1   I R ... ( 6)
2  4   2  10
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ABCD Constants of a medium length line

o Equation (3) and (6) provide the expressions of VS and IS in terms of VR and IR,
they can be expressed in general form,

VS  AVR  BI R ...... (7) I S  CVR  DI R ...... (8)

o Comparing eqn (7) with (3) and (8) with (6), we can write,
 ZY   ZY   ZY 
A  1   BZ C  1  Y D  1  
 2   4   2 

o Note that A=D and AD-BC = 1

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Exercise#2
◇ A 100-mi three phase transmission line delivers 55 MVA, at 0.8 pf lagging at 50 Hz
to the load at 132 kV. The line is composed of Drake conductors with flat
horizontal spacing of 11.9 ft between the adjacent conductors. The series
impedance of line per unit length is (0.1284 + j 0.7276) ohms/mi. And the shunt
impedance per unit length is 0.1715 Mohm-mi. Assume a wire temperature of
500C. Determine
(a) the series impedance and shunt admittance of the line.
(b) the ABCD constants of the line.
(c) the sending end voltage, current, real and reactive
power and power factor.
(d) the percent regulation of the line.
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Solution of exercise#2
(a) Series impedance, Z = 100 x (0.1284 + j 0.7276)
= 12.84 + j 72.76 = 73.88∠800.
Y=100 * j /[0.1715 x 106]= j 5.83 x 10-4 mho.
(b) A = D = 1 + ZY/2 = 1 + [73.88∠800] [5.83 x 10-4∠900 ] / 2
= 0.979 ∠0.2190
B=Z= 73.88∠800
C = (1 + ZY/4) Y
= [ 1 + {(73.88∠800) (5.83 x 10-4∠900 )}/4] 5.83 x 10-4∠900
= 5.768 x 10-4∠900 mho
[check: The relation AD-BC = 1 must satisfied]

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Solution (continued)
◇ Load -> 55 MVA, at 0.8 pf lagging to the load at 132 kV
◇ VR,ph=[VR,(L-L)/√3] ∠0 =[132 x 10 /√3]∠0 =76210∠0 volt
0 3 0 0

◇ VA= √3 x VR,(L-L) x IR,L

◇ IR,L = VA/ [√3 x VR,(L-L) ]=55 x 10 /[√3 x 132 x 10 ]

6 3

= 240.56 amp
with angle, IR,L = 240.56∠-36.90 amp =[192.4– j144.3] amp
◇ VS = A VR + B IR = [0.979 ∠0.219 ] [76210∠0 ] +
0 0

+[73.88∠800][240.56∠-36.90 ]
= 88441∠8.080 volt
◇ |VS,(L-L)|= √3 x 88441/1000 kV =153.2 kV

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Solution (continued)
◇ IS = C VR + D IR = [5.768 x 10-4∠900] [76210∠00] +
+[0.979 ∠0.2190][240.56∠-36.90 ]
= 212 ∠-27.20 amp
◇ θs = [(-27.20) – (+8.080)]= -35.280
◇ Power factor = cos(-35.280) = 0.816
◇ PS= √3 VS IS cos (-35.280)= 45.92 MW
◇ QS= √3 VS IS sin (-35.280)= -32.49 MVAR
◇ Percent Regulation = (VR, NL – VR, FL) x 100 / VR, FL
◇ =(VS/A – VR, FL) x 100/ VR, FL
◇ = (153.2/0.979 – 132) x 100/132 = 18.55 %

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Thanks!
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