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Punjab Tianjin University of Technology: Bs Software Engineering Technology

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20 views9 pages

Punjab Tianjin University of Technology: Bs Software Engineering Technology

Uploaded by

23-st-037
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PUNJAB TIANJIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

BS SOFTWARE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

NAME:ZEESHAN ATIF SIDDIQUI

ROLL # 02

DATA TYPE
Data types are a fundamental concept that defines the type of data
that a particular variable can hold or represent.

Integer (int): Used for whole numbers. It can be either signed (positive
and negative values) or unsigned (only positive values). Examples
include 1, -5, and 100.

Floating-Point (float or double): Used for numbers with a decimal point.


These types can represent both small and large real numbers with
decimal precision. Examples include 3.14, -0.005, and 2.0.

Character (char): Used to represent a single character, such as a letter,


digit, or special symbol. Examples include 'A', '7', and '!'.

String: A sequence of characters. It is not a primitive data type in all


languages but is often treated as one because of its ubiquity. Examples
include "Hello, World!" and "12345".

Boolean (bool): Represents true or false values. Used for logical


operations and conditional statements. Examples include true and false.

Array: A collection of elements, all of the same data type, stored in


contiguous memory locations. Elements are accessed by their index. For
example, an integer array might store [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
VARIABLE

A variable is a fundamental concept used to store and manipulate data


within a program or computer program. It is essentially a named
memory location or storage container with a specific data type that
holds a value. Variables are used to represent and work with different
types of information, such as numbers, text, and more complex data
structures, during the execution of a computer program.

Key characteristics of variables in computer science include:

Name: Each variable is assigned a unique identifier (its name) that is


used to reference and manipulate the data it holds. Variable names
typically follow naming conventions and rules, which vary depending
on the programming language being used.

Data Type: Variables have a specific data type that determines what
kind of data they can store. Common data types include integers,
floating-point numbers, characters, strings, Boolean values, and more
complex types like arrays and objects. The data type determines the size
and format of the data stored in the variable and dictates the operations
that can be performed on it.

Value: Variables can hold a value of their assigned data type. This value
can be changed or updated during the execution of a program, allowing
the program to work with and manipulate data dynamically.

Scope: Variables can have different scopes, depending on where they


are declared. Local variables are limited to a specific block of code or
function, while global variables can be accessed throughout the entire
program. The scope of a variable determines where it can be used and
how long it exists in memory.
OPERATORS

Operators are symbols or special keywords used to perform operations


on data or operands. Operators are a fundamental part of programming
languages, and they allow you to manipulate and work with data in
various ways. The types of operators available in programming
languages may vary, but there are some common categories of operators:

Arithmetic Operators: These operators are used to perform basic


mathematical operations on numeric values. Common arithmetic
operators include:

+ (Addition): Adds two or more values together.

- (Subtraction): Subtracts one value from another.

* (Multiplication): Multiplies two or more values.

/ (Division): Divides one value by another.

% (Modulus): Returns the remainder of a division operation.

** (Exponentiation): Raises a value to a specified power.

Logical Operators: These operators are used to perform logical


operations on Boolean values. Common logical operators include:

and (Logical AND): Returns True if both operands are True.

or (Logical OR): Returns True if at least one operand is True.


not (Logical NOT): Returns the opposite Boolean value of the operand.

Relational Operators:

Equal to (==): Checks if two operands are equal.

Not equal to (!=): Checks if two operands are not equal.

Greater than (>): Checks if the left operand is greater than the right
operand.

Less than (<): Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.

Greater than or equal to (>=): Checks if the left operand is greater than or
equal to the right operand.

Less than or equal to (<=): Checks if the left operand is less than or equal
to the right operand.

DECISION MAKING STRUCTURES


Decision-making structures in C++ allow you to control the flow of your
program based on certain conditions. C++ provides several ways to
implement decision-making structures:

if Statement:

The if statement is used to execute a block of code only if a specified


condition is true.

if-else Statement:

The if-else statement is used when you want to execute one block of code
if a condition is true and another block if the condition is false.

else-if Ladder:

An else-if ladder is used when you have multiple conditions to check in a


sequence.

switch Statement:

The switch statement is used when you want to select one block of code
to execute from several options based on the value of an expression.

Conditional (Ternary) Operator:

The conditional operator (? :) provides a concise way to make decisions


in a single line of code.
LOOPS

In C++, loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a


certain condition is met or for a specific number of iterations. C++
provides three primary types of loops: for, while, and do-while. Here's
an overview of each type of loop:

for Loop:

The for loop is used when you know the number of iterations in advance.

SYNTAX:

initialization: Typically initializes a loop control variable.

condition: Specifies the condition for the loop to continue.

update: Updates the loop control variable after each iteration.

while Loop:

The while loop is used when you want to repeat a block of code as long
as a specific condition is true.

SYNTAX:

initialization: Typically initializes a loop control variable.

condition: Specifies the condition for the loop to continue.


update: Updates the loop control variable after each iteration

do-while Loop:

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the
loop body will execute at least once because the condition is checked
after the loop body.

Here are some additional loop control statement

break: Used to exit a loop prematurely.

continue: Used to skip the rest of the current iteration and move to the
next iteration.

goto: Allows you to jump to a labeled statement within your code, but it is
generally discouraged because it can make code less readable and
harder to maintain.

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