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2023

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11 views

2023

Uploaded by

Diksha Nageshwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. (a) Discuss the conceptual framework and characteristics of IoT.

Answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices, sensors, and
systems that collect, exchange, and analyze data to enable automation, optimization, and
enhanced decision-making. The key characteristics of IoT include:

1. Interconnectivity: IoT enables a wide range of devices to connect and communicate


over a common network.
2. Data Collection: Devices collect data from the physical environment using sensors.
3. Intelligence: IoT systems use data analytics and machine learning to generate
insights.
4. Automation: IoT can automate processes and trigger actions without human
intervention.
5. Scalability: IoT systems are designed to handle a growing number of devices and
data.
6. Security and Privacy: Data integrity and user privacy are crucial in IoT applications.

1. (b) Describe IoT architectural view in detail.

Answer: IoT architecture typically consists of four layers:

1. Device Layer: Includes physical devices like sensors, actuators, and edge devices that
collect and transmit data.
2. Network Layer: Transports data from IoT devices to centralized servers using
protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LTE.
3. Middleware Layer: Responsible for processing, storing, and analyzing data using
cloud or edge computing resources.
4. Application Layer: Interfaces with end-users and enables decision-making and
action based on insights derived from the data.

2. (a) What is Network Function Virtualization (NFV) based architecture to


address connectivity and interoperability challenges in IoT?

Answer: Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture approach that


uses virtualization technologies to manage networking functions through software. It
addresses IoT connectivity and interoperability by:

 Enabling Scalability: Virtualized resources can easily scale up or down based on


demand.
 Enhancing Flexibility: NFV allows dynamic reconfiguration of networks to meet
varying IoT application requirements.
 Improving Efficiency: Reduces dependency on physical hardware, leading to cost
savings and increased efficiency.
 Facilitating Interoperability: NFV can integrate with diverse IoT protocols and
systems, making it easier to connect and manage heterogeneous devices.
2. (b) Explain IoT cloud-based data collection, storage, and computing
services using Nimbits.

Answer: Nimbits is an open-source cloud platform designed for IoT applications. It enables
data collection, storage, and real-time processing. Key features include:

 Data Collection: Nimbits can collect data from various IoT devices and sensors.
 Storage: Stores time-series data in the cloud, allowing for long-term data retention
and analysis.
 Computing Services: Offers real-time data processing, analytics, and alerts,
supporting the development of IoT applications that require quick decision-making.

3. (a) List features of REST architectural style of designing software


components.

Answer: Representational State Transfer (REST) is an architectural style used to design


networked applications. Key features include:

1. Stateless: Each request from a client contains all necessary information, eliminating
the need to store client context on the server.
2. Scalability: REST’s statelessness and separation of concerns enhance scalability.
3. Uniform Interface: Uses standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for
interactions.
4. Resource-Based: Data and functionality are represented as resources identified by
URLs.
5. Cacheable: Responses can be cached to improve performance and reduce latency.

3. (b) Explain in detail IP addressing in IoT.

Answer: IP addressing in IoT is crucial for uniquely identifying devices on a network. Two
main types of IP addresses used are:

1. IPv4: Limited to 4.3 billion addresses, IPv4 addresses are running out, which is a
challenge for IoT scalability.
2. IPv6: Provides a vastly larger address space, suitable for the growing number of IoT
devices. IPv6 also offers improved security and efficiency features, which are
beneficial for IoT.

IP addressing allows devices to connect and communicate, enabling data exchange and
interoperability in IoT networks.
4. (a) Name a few sensors and actuators with descriptions. How is RFID
helpful in IoT architecture?

Answer:

 Sensors: Measure physical parameters. Examples include:


o Temperature Sensors: Measure temperature changes.
o Proximity Sensors: Detect object presence.
o Humidity Sensors: Measure moisture levels.
 Actuators: Execute actions based on data from sensors. Examples include:
o Motors: Provide movement.
o Valves: Control fluid flow.

RFID in IoT: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) helps in identifying and tracking
objects in real-time. It plays a critical role in IoT applications like inventory management,
asset tracking, and automated checkout systems.

4. (b) Explain Automotive IoT.

Answer: Automotive IoT refers to the integration of IoT technology in vehicles to enhance
safety, efficiency, and user experience. Examples include:

 Telematics: Real-time data collection from vehicles for fleet management.


 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): Systems that use sensors to assist
drivers in real-time.
 Predictive Maintenance: Monitors vehicle health and alerts the owner of potential
issues before they occur.

5. (a) Draw the architecture of Arduino. Write some areas where Arduino
devices are used.

Answer: Arduino Architecture:

1. Microcontroller: The main processing unit.


2. Digital and Analog Pins: Connects sensors and actuators.
3. Power Supply: Typically 5V or 3.3V for operation.
4. USB Interface: For programming and power.

Applications:

 Home Automation: Controls lights, locks, and appliances.


 Wearable Devices: Tracks fitness and health metrics.
 Robotics: Powers small robots and drones.
5. (b) Explain IoT Privacy and Security Solutions.

Answer: IoT security is essential to protect data and devices from unauthorized access.
Solutions include:

1. Data Encryption: Protects data in transit and at rest.


2. Authentication and Authorization: Ensures only authorized users/devices can
access resources.
3. Network Security: Firewalls and intrusion detection prevent unauthorized access.
4. Device Management: Firmware updates and monitoring help secure IoT devices
from vulnerabilities.

6. (a) Explain with example of MQTT protocol. What is the role of MQTT
protocol in IoT?

Answer: MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging


protocol optimized for low-bandwidth and high-latency environments, making it ideal for
IoT.

 Example: A temperature sensor publishes data to an MQTT broker. Clients


subscribed to this topic receive temperature updates in real-time.
 Role in IoT: MQTT allows devices to communicate efficiently, especially in
scenarios where bandwidth is limited, like remote monitoring systems.

6. (b) What components are required to design an IoT device, and which
device do we call an IoT device? Explain with an example.

Answer: Components for an IoT Device:

1. Sensor/Actuator: For data collection or action execution.


2. Microcontroller or Microprocessor: For processing data.
3. Network Module: For communication (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
4. Power Source: Battery or power supply.

Example: A smart thermostat uses temperature sensors, a microcontroller, and Wi-Fi


connectivity to monitor and control home temperatures. This thermostat qualifies as an IoT
device because it connects to the internet and can be remotely controlled.

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