Chapter 2: Network A/I

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Connection
 Types of Connections

Home Router

Connecting to the Wired LAN

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Connection
 Network Interface Cards

Wired Connection Using an Ethernet NIC Connecting to the Wireless LAN with Range Extender

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Physical Layer Protocols
Purpose of the Physical Layer
 The Physical Layer
• Accepts a complete frame from the data
link layer
• Encodes it as a series of signals that are
transmitted onto the local media

 Physical Layer Media

• Describe the media types

 Physical Layer Standards

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Media

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Standards

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Standards
physical layer hardware, media, encoding, and signaling standards are defined and
governed by the:
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronic Industries Association (TIA/EIA)
 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 National telecommunications regulatory authorities including the ANRT (Morocco), the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Federal Communication Commission
(FCC) in the USA

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Characteristics

 Functions
• Physical components
• Encoding
• Signaling

 Data Transfer
• Bandwidth – capacity of a medium to carry data
• Throughput - measure of the transfer of bits across the media

 Types of Physical Media

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Functions
The physical layer standards address three functional areas:
1. Physical Components
They are the electronic hardware devices, media, and other connectors that
transmit and carry the signals to represent the bits.
Hardware components such as NICs, interfaces and connectors, cable
materials, and cable designs are all specified in standards associated with the
physical layer.

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Functions
The physical layer standards address three functional areas:
2. Encoding Components
Encoding or line encoding is a method of converting a stream of data bits into
a predefined "code”.
Codes are groupings of bits used to provide a predictable pattern that can be
recognized by both the sender and the receiver.
In the case of networking, encoding is a pattern of voltage or current used to
represent bits; the 0s and 1s.
For example, Manchester encoding represents a 0 bit by a high to low voltage
transition, and a 1 bit is represented as a low to high voltage transition. The
transition occurs at the middle of each bit period. This type of encoding is used
in 10 b/s Ethernet. Faster data rates require more complex encoding.

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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Functions
The physical layer standards address three functional areas:
3. Signaling
The physical layer must generate the electrical, optical, or wireless signals that
represent the "1" and "0" on the media.
The method of representing the bits is called the signaling method.
The physical layer standards must define what type of signal represents a "1"
and what type of signal represents a "0".
This can be as simple as a change in the level of an electrical signal or optical
pulse. For example, a long pulse might represent a 1 whereas a short pulse
represents a 0.
A common method to send data is using modulation techniques. Modulation
is the process by which the characteristic of one wave (the signal) modifies
another wave (the carrier).
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Physical Layer Protocols
Physical Layer Functions

Manchester Encoding Modulation

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Physical Layer Protocols
Types of Physical Media
 The physical layer produces the representation and groupings of bits as voltages, radio
frequencies, or light pulses.
 Various standards organizations have contributed to the definition of the physical,
electrical, and mechanical properties of the media available for different data
communications.
 These specifications guarantee that cables and connectors will function as anticipated
with different data link layer implementations.
 As an example, standards for copper media are defined for the:
• Type of copper cabling used
• Bandwidth of the communication
• Type of connectors used
• Pinout and color codes of connections to the media
• Maximum distance of the media
.

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2.2 Network Media

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Network Media
Copper Cabling

 Characteristics of Copper Cabling

• Inexpensive, easy to install, low resistance to electric current
• Distance and signal interference

 Copper Media
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable
 Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Copper Media Safety
• Fire and electrical hazards

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Network Media
Characteristics of Copper Cabling

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Network Media
Copper Media

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Network Media
Copper Media : Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

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Network Media
Copper Media : Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable

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Network Media
Copper Media : Coaxial Cable

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Network Media
Copper Media Safety

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Network Media
UTP Cabling
 Properties of UTP Cabling
• Cancellation of EMI and RFI signals with twisted pairs
 UTP Cabling Standards
• TIA/EIA-568
• IEEE: Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6A, Cat7, Cat7A, Cat8
 UTP Connectors
 Types of UTP Cable
• Rollover
• Crossover
• Straight-through
 Testing UTP Cables
 Cable Pinouts

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Network Media
Properties of UTP Cabling

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Network Media
UTP Cabling Standards

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Network Media
UTP Cabling Connectors

RJ-45 UTP Plugs

RJ-45 UTP Socket

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Network Media
UTP Connectors and Cable Types

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Network Media
Testing UTP Cables
UTP Testing Parameters:
 Wire map
 Cable length
 Signal loss due to attenuation
 Crosstalk

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Network Media
FTP/STP Cabling

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Network Media
FTP/STP Connectors
RJ-45 UTP Socket RJ-45 UTP Plugs

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Network Media
FTP/STP Connectors

RJ-45 UTP Outlet RJ-45 UTP Patch Panel

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Network Media
FTP/STP Connectors

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Network Media
FTP/STP Connectors

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Network Media
FTP/STP Connectors

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Cat6, Cat 6A, Cat7, Cat7A, Cat 8 …..

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Cat8 ?

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Network Media
Fiber-Optic Cabling
 Properties of Fiber-Optic Cabling
• Transmits data over longer distances
• Flexible, but thin strands of glass
• Transmits with less attenuation
• Immune to EMI and RFI

 Fiber Media Cable Design

 Types of Fiber Media
• Single mode and multimode

 Fiber-Optic Connectors
 Testing Fiber Cables
 Fiber versus Copper

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Network Media
Fiber Media Cable Design

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Network Media
Types of Fiber Media
Multimode Single Mode

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Network Media
Network Fiber Connectors

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Network Media
Network Fiber Connectors : Common Fiber Patch Cords

MPO-SC Single Mode Patch Cord

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Network Media
Testing Fiber Cables

Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

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Network Media
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)

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Network Media
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF) : Fiber Optic Splicing

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Network Media
Fiber vs Copper

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Network Media
Wireless Media
 Properties of Wireless Media
• Data communications using radio or microwave frequencies

 Types of Wireless Media

• Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, Cellular

 Wireless LAN
• Wireless Access Point
• Wireless NIC adapters

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