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Computer Networking

computer networing report writing

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BIKRAM
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Channelization Protocol

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION


CONTAI COLLEGE OF LEARNING & MANAGEMENT
SCIENCE

NAME: Bikram Adak


UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.: 34001222017
STREAM: BCA
SEMESTER: 5th
PAPER: Computer Networking
PAPER CODE: BCAC502
SESSION:2022-2025
ABSTRACT
Channelization protocols play a vital role in computer networking by
enabling multiple users to share the same communication medium
efficiently. The primary types of channelization protocols—Frequency
Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)—each utilize
different methods to allocate bandwidth. FDMA divides the available
spectrum into distinct frequency bands, allowing simultaneous
communication by assigning each user a specific frequency. TDMA, on
the other hand, segments the channel into time slots, with each user
transmitting in a specific slot. CDMA assigns unique codes to users,
enabling them to transmit simultaneously over the same frequency
band without interference. These protocols have diverse applications in
telecommunications and wireless networks, from early analog systems
to modern digital networks, optimizing bandwidth usage and ensuring
reliable communication.

INTRODUCTION
In modern computer networks, efficient use of shared communication
resources is crucial to handle the growing demand for bandwidth and
the need to support multiple users simultaneously. Channelization
protocols are a set of techniques designed to address this challenge by
dividing the available bandwidth into distinct channels, ensuring that
multiple users can communicate without interfering with one another.
The three main types of channelization protocols—Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)—each utilize unique
approaches to allocate bandwidth. FDMA separates users by
frequency, TDMA by time slots, and CDMA by unique codes. These
protocols are integral to various communication systems, including
mobile networks, radio broadcasting, and satellite communication, and
have evolved to support a range of technologies, from analog to digital
systems. This paper explores these channelization protocols, their
mechanisms, and their significance in optimizing network efficiency and
performance.
LITERATURE REVIEW

Channelization Protocols:
Channelization is basically a method that provides the multiple-access and in
this, the available bandwidth of the link is shared in time, frequency, or
through the code in between the different stations.

Channelization Protocols are broadly classified as follows:

 FDMA(Frequency-Division Multiple Access)


 TDMA(Time-Division Multiple Access)
 CDMA(Code-Division Multiple Access)

Let us discuss the above-given techniques one by one:

1. Frequency-Division Multiple Access

With the help of this technique, the available bandwidth is divided into
frequency bands. Each station is allocated a band in order to send its data. Or
in other words, we can say that each band is reserved for a specific station and
it belongs to the station all the time.

 Each station makes use of the bandpass filter in order to confine the
frequencies of the transmitter.
 In order to prevent station interferences, the allocated bands are
separated from one another with the help of small guard bands.
 The Frequency-division multiple access mainly specifies a predetermined
frequency for the entire period of communication.
 Stream of data can be easily used with the help of FDMA.

Advantages of FDMA

Given below are some of the benefits of using the FDMA technique:

 This technique is efficient when the traffic is uniformly constant.


 In case if the channel is not in use then it sits idle.
 FDMA is simple algorithmically and the complexity is less.
 For FDMA there is no restriction regarding the type of baseband or the
type of modulation.

Disadvantages of FDMA

 Due to the simultaneous transmission of a large number of frequencies,


there is a possibility of inter modulation distortion at the transponder.
 It is suitable only for analog signals.
 Storage, enhancement of signals is not possible.
 The large bandwidth requirement for transponders.
 Guard bands may waste capacity.
2. Time-Division Multiple Access

Time-Division Multiple access is another method to access the channel for


shared medium networks.

 With the help of this technique, the stations share the bandwidth of the
channel in time.
 A time slot is allocated to each station during which it can send the data.
 Data is transmitted by each station in the assigned time slot.
 There is a problem in using TDMA and it is due to TDMA the
synchronization cannot be achieved between the different stations.
 When using the TDMA technique then each station needs to know the
beginning of its slot and the location of its slot.
 If the stations are spread over a large area, then there occur propagation
delays; in order to compensate this guard, times are used.
 The data link layer in each station mainly tells its physical layer to use the
allocated time slot.

Some examples of TDMA are as follows;

 personal digital Cellular(PDC)


 Integrated digital enhanced network.
 Universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA)

Advantages of Time Division Multiple Access :

 TDMA can undoubtedly adjust to the transmission of information just as


voice correspondence.
 It can convey 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of information rates.
 No impedance from the synchronous transmission.
 TDMA is the savvy innovation to change a simple framework over to
computerize.
 Offer a solitary transporter recurrence with different clients

Disadvantages of Time Division Multiple Access :

 In TDMA every client makes some predefined memories space so clients


wandering starting with one cell then onto the next are not distributed a
scheduled opening. In this manner, if all the time allotments in the
following cell are now involved, a cell likely could be disengaged.
Similarly, if all the time allotments in the cell in which a client turns out
to be in are now involved, a client won’t get a dial tone.
 It is exposed to multipath twisting. A sign coming from a pinnacle and
get to handset may come from any of a few headings so out and about
sign ricocheted off a few distinct structures prior to showing up which
can cause impedance.
 Organization and range arranging is concentrated.
 To a couple of clients brings about ideal channels rustic versus
metropolitan climate.

3. Code-Division Multiple Access

CDMA(code-division multiple access) is another technique used for


channelization.

 CDMA technique differs from the FDMA because only one channel
occupies the entire bandwidth of the link.
 The CDMA technique differs from the TDMA because all the stations can
send data simultaneously as there is no timesharing.
 The CDMA technique simply means communication with different codes.
 In the CDMA technique, there is only one channel that carries all the
transmission simultaneously.
 CDMA is mainly based upon the coding theory; where each station is
assigned a code, Code is a sequence of numbers called chips.
 The data from the different stations can be transmitted simultaneously
but using different code languages.
Advantages of CDMA

Given below are some of the advantages of using the CDMA technique:

 Provide high voice quality.


 CDMA operates at low power levels.
 The capacity of the system is higher than the TDMA and FDMA.
 CDMA is better cost-effective.

Disadvantages of CDMA :

 In CDMA, time synchronization is required.


 It can’t offer worldwide meandering, a huge GSM advantage.
 The CDMA framework execution debases with an expansion in the
quantity of clients.
 An organization of CDMA isn’t adult since it is moderately new with
GSM.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, channelization protocols—FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA—are
essential techniques in computer networking for efficient use of
bandwidth in shared communication environments. FDMA separates
users by frequency, TDMA separates them by time, and CDMA allows
simultaneous transmission by using unique codes. These protocols
ensure that multiple users can communicate without interference,
optimizing network performance across various technologies, from radio
broadcasting to modern mobile networks. Each protocol is suited to
different use cases, depending on the network's needs and the type of
communication system being employed.

REFERENCES
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org

2.https://www.academia.edu

3.https://iopscience.iop.org

4.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org

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