4.

1 – INTEGRATION AND APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Year 12 Specialist)

ANTI-DIFFERENTIATE or INTEGRATION
• Opposite of differentiation.
• Always remember the + 𝑐 (substituting any point on the function will let you find this)
• You cannot easily integrate if 2 different functions of 𝑥 are being multiplied, you should expand the brackets before
integrating if easily done.
∫(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 should be expanded to ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
• Integration allows you to get the area under a graph
𝑑𝑦
• 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 Remember the correct symbols (𝑑𝑥) ∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• WHILST ALL FUNCTIONS CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED, NOT ALL FUNCTIONS CAN BE INTEGRATED

FROM WACE FORMULA SHEET

53
Anti-differentiate the following (METHODS SKILLS)

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
= 8𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 7 + 10𝑥 4 ∫ 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

2 6
∫−1 3 + 8𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + 2𝑥 + 5 if 𝑓(4) = 27
√𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 5
= 4𝑥(𝑥 2 + 7) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥−1

4𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 +5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥
3𝑥 2 +7 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 3𝑥 + 1) + 7
𝑑𝑥

54
PARTIAL FRACTIONS: If you notice a polynomial fraction which can’t be integrated directly, you may have to turn into
partial fractions first before integrating (To get these on Calculator ➔ Action ➔ Transformation ➔ Expand (fraction,x)
• If the top of fraction is to the same (or higher) power as the bottom, complete long division first.
𝐴
• For every linear factor (ax+b) in the denominator, it will produce a partial fraction of the form
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
• For every repeated linear factor (ax+b)2 in the denominator, it will produce a partial fraction of the
𝐵 𝐶
form and
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏) (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2
• For every irreducible quadratic factor (ax2+bx+c) in the denominator, it will produce a partial fraction of the form
𝐷𝑥+𝐸
(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)
Integrate the following
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥−5
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6

55
LINEAR SUBSTITUTION
• Let the part in the power be u.
𝑑𝑢
• Calculate , then rearrange to get 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Rearrange the original u equation to x = ……
• In the integral, substitute this x = ….. involving u, and in place of dx put the rearranged version in terms of du
• Use ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Integrate the following
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 3)20 = 𝑥 2 √3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

OTHER SUBSTITUTIONS
If you are substituting another function into x into the integration, remember you also change the dx and the upper and lower limits
of the integration. (See Trigonometric Identities on Formula Sheet for possible conversions)

Using the substitution 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , evaluate exactly Using the substitution 𝑥 = √3 tan(𝑢) + 1 evaluate exactly
√3 𝑥2 2 𝑑𝑥
∫0 √1 −
4
𝑑𝑥 ∫1 3
(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4)2

56
SEPARATION OF VARIABLES (When Derivative is a product of functions of x and y)

𝑑𝑦
If = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) this means it is separable
𝑑𝑥

Officially, with true Mathematics we move the 𝑔(𝑦), then integrate both sides with respect to 𝑥.

1 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 This step is not required, mathematically we cannot rearrange
𝑑𝑦
as a fraction, but we can if we then integrate both sides. For example
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is not allowed. But ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is.
𝑔(𝑦)

1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Technically each side will have a constant, but just put one constant on one side.

Do not rearrange integrated solution back to 𝑦 = , unless specifically asked to (usually very complicated to rearrange back to 𝑦 = )

Integrate the following

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 +4
=𝑥 𝑦2
= given that 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑦 = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 0.08𝑃 =1−
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 3
And 𝑃 = 1000 when 𝑡 = 0

57
USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES TO INTEGRATE
𝑚 𝑛
If in the form ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 use a combination of substitutions.
Generally, we try to avoid powers by using Double Angle Formulas, if you cannot avoid having powers, then you want either sin or cos
to the power of one in the equation which will then be cancelled using the chain rule. (Substitute the one with even power)

Integrate the following

𝑑𝑦 3 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ACCELELERATION AND MOTION

1 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑( 𝑣 2 ) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑( 𝑣 2 )
2 2
From: 𝑎= = =𝑣 AND 𝑎=𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Use separation of variables and one of the 3 relevant acceleartion formulas.

A body moves in a straight line so that its acceleration a (in m/s2) after t seconds is given by 𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 2, if the initial position of the
body is 4 𝑚 to the right of O with an initial velocity of 8 𝑚/𝑠, what is the position of the body after 2 seconds.

The acceleration of an object is 𝑎 = 2 + 3𝑥 Newtons, find the velocity function in terms of 𝑥

The acceleration 𝑎 m/s2 of a body is given by 𝑎 = 4𝑣 2 , find the velocity in terms of 𝑥

The acceleration 𝑎 m/s2 of a body is given by 𝑎 = 4𝑣 2 , find the velocity in terms of 𝑡

58
VELOCITY, TIME GRAPHS
Gradient of a Velocity, Time graph is the acceleration.
The area under the graph is the distance travelled, the signed area (areas underneath x-axis are negative) is the displacement.
A particle is moving in a straight line. It has a constant velocity of 6 𝑚/𝑠 for the first 4 seconds, then has a constant acceleration of
−2 𝑚/𝑠 2 for the next 6 seconds. Draw a velocity – time graph and use it to calculate the displacement of the particle after 10 seconds
and the distance travelled by the particle over the first 8 seconds.

AREA UNDER GRAPH

Calculate the area enclosed by the y-axis, the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 and the parabola’s tangent when 𝑥 = 4

VOLUME OF REVOLUTION
This example has the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 rotated around the x-axis. The volume of
each cylindrical disk would be 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑦 2 Δ𝑥 so the sum would be ∑ 𝜋𝑦 2 Δ𝑥,
as Δ𝑥 approaches zero this becomes 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 when rotated about 𝑥-axis,
4 1024𝜋
so between 𝑥 = 0 and 4 its volume is 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
5

𝑏 𝑑
This can also be written as: 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 rotated about 𝑥-axis, and 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑐 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 rotated about 𝑦-axis as 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

INSIDE VOLUME (Coins)

𝜋
The graphs of 𝑦 = 2sec (𝑥) and 𝑦 = 4 are shown for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ . The shaded region is rotated about the x-axis to form a solid of
3
revolution. Calculate the exact volume of this solid.

OUTSIDE VOLUME (Tape)

Find the volume of the shaded area when it is rotated about the y-axis between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4

NOTE: This can also be thought of many rectangular pieces of tape, wrapping themselves around an empty glass (like the one in red).
Each piece of tape would need to be 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑥 wide, 𝑦 tall and Δ𝑥 thick, which would have a volume of 2𝜋𝑥𝑦Δ𝑥 , as Δ𝑥
approaches zero the sum of these would be ∑ 2𝜋𝑥𝑦Δ𝑥 which becomes 𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 when rotated about the 𝑦-axis

59
GROWTH AND DECAY (See Extra Notes for the Proofs of These)

A particle travels in a straight line so that its velocity v cm per second and displacement x cm are related by the equation: 𝑣 = −0.2𝑥
(a) Determine the acceleration a in terms of its displacement 𝑥.

(b) It is known that the initial displacement of the particle is 𝑥 = 4 𝑐𝑚, Determine, correct to the nearest 0.01 second, when the
particle has a displacement of 2 cm.

The population P(t) of sardines in an ocean, measured in million tonnes after t years, was modelled by the logistic
2.4
equation: 𝑃 (𝑡) = .
1+239𝑒 −0.3𝑡
𝑑𝑃
Rewrite the logistic equation in the form 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑟𝑃(𝑘 – 𝑃), clearly stating the values for r and k.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (See Extra Notes for the Proof of These)

𝜋
The horizontal displacement of a Ferris wheel cabin exhibits simple harmonic motion. The maximum horizontal speed is metres per
2
second and its period of motion is exactly 60 seconds. Let 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛𝑡) be the horizontal displacement after 𝑡 seconds.
Determine the values of 𝐴 and 𝑛 and use these to determine the horizontal acceleration, correct to the nearest 0.001 𝑚/𝑠 2 , when the
horizontal displacement is 10 metres.

60
WACE QUESTION ONE – Calculator Free (2021 – Q3)

WACE QUESTION TWO – Calculator Free (2021 – Q5)

WACE QUESTION THREE – Calculator Assumed (2017 – Q17)

61
WACE QUESTION FOUR – Calculator Free (2020 – Q1)

WACE QUESTION FIVE – Calculator Free (2020 – Q7)

WACE QUESTION SIX – Calculator Free (2019 – Q1)

62
WACE QUESTION SEVEN – Calculator Free (2017 – Q3)

WACE QUESTION EIGHT – Calculator Free (2021 – Q8)

63
WACE QUESTION NINE – Calculator Assumed (2020 – Q9)

WACE QUESTION TEN – Calculator Assumed (2021 – Q13)

64