Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname

Faculteit der Technologische Wetenschappen

Studierichting Geowetenschappen
Universiteitscomplex Leysweg 86, POB 9212, Paramaribo, Suriname, Telefoon: +597
465558, https://www.uvs.edu/adekus/faculteiten/technologische-wetenschappen, e-mail:
GW
STUDIERICHTING
[email protected]
GEOWETENSCHAPPEN

Tentamen: Inleiding Warmteleer voor Geowetenschappen

Datum: dinsdag 9 april 2024
Tijd: 09:00 – 12:00 uur
Docent: D. Makhanlall, Ph.D
 Dit werk bestaat uit 3 opgaven en 2 conceptuele vragen/vraagstukken
 Laat bij steeds duidelijk zien hoe je aan het antwoord komt
 De puntenverdeling staat bij elke opgave aangegeven tussen haakjes (totaal 40 pts)
 Het gebruik van een eenvoudige rekenmachine is toegestaan
 Het gebruik van een uitgeprinte psychometrische chart (Mollier diagram) is toegestaan
 Cijfer = score/4 (Een 5.5 is minimaal nodig om dit vak af te ronden)
 Veel succes!

Formules
𝟒
sphere 𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅𝑹𝟐 ; 𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟑
𝟑
𝑻𝑨 = 𝑻 𝑩
Zeroth Law ⇒ 𝑻𝑩 = 𝑻𝑪
𝑻𝑨 = 𝑻𝑪
𝒅𝑼
First Law (Differential form) = 𝑸̇ − 𝑾̇
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝑻
Fourier’s Law 𝚽 = −𝝀𝑨
𝒅𝒙
Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law 𝚽 = 𝝐𝝈𝑨𝑻𝟒

Stefan-Boltzmann constant 𝝈 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟖
𝑾𝒎 𝟐 𝑲 𝟒

The sun’s radius 𝑹𝑺 = 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒎

The earth’s radius and distance to the sun 𝑹𝑬 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎 , 𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝒎

Questions and concepts (7 pts)

1) How is specific heat defined? (2 pts)
2) Measured values for the average specific heat of rock salt at different temperatures is
given in the following table.
- What is the average specific heat of rock salt at a temperature of 320℃? (2 pts)
- What is the average specific heat of rock salt in the temperature range 25℃ −
500℃. (3 pts)

𝑇 (℃) 25 100 200 300 400 500

𝐽
𝑐 864 887 921 921 963 1000
𝑘𝑔 ℃
Problem 1 Psychrometry in the mining industry (10 pts)
Time: 40 – 45 minutes

The mining industry is one of the most hazardous industries. As mining operations get
deeper, working conditions become more severe due to high temperature and moisture.
Conditioning of the mine airstreams is thus essential for deep mining operations. A system
for conditioning surrounding air is illustrated in figure 1. In this system, the air flows
partially through a cooling section, where it is cooled to 18.5℃.

a) For outside air at a temperature of 30℃ and relative humidity of 70%, determine the
air’s moisture content in kg/m . (2 pts)
b) Determine the air flow through the cooling section in 𝑘𝑔/ℎ. (1 pts)
c) Determine how much water is removed from the air per hour as it flows through the
cooling section. (2 pts)
d) What is the rate of heat removal from the outside air in the cooling section in 𝑘𝐽/ℎ?
(2 pts)

The air leaving the cooling section is mixed adiabatically with the bypass air in the mixing
section of the air-conditioning system. The bypass air volume flow rate is 20 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛.

e) Determine the relative humidity, wet-bulb temperature, and dewpoint of the air at the
exit of the air conditioning system. (3 pts)

Fig 1 Air conditioning system

Problem 2 Heat transfer in oil rock (13 pts)
Time: 45 – 50 minutes

Fig 2 Sample oil rock (𝟏 × 𝟏 × 𝑳)

Oil rock is rock from which oil is extracted. This oil can be refined into many different
products, including diesel fuel, gasoline, and liquid petroleum gas (LNG). Consider an oil
rock sample through which heat flows, as shown in figure 2. The rock has a length 𝐿, and
constant boundary temperatures 𝑇 and 𝑇 . The thermal conductivity of the rock is
.
𝑘 = 𝑘 (1 + 𝑎𝑥 )

Here, 𝑘 and 𝑎 are positive constants larger than 1.

a) What is the SI unit of the constant 𝑎 in above equation? (1 pts)

For the sake of simplicity, work with the following approximation for the rest of this
problem
𝑘 ≈ 𝑘 (1 + 𝑎𝑥)

b) Determine the temperature in the oil rock as function of 𝑥, 𝐿, 𝑇 , and 𝑇 . (4 pts)

𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐿, 𝑇 , 𝑇 )
c) Calculate the average thermal conductivity of the oil rock. (2 pts)
d) Calculate also the average thermal resistance to heat flow through the rock.
(2 pts)
e) Discuss how the average thermal resistance changes with an increase of the
coefficient a. (2pts)

As shown in figure 2, the pores of the rock are filled with a liquid (crude oil).
f) Based on the equation given above, explain if the thermal conductivity of this liquid
is larger than, equal to, or smaller than the thermal conductivity of the solid
matrix (the solid parts) of the rock. (2 pts)
Problem 3 Earth’s surface temperature (10 pts)
Time: 50 – 55 minutes

Of the entire quantity of radiant

energy emitted by the sun, only a
small fraction is intercepted by our
planet. Measurements show that the
solar constant 𝑆 (the power of the sun
just above the atmosphere) has a value
of
𝑆 = 1360 𝑊/𝑚
a) Use this measured solar constant
to determine how much energy the sun
emit per second. Calculate also the
average temperature at the sun’s
surface. (2 pts)
b) Calculate what percentage of the
energy radiated out into space by the
sun is not intercepted by earth. (2 pts)

The average direct absorbed solar energy per unit area of the earth’s surface is
𝑆(1 − 𝐴)
Here, 𝐴 (albedo) is the fraction of solar energy reflected back into space. Earth has an albedo
of about 𝐴 = 0.28. Assume that the average emissivity of earth is 0.85.
c) Write down an energy balance for earth, and calculate its surface temperature in ℃. (3 pts)

Greenhouse effect
The temperature calculated in part c)
above is not correct. Heat emitted by
the earth is absorbed by large
molecules (such as H2O and CO2) in
the atmosphere. About 60% of this
absorbed energy is then re-emitted
towards the earth’s surface. This
phenomenon is known as the
greenhouse effect.
d) Write down a new energy
balance, and calculate again the
average surface temperature of earth
considering the greenhouse effect. For simplicity, you may assume that all the heat
emitted by the earth is absorbed by molecules in the atmosphere. (3 pts)

SUCCES
Tabel 5.2 Verzadigde dampspanning en absolute vochtigheid van waterdamp

f ;· 3s f ;· 3s f ;· 3s f ;· 3s
(oC) (kPa) (g/m3) (oC) (kPa) (g/m3) (oC) (kPa) (g/m3) (oC) (kPa) (g/m3)

-20 0,103 0,88 10 1,228 9,40 40 7,384 51,27 70 31,20 198,4

-19 0,113 0,97 11 1,313 10,01 41 7,786 53,86 71 32,57 206,6
-18 0,125 1,06 12 1,403 10,66 42 8,208 56,60 72 34,00 215,0
-17 0,137 1,16 13 1,498 11,35 43 8,649 59,46 73 35,48 223,8
-16 0,151 1,27 14 1,599 12,07 44 9,111 62,44 74 37,01 232,8
-15 0,165 1,39 15 1,706 12,83 45 9,493 65,55 75 38,59 242,2
-14 0,181 1,52 16 1,818 13,64 46 10,10 68,79 76 40,24 251,8
-13 0,199 1,65 17 1,938 14,48 47 10,62 72,16 77 41,94 261,8
-12 0,217 1,80 18 2,064 15,38 48 11,18 75,67 78 43,70 272,1
-11 0,238 1,97 19 2,198 16,32 49 11,75 79,32 79 45,52 282,7

-10 0,260 2,14 20 2,339 17,30 50 12,35 83,13 80 47,41 293,6

-9 0,284 2,33 21 2,488 18,34 51 12,98 87,09 81 49,36 305,0
-8 0,310 2,53 22 2,645 19,44 52 13,63 91,20 82 51,38 316,6
-7 0,338 2,75 23 2,810 20,59 53 14,31 95,47 83 53,47 328,7
-6 0,369 2,99 24 2,985 21,79 54 15,02 99,92 84 55,63 341,1
-5 0,402 3,25 25 3,169 23,06 55 15,76 104,5 85 57,87 353,9
-4 0,437 3,52 26 3,363 24,39 56 16,53 109,3 86 60,17 367,0
-3 0,476 3,82 27 3,567 25,79 57 17,33 114,3 87 62,55 380,6
-2 0,518 4,14 28 3,782 27,26 58 18,17 119,5 88 65,02 394,6
-1 0,563 4,48 29 4,008 28,79 59 19,04 124,8 89 67,56 409,0

0 0,611 4,85 30 4,246 30,40 60 19,94 130,4 90 70,18 423,9

1 0,657 5,20 31 4,496 32,09 61 20,89 136,2 91 72,89 439,2
2 0,706 5,56 32 4,759 33,86 62 21,86 142,2 92 75,68 454,9
3 0,758 5,95 33 5,034 35,71 63 22,88 148,4 93 78,57 471,1
4 0,814 6,36 34 5,324 37,64 64 23,94 154,8 94 81,54 487,8
5 0,873 6,80 35 5,628 39,66 65 25,04 161,4 95 84,61 504,9
6 0,935 7,26 36 5,947 41,78 66 26,18 168,3 96 87,77 522,5
7 1,002 7,76 37 6,281 43,99 67 27,37 175,5 97 91,03 540,7
8 1,073 8,27 38 6,632 46,30 68 28,60 182,8 98 94,39 559,3
9 1,148 8,82 39 6,999 48,71 69 29,87 190,5 99 97,85 578,5

FTeW ------------------------------------------------ Inleiding Warmteleer 2014 -------------------------------------------- blz. 5.10

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Normal Temperatures
Barometric Pressures 1013.25 mbar

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