T.Y.B.

Sc Zoology Draft syllabus

(2018-2019) for public criticisms
and suggestion

suggestion to be mailed on before

15th November 2017 on the email-id
given
[email protected]
[email protected]
 Syllabus for T.Y.B.Sc.
Course - ZOOLOGY
(Credit Based Semester and Grading System)
(To be implemented from the Academic Year 2018- 2019)

SEMESTER-V
THEORY
COURSE COURSE LECTURES/
UNIT TOPICS CREDITS
NO. CODE WEEK
I Basic Haematology 1
II Applied Haematology 1
11 USZO501 2.5
III Basic Immunology 1
IV Applied Immunology 1
I Mammalian Histology 1
II Toxicology 1
12 USZO502 2.5
III General Pathology 1
IV Biostatistics 1
I Principles of Taxonomy 1
II Kingdom: Animalia - I 1
13 USZO503 2.5
III Kingdom Animalia - II 1
IV Type Study –Sepia 1
Integumentary system and
I 1
derivatives
II Human Osteology 1
14 USZO504 Muscles of long bones of 2.5
III 1
Human limbs
Developmental biology of
IV 1
Chick
10 16
PRACTICAL
USZOP50
Practicals based on all four courses 06 16
5

Total Number of Credits and Workload 16 32

 Syllabus for T.Y.B.Sc.
Course-ZOOLOGY
(Credit Based Semester and Grading System)
(To be implemented from the Academic Year 2018-2019)
SEMESTER-VI
THEORY
COURSE COURSE LECTURES/
UNIT TOPICS CREDITS
NO. CODE WEEK
I Enzymology 1
II Homeostasis 1
15 USZO601 2.5
III Endocrinology 1
IV Tissue Culture 1
I Molecular Biology 1
II Genetic Engineering 1
16 USZO602 2.5
III Human Genetics 1
IV Bioinformatics 1
I Chordata 1
II Euchordata- I 1
17 USZO603 2.5
III Euchordata- II 1
IV Type study - Shark 1
I Environment management 1
II Wildlife management 1
18 USZO604 III Bioprospecting and 2.5
1
Zoopharmacognosy
IV Zoogeography 1
10 16
PRACTICAL
USZOP06 Practicals based on all four courses 06 16

Total Number of Credits and Workload 16 32

 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Theory)
Course Code: USZO501
Course 11
Unit I: Basic Haematology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner the composition of blood, haemorrhage and
haematopoiesis and to acquaint the learner with the physiology of blood
clotting and clinical aspects of haematology,

Desired outcome:
 Learner shall be familiar with the fundamental concepts in haematology.
 Learner shall comprehend basic haematology.
 Learner will be able to identify various components of haemostatic systems

1.1: Composition of blood plasma

Water, plasma proteins, inorganic constituents, respiratory gases, organic
constituents other than protein (include internal secretions, antibodies and
enzymes)

1.2: Erythrocytes
Structure and functions, abnormalities in structure, total count, variation in
number; ESR; types of anaemia

1.3: Hemoglobin
Structure, formation and degradation; variants of hemoglobin (foetal, adult),
abnormalities in Hemoglobin (Sickle cell and Thalassemia)

1.4: Leucocytes
Types of leucocytes and function, total count and variation in number; leukemia
and its types

1.5: Thrombocytes
Structure of thrombocytes, factors and mechanism of clotting, failure of clotting
mechanism

1.6: Haematopoiesis
Erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis and thrombopoiesis

1.7: Blood volume

Total quantity and regulation; haemorrhage
 Unit II: Applied Haematology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner the basics of applied hematology and to impart
knowledge of basic diagnostic techniques used in pathology.
Desired outcome:
 Learners shall get familiar with different terminologies and diagnostic tests
performed in a pathological laboratory.
 Learners will be acquainted with diagnostic approaches in hematological
disorders
 Learners will be better equipped for taking any further pathological course or
working in a diagnostic laboratory.

2.1: Introduction to Applied Haematology

Scope and brief introduction of basic branches: clinical, microbiological,
oncological and forensic hematology

2.2: Diagnostic techniques used in haematology

2.2.1: Microscopic examination of blood: For detection of blood cancers
(lymphoma, myeloma), infectious diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis),
hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell, thalassemia)
2.2.2: Coagulopathies: Diagnostic methods (hemophilia and purpura)
2.2.3: Microbiological examination: Blood culture: Method and application
in diagnosis of infectious diseases (Typhoid and TB)
2.2.4: Biochemical examination of blood:
Liver function tests: AST, ALT, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin, LDH
and Alkaline phosphatase
Kidney function tests: Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Carbohydrate metabolism tests: Blood sugar, Glucose tolerance
test, Glycosylated haemoglobin test
Other biochemical tests: Blood hormones - TSH, FSH, LH.
2.2.5: Blood Bank: Collection, storage & preservation of blood
components, anticoagulants
Unit III: Basic Immunology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce the topic of immunology by emphasizing the basic concepts to build a
strong foundation and to give an overview of the immune system that plays an
important role in disease resistance.

Desired outcome:
 Learners would comprehend the types of immunity and the components of immune
system.
 Learners would realize the significant role of immune system in giving resistance
against diseases.

3.1: Overview of Immunology

3.1.1: Concept of immunity-Antibody mediated and cell mediated immunity
3.1.2: Innate immunity – Definition, factors affecting innate immunity,
Mechanisms of innate immunity – First line of defense - physical barriers
and chemical barriers;
Second line of defense- phagocytosis, inflammatory responses and fever
3.1.3: Adaptive or Acquired immunity
Active Acquired immunity – Natural and Artificial
Passive Acquired immunity – Natural and Artificial

3.2: Cells and Organs of immune system

3.2.1: Cells of immune system – B cells, T cells and null cells, macrophages,
dendritic cells and mast cells
3.2.2: Organs of immune system
Primary: Thymus and bone marrow
Secondary: Lymph node and spleen

3.3: Antigens
Definition, properties of antigens; haptens

3.4: Antibodies
Definition, basic structure, classes of antibodies – IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE

3.5: Antigen processing and presentation

3.5.1: Endogenous antigens- cytosolic pathways
3.5.2: Exogenous antigens- endocytic pathways
 Unit IV: Applied Immunology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner immune related pathologies
 To introduce the concept of vaccines and vaccination.
 To familiarise the learner to immunological perspectives of organ transplant and
tumour treatment.

Desired outcome:
 Learners shall understand immune related pathologies and the principles and
applications of vaccines.
 Learners will develop basic understanding of immunology of organ transplantation.

4.1: Antigen-Antibody interaction

4.1.1: General features of antigen-antibody interaction
4.1.2:Precipitation reaction- Definition, characteristics and mechanism
Precipitation in gels (slide test), Radial immunodiffusion (Mancini method),
Double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony method)
4.1.3: Immunoelectrophoresis - Countercurrent, Laurel’s Rocket and crossed
immunoelectrophoresis
4.1.4: Agglutination reaction- definition, characteristics and mechanism
Haemagglutination(slide and micro-tray agglutination),passive
agglutination,Coomb’s test
4.1.5: Immunoassay- ELISA

4.2: Vaccines and Vaccination

4.2.1: Brief history of vaccination, principles of vaccines-active and passive
immunization, Routes of vaccine administration
4.2.2: Classification of vaccines: Live attenuated; Whole-Killed or inactivated; Sub-
unit vaccines: Toxoids, Protein vaccines, Viral-like particles, DNA vaccines
4.2.3: Adjuvants used for human vaccines -Virosomes and Liposomes,
Saponins, Water-in-oil emulsions
4.2.4:Vaccines against human pathogens: Polio; Hepatitis A and B;
Tuberculosis(BCG)

4.3: Transplantation Immunology

Introduction to transplantation; Types of grafts; Immunologic basis of
graft rejection: MHC compatibility in organ transplantation, Lymphocyte
mediated graft rejection, Antibody mediated graft rejection; Precautions
against graft rejection
 Practical Syllabus for Semester V
(Course codes: USZOP05)

COURSE 11

01. Enumeration of Erythrocytes – Total Count.

02. Enumeration of Leucocytes – Total Count.
03. Differential count of Leucocytes
04. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate by suitable method – Westergren or Wintrobe
method.
05. Estimation of haemoglobin by Sahli’s acid haematin method.
06. Determination of serum LDH.
07. Estimation of total serum/ plasma proteins by Folin’s method.
08. Estimation of serum/ plasma total triglycerides by Phosphovanillin method.
09. Latex agglutination test – Rheumatoid Arthritis.
 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester VI (Theory)
Course Code: USZO601
Course 15
Unit I: Enzymology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner the basic concepts of enzyme biochemistry and to make
the learner realize the power and application of enzymes in basic and applied
science.
Desired outcome:
 Learners shall be able to understand basics of enzyme structure and function.
 Learners will be able to comprehend variations in enzyme activity and kinetics.
 Learners shall appreciate the enzyme assay procedures and the therapeutic
application of enzymes.

1.1: Introduction and Nomenclature

Definition; Concept of activation energy; Nomenclature and classification (based
on Enzyme Commission) of enzymes; Co-factors and Co-enzymes.
1.2: Enzyme Action
Mechanism of enzyme action; Factors affecting enzyme activity - pH and
temperature; Enzyme structure (lysozyme and serine protease) .
1.3: Enzyme kinetics
Derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation and Lineweaver-Burk plot; Concept and
significance of Km, Vmax and Kcat; Modulation of enzyme activity with reference to
GDH.
1.4: Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme inhibitors, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors and their kinetics;
therapeutic applications of enzyme inhibitors.
1.5: Regulation of enzyme activity
Allosteric regulation and regulation by covalent modification of enzymes;
Isozymes (LDH)
1.6: Applications
Clinical significance and industrial applications of enzymes
Unit II: Homeostasis (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner the concept of homeostasis
 To familiarize the learner with concepts of thermoregulation and osmoregulation

Desired outcome:
 Learners shall comprehend the adaptive responses of animals to environmental
changes for their survival.

2.1: Homeostasis
External and internal environment; Acclimation and acclimatization; Body clock-
Circadian & Diurnal rhythm
2.2: Thermoregulation
Endothermy, ectothermy (relation between temperature and biological activities);
Temperature balance; Heat production - shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis;
Brown fat - special thermogenic tissue in mammals, Mechanisms of heat loss;
Adaptive response to temperature - daily torpor, hibernation, aestivation
2.3: Osmotic and Ionic regulation
Maintaining water and electrolyte balance; Ionic regulation in iso-osmotic environment;
Living in hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic environment; Problems of living in terrestrial
environment: water absorption, salt water ingestion and salt excretion, Salt glands,
Role of kidney in ionic regulation, Metabolic water

Unit III: Endocrinology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner the details of endocrine glands and its disorders.

Desired outcome:
 Learners shall be able to understand the types & secretions of endocrine glands
and their functions.

3.1: General organization of mammalian endocrine system

3.2: Hormones: Classification, properties, mechanism of hormone action,
3.3: Histology, functions and disorders of the following endocrine glands:
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenal.
Unit IV: Animal Tissue Culture (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce to the learner the fundamental concepts of tissue culture and guide
them progressively to certain areas that are basic to animal tissue culture.

Desired outcome:
 The learners shall understand the significance of tissue culture as a tool in
specialized areas of research
 The learners will appreciate its applications in industries like biotechnology, in fields
such as in vitro fertilization and replacement of animals in medical and toxicology
experiments.

4.1: Introduction to animal cell culture

4.1.1: Advantages of tissue culture – control of the environment, characterization
and homogeneity of sample, economy, scale and mechanization, in vitro
modelling of in vivo conditions
4.1.2: Limitations of tissue culture – expertise, quantity, dedifferentiation and
selection, origin of cells, instability
4.2: Aseptic techniques
4.2.1: Sterilization – basic principles of sterilization, importance of sterility in cell
culture
4.2.2: Sterile handling – swabbing, capping, flaming, handling bottles and flasks,
pipetting, pouring
4.3: Culture media
4.3.1: Physicochemical properties – pH, CO2 and bicarbonate, buffering, O2,
osmolality, temperature, viscosity, surface tension and foaming
4.3.2: Types of media – Natural and Artificial media
4.3.3: Serum – protein, growth factors, hormones, nutrients and metabolites,
lipids, minerals and inhibitors
4.3.4: Balanced Salt Solutions
4.3.5: Complete Media– amino acids, vitamins, salts, glucose, oxygen
supplements, hormones and growth factors, antibiotics
4.4: Cell lines
4.4.1: Primary and established cell lines and their characters.
4.4.2: Preparation of cells/organs for culture
4.4.3: Coverslip, Flask and Tube culture
4.4.4: Hybridoma technology- an example of application of animal cell culture
 Practical Syllabus for Semester VI
(Course codes: USZOP06)

COURSE 15

1. Effect of varying pH on activity of enzyme Acid Phosphatase

2. Effect of varying enzyme concentration on activity of enzyme Acid Phosphatase
3. Effect of varying substrate concentration on activity of enzyme Acid Phosphatase
4. Effect of inhibitor on the activity of enzyme Acid Phosphatase
5. Separation of LDH isozymes by agarose gel electrophoresis
6. Histology of glands: T.S. of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas,
adrenal, ovary, testis.
7. Instruments for tissue culture- Autoclave, Millipore filter, CO2 incubator,
Laminar air-flow. (Principle & use)
8. Packaging of glassware for tissue culture.
9. Aseptic transfer techniques.
10.Trypsinization and vital staining using Trypan blue stain.
 Reference and Additional Reading:
REFERENCES

Basic Hematology
 Human Physiology - Volume 1; C.C. Chatterjee
 Essentials of Haematology; Shirish M. Kawthalkar; Jaypee Brothers
 Williams Hematology; Kenneth Kaushansky, Marshall A. Lichtman, E. Beutler, Thomas
J. Kipps, Josef Prchal, Uri Seligsohn
 Essential Haematology; Victor Hoffbrand, Paul Moss, John Pettit
 Rapid Review of Hematology; RamadasNayak; Jaypee Brothers
 Precise Haematology; UshaRusia, MeeraSikka, RenuSaxena; Wiley India
 Short Textbook of Haematology; Shah B.S.; C.B.S. Publisher and Distributor
 Practical Zoology; Second Edition; Dr. K.C. Ghose& Dr. B. Manna; New Central Book
Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata; 1999
 Mechanisms of Body Functions; Second Edition; Dexter M. Easton; Prentice-Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 1978
 A Text book of Practical Physiology; First Edition; V.G. Ranade; A.V.G. Prakashan,
Pune; 1968
 Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Thirteenth Edition; Gerard J. Tortora& Bryan
Derrickson; Biological Science Textbooks, Inc.; 2012
 Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; U. Satyanarayana& U. Chakrapani; Elsevier; 2013
 Concepts in Biochemistry; Third Edition; Rodney Boyer; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006
 Medical Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; John Baynes&MarekDominiczak; Saunders
(Elsevier); 2014

Applied Hematology
 Harrison's Hematology and Oncology; 3rd Edition (Harrison's Specialty);Dan Longo;
McGraw-Hill
 Essentials of Haematology; Second Edition;KawthalkarShirish M.;Jaypee;
2013
 Medical Biochemistry by c; Jaypee; 2012
 Essentials in Hematology and Clinical Pathology; Nayak, Ramadas
 Clinical Pathology and Hematology; Maheshwari, Nanda; Jaypee
 Practical Hematology; Dacie J V; Churchill Livingstone; 2006
 Lecture Notes: Haematology; Hatton, Chris S. R. Hughes-Jones, Nevin C. Hay,
Deborah; Wiley-Blackwell
 ABC series : ABC of Clinical Haematology; Provan; Drew Publisher: BMJ
Books
 Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Thirteenth Edition; Gerard J. Tortora& Bryan
Derrickson; Biological Science Textbooks, Inc.; 2012
 Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; U. Satyanarayana& U. Chakrapani; Elsevier; 2013

Basic Immunology
 Immunology - Introductory Textbook; Shetty N.; New Age International;
2005
  Immunology - Essential and Fundamental; Pathak S., &Palan U.; Science
Publishers; 2005
 Immunology: A textbook; Rao C. V.;Alpha Science Int'l Ltd.; 2005
 Ananthanarayan and Paniker's textbook of Microbiology; C. J. Paniker (Ed.);
Ananthanarayan R.; Orient Blackswan; 2005
 Textbook of Immunology; Haleem Khan, RajendraSagar, Sadguna
 Prescott’s Microbiology; Ninth Edition; Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood &
Christopher J. Woolverton; McGraw-Hill Education; 2014
 Immunology; Third Edition; Janis Kuby; W.H. Freeman; 1997
 Kuby Immunology; Sixth Edition; Thomas J. Kindt, Richard A. Goldsby, Barbara
A. Osborne & Janis Kuby; W.H. Freeman; 2007
 Concepts in Biochemistry; Third Edition; Rodney Boyer; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
2006
 Medical Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; John Baynes&MarekDominiczak;
Saunders (Elsevier); 2014

Applied Immunology
 Cellular and Molecular immunology; Abbas A. K., Lichtman A. H. & Pillai S.;
Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014
 Roitt's Essential Immunology – Vol. 20; Delves P. J., Martin S. J., Burton D. R.,
&Roitt I. M.; John Wiley & Sons; 2011
 The Elements of Immunology; Khan F.H.; Pearson Education, India; 2009
 Kuby Immunology; Sixth Edition; Thomas J. Kindt, Richard A. Goldsby, Barbara A.
Osborne & Janis Kuby; W.H. Freeman; 2007
 Janeway'sImmunobiology; Murphy K. & Weaver C.; Garland Science; 2016
 Fundamental Immunology; Paul W. E.; Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999
 Immunology - Introductory Textbook; Shetty N.; New Age International; 2005
 Prescott’s Microbiology; Ninth Edition; Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood &
Christopher J. Woolverton; McGraw-Hill Education; 2014
 Medical Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; John Baynes & Marek Dominiczak;
Saunders(Elsevier); 2014

Enzymology
• Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry; David Lee Nelson, A.L.Lehninger, Michael M
Cox; W.H. Freeman, New York; 2008
• Biochemistry; 5th ed.; J M Berg, J L Tymoczko and LubertStryer ;W.H. Freeman, New
York; 2002
• Biochemistry; 2nd edition; Donald Voet and Judith G Voet; J.Wiley and Sons, New York;
1995

Homoeostasis
• Comparative Animal Physiology; Knut Schmidt Nielson; Cambridge Press
• Comparative Animal Physiology; Prosser and Brown
• Comparative Animal Physiology; William S Hoar
• Text book of Comparative Physiology; R Nagabhushanam, Ms Kodarkar, Sarojini R
India Book House Pvt. Ltd.
• Animal Physiology; N.Arumugam, A.Mariakuttikan; Saras Publication

Endocrinology
• Text book of Endocrinology; Williams
• Textbook of Endocrinology Hardcover; Dharmalingam; 2010
• Endocrinology; 6th Edition; Mac Hadley , Jon E. Levine
• Bailey's textbook of histology Hardcover; Frederick R Bailey
• Mechanisms of Body Functions; Second Edition; Dexter M. Easton; Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 1978

Animal Tissue Culture

• Culture of animal cells – A manual of basic technique; R. Ian Freshney; John Wiley and
Sons Publications; 2005
• Basic cell culture – A practical approach; J. M. Davis; Oxford University Press; Indian
edition; 2005
• Animal cell culture – Biotechnology Series: Vol.1; Bina Mishra, B.P.Mishra, Pran P. Bhat,
P.N.Bhat; Studium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2011
• Animal cell culture – Concept and Applications; Shweta Sharma; Oxford book Company;
2012
• Biotechnology of Animal Tissues; Dr. P.R.Yadav and Dr. Rajiv Tyagi; Discovery
Publishing House, New Delhi; 2006

ADDITIONAL READING:
Biology – A Global Approach; Tenth Edition (Global Edition); Campbell, Reece, Urry,
Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky& Jackson; Pearson Education Ltd., England; 2015
Biology; Seventh Edition; Neil A. Campbell & Jane B. Reece; Pearson Education, Inc.;
2005
Biology; Student Edition; Kenneth R. Miller & Joseph S. Levine; Prentice Hall;
2007
Biology: Eleventh Revised Edition; Sylvia S. Mader& Michael Windelspecht;
McGraw-Hill Education; 2012
Biology – Concepts & Applications; Sixth Edition; Cecie Starr; Brooks/ Cole;
2005
The Emperor of All Maladies: A biography of Cancer; Siddhartha Mukherjee; Scribner,
New York; 2010
Molecular Cell Biology; Fifth edition; Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Paul Matsudaira, Chris
A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P. Scott, S. Lawrence Zipursky& James Darnell;
W.H. Freeman & Company, New York; 2004

Articles on Haematology -
„India facing shortage of life-saving albumin serum‟; written by Abantika Ghosh, New
Delhi;The Indian Express, October 16, 2014, 2:25 am
Articles on “Blood groups”; (1)The Indian Express, August 15, 2012/ Times of India,
August 16, 2012; (2)Times of India, September 11, 2014

Article on Immunology –
„Nanoparticle vaccine shows potential as immunotherapy to fight multiple cancer types‟;
UT Southwestern Medical Center; ScienceDaily, April 24 2017;
https://www.sciencedaily.com/

Enzymology
Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations; Fourth Edition: Edited by Thomas
M.Devlin; Wiley-Liss Publication.
Biochemistry; Third Edition: Pamela C. Champe, Richard A. Harvey, Denise R. Ferrier;
Indian Edition by JP Publication.
A textbook of Enzymes: Shailendra Singh; Campus Book International, New Delhi 2007.

Homeostasis
Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution: Peter W.
Hochachka& George N. Somero, Oxford University Press.
Comparative Animal Physiology: P. C. Withers, Thomson Publishing Co.
Endocrinology
Mammalian Endocrinology: Ashoke Kumar Boral. New Central Book Agency Ltd
Endocrinology-Hormones and Human Health: Prakash S. Lohar, MJP Publishers,
Chennai. 2005

Tissue Culture
Biotechnology-an introduction: Second Edition: S. Ignacimuthu, s.j, Narosa Publications.
Animal Biotechnology: R. Sasidhara, MJP Publishers, Chennai. 2006
 T. Y. B.Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Practical)
Course 11
Course Code: USZOP05

Skeleton of Practical Examination Question Paper

Time: 9.30 am. To 2.30 pm. Total Marks: 50

Q-1. Enumeration of Erythrocytes – Total Count. 15

OR
Q-1. Enumeration of Leucocytes – Total Count.
OR
Q-1. Differential count of Leucocytes

Q-2. Estimation of total plasma proteins by Folin’s method. 10

OR
Q-2 Estimation of serum/ plasma total triglycerides by Phosphovanillin method.

Q-3. Estimation of haemoglobin by Sahli’s acid haematin method. 10

OR
Q-3 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate by suitable method – Westergren or Wintrobe
method.
OR
Q-3. Determination of serum LDH.

Q-4. Latex agglutination test – Rheumatoid Arthritis. 05

Q-5. Viva voce. 05

Q-6. Journal. 05
 T. Y. B.Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Practical)
Course 14
Course Code: USZOP06

Skeleton of Practical Examination Question Paper

Time: 9.30 am. To 2.30 pm. Total Marks: 50

Q.1 Demonstrate the effect of ______________ on the activity of acid phosphatase

(Substrate concentration/pH variation/Enzyme concentration/Inhibitor concentration)
15
OR
Q.1Trypsinization and vital staining using Trypan blue stain

Q.2 Separation of LDH isozymes by agarose gel electrophoresis 10

OR
Q.2 Demonstrate the packaging of glassware for tissue culture (any 3)
OR
Q.2 Demonstrate the technique of aseptic transfer.

Q.3 Identify and describe a, b, c, d, e 15

a to d: Slides/Photographs of T.S of Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal,
ovary, testis. (Any 4)
e: Any one instrument- Autoclave, Millipore filter, CO2 incubator, Laminar air-flow.

Q.4 Viva voce 05

Q.5 Journal 05
Learners’ space - Semester V
Unit I
1. Make a study of the latest medical applications of hemopoietic cells.
2. Prepare a report on thrombosis, its causes, risk factors, symptoms and prevention.
3. Other than haemophilia, there are many other coagulation factor disorders. Explore this
area.
Unit II
1. Investigate the traditional and newer methods of grouping and cross matching of blood.
2. Study the intricacies of organ transplantation.

Unit III
1. Autoimmune diseases are on the rise. Explore the reasons, types as well as its
mechanisms.
2. What is hypersensitivity? Distinguish between the different types.

Unit IV
1. Make a report on bone marrow transplantation including its need, the diseases that
benefit from it, types of transplantation, type matching and its limitations.
2. Explain the application of radiation technology in vaccine development.

Learners’ space - Semester VI

Unit I
1. Elucidate on the Nobel Priz winning research work in the field of enzymology.
2. Study of Eadie- Augustinsson plot and Hanes-Woolf plot of enzyme kinetics.
Make a report of isoenzymes (other than LDH) and their role in human body.

Unit II
1. Kangaroo rats do not need to drink water at all. What could be the physiology behind
this?
2. Give an account on:
i. Allen’s rule
ii. Bergman’s rule
iii. Gloger’s rule
 iv. Jordan’s rule
v. Rensch’s rule
Unit III
1. Review the mechanism and role of hormones like ecdysone and juvenile hormone in
invertebrates.
2. Pineal gland has received attention as a ‘mystery gland’. Find the reasons for it.
3. Prepare a report on therapeutic applications of hormones.

Unit IV
1. Present an account on recent advances in animal tissue culture.
2. ‘HeLa’ cells make the oldest immortal lhuman cell line. Trace its history and
significance.
 T. Y. B. Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Theory)
Course 12
Course Code: USZO502

Unit I: Mammalian Histology (15 L)

Objective:
 To familiarize the learners with the cellular architecture of the various organs in the body.
 To make the learners understand the need and importance of different types of tissues in the
vital organs and their functions.
Desired outcome:
 Learners would appreciate the well planned organization of tissues and cells in the organ
systems.

1.1: Vertical section (V.S.) of skin

Layers and cells of epidermis; papillary and reticular layers of dermis;
sweat glands, sebaceous glands and skin receptors.

1.2:Digestive System
1.2.1: Vertical section (V.S.) of tooth – hard tissue – dentine and enamel,
soft tissue – dentinal pulp and periodontal ligaments.
1.2.2: Transverse section (T.S.) of tongue – mucosal papillae and taste buds
1.2.3: Alimentary canal – Transverse section (T.S.) of stomach, small intestine, large intestine
of mammal.
1.2.4: Glands associated with digestive system - Transverse section (T.S.) of salivary glands,
liver.

Unit II: Toxicology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce the learners to the principles of toxicology with particular emphasis on toxic
responses to chemical exposures, nature and effect of toxicity and toxicity testing.
 It also intends to develop amongst students an introductory understanding of regulatory
affairs in toxicology.
Desired outcome:
  The course will prepare learners to develop broad understanding of the different areas of
toxicology.
 It will also develop critical thinking and assist students in preparation for employment in
pharmaceutical industry and related areas.

2.1: Basic toxicology

2.1.1: Introduction to toxicology – brief history, different areas of toxicology, principles
and scope of toxicology
2.1.2: Toxins and Toxicants – Phytotoxins (caffeine, nicotine), Mycotoxins (aflatoxins),
Zootoxins (cnidarian toxin, bee venom, scorpion venom, snake venom).
2.1.3: Characteristics of Exposure – Duration of exposure, Frequency of exposure, Site
of exposure and Routes of exposure.
2.1.4: Types of toxicity – Acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, subchronic toxicity and
chronic toxicity.
2.1.5: Concept of LD50, LC50, ED50
2.1.6: Dose Response relationship – Individual/ Graded dose response, Quantal dose
response, shape of dose response curves, Therapeutic index, Margin of safety.
2.1.7: Dose translation from animals to human – Concept of extrapolation of dose,
NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level), Safety factor, ADI (Acceptable Daily
Intake).

2.2: Regulatory toxicology

2.2.1: OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals (an overview)
2.2.2: CPCSEA guidelines for animal testing centre, ethical issues in animal studies
2.2.3: Animal models used in regulatory toxicology studies
2.2.4: Alternative methods in toxicology (in vitro tests)

Unit III: General Pathology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce the learners to basics of general pathology.
 To impart knowledge of retrogressive, necrotic, pathological conditions in the body.
 To explain repair mechanism of the body.
Desired outcome:
 Learners will be familiar with various medical terminology pertaining to pathological
condition of the body caused due to diseases.

3.1: General Pathology

Introduction and scope.
3.2: Cell injury
Mechanisms of cell injury: ischemic, hypoxic, free radical mediated and chemical.

3.3: Retrogressive changes

Definition, cloudy swelling, degeneration: fatty, mucoid and amyloid (causes and effects).
3.4: Disorders of pigmentation
Endogenous: Brief ideas about normal process of pigmentation, melanosis, jaundice
(causes and effects).
3.5: Necrosis
Definition and causes; nuclear and cytoplasmic changes; types: coagulative, liquefactive,
caseous, fat and fibroid.
3.6: Gangrene
Definition and types – dry, moist and gas gangrene.

Unit IV: Biostatistics (15 L)

Objective:
 To make learners familiar with biostatistics as an important tool of analysis and its
applications.
Desired outcome:
 The learners will be able to collect, organize and analyze data using parametric and non-
parametric tests.
 They will also be able to set up a hypothesis and verify the same using limits of significance.
4.1: Probability Distributions
Normal, Binomial, Poisson distribution, Z-transformation, p-value.
Probability - Addition and multiplication rules and their applications.

4.2: Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

Variance, standard deviation, standard error.

4.3: Testing of Hypothesis

Basic concepts, types of hypothesis: Null hypothesis and Alternate hypothesis.
Levels of significance and testing of hypothesis.

4.4: Parametric and non-parametric tests

Parametric tests: two-tailed Z-test and t-test.
Non-parametric test: Chi-square test and its applications.

4.5: Correlation
Correlation coefficient and its significance
REFERENCES
Histology
 A Textbook of Histology; DeshmukhShivaji; Dominant Pub.
 Colour Textbook of Histology; Gartner, Leslie P.; Saunders.
 A Textbook of Histology; Mathur Ramesh; Anmol Pub.
 A Textbook of Histology and A Practical Guide; Gunasegaran J.P.; Elsevier
 A Textbook of Histology; Khanna D.R.; Sonali Pub.
 Practical Zoology; Second Edition; Dr. K.C. Ghose&Dr. B. Manna; New Central Book
 Agency Pvt. Ltd. , Kolkata; 1999.

Toxicology
 Casarett and Doulls Toxicology – The basic science of poisons; Edited by Curtis Klaassen;
McGraw-Hill; 2001.
 Toxicological testing handbook – Principles, applications and data interpretation; David
Jacobson-Kram and Kit Keller; CRC Press; 2006
 Principles and methods of toxicology; A. Wallace Hayes; CRC Press; 2007
 Toxicology – principles and methods; M.A. Subramanian; MJP Publishers, Chennai; 2004
 Fundamentals of Toxicology; KamleshwarPandey and JP Shukla; New Central book agency
Ltd., Kolkata; 2011
 Elements of Toxicology; KamleshwarPandey and JP Shukla; Wisdom Press, New Delhi;
2010
 Principles and Applications of Toxicology; Lahir Y.K.; Seekay Publications; 2013
 Essentials of Clinical Toxicology; Lall S.; Narosa Publishing House; 1998

General pathology
 A Textbook of Veterinary and General Pathology; Second edition; J. L. Vagad; IBDC
Publishers
 Clinical Pathology; Guru G.; NCERT; 1988
 Clinical Pathology; BatraNeelam; Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.; Nov. 1982
 Essentials of General Pathology; Dr. SudhaShivraj, Dr. Satish Kumar Amarnath, Dr. Sheela
Devi; Exclusively distributed by CBS Publishers & Distributors
 Textbook of Pathology; Harsh Mohan; Jaypee Publishers

Biostatistics
°Biostatistics – The Bare Essentials; Third Edition; Geoffrey R. Norman, David L. Streiner; B.C.
Decker, Inc., Hamilton; 2008
  Fundamentals of Biostatistics; Second Edition; Veer BalaRastogi; Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi; 2009 (Reprint 2010)
 Fundamentals of Biostatistics; Second Revised Edition; Irfan Ali Khan and AtiyaKhanum;
Ukaaz Publications, Hyderabad; 2004
 Instant Medical Biostatistics; Dr. Ranjan Das and Dr.Papri N. Das; Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi; 2009
 Primer of Biostatistics; Fifth Edition; Stanton A. Glantz; McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.;
2002
 Basic Biostatistics – Statistics for Public Health Practice; Second Edition; B. Burt
Gerstman; Jones and Bartlett Learning Burlington; 2015
 Biostatistics – A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Discovery; Second Edition; Ronald N.
Forthofer, EunSul Lee and Mike Hernandez; Elsevier, Inc., (Academic Press), USA; 2007
 Statistics in Biology and Psychology; Sixth Edition; Debajyoti Das and Arati Das;
Academic Publishers, Kolkata

ADDITIONAL READING:
Biology – A Global Approach; Tenth Edition (Global Edition); Campbell, Reece, Urry,
Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky& Jackson; Pearson Education Ltd., England; 2015
 Biology; Seventh Edition; Neil A. Campbell & Jane B. Reece; Pearson Education, Inc.;
2005
 Biology; Student Edition; Kenneth R. Miller & Joseph S. Levine; Prentice Hall; 2007
 Biology: Eleventh Revised Edition; Sylvia S. Mader& Michael Windelspecht; McGraw-
Hill Education; 2012
 Biology – Concepts & Applications; Sixth Edition; Cecie Starr; Brooks/ Cole; 2005
 Prescott’s Microbiology; Ninth Edition; Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood &
Christopher J. Woolverton; McGraw-Hill Education; 2014
 Disease & Medicine in India – A Historical Overview; Deepak Kumar; Tulika Books,
India; 2012
 Practical Syllabus for Semester V
Course Code: USZOP05
Course 12

1. Study of mammalian tissues:

i. V.S. of Tooth

ii. T.S. of Stomach

iii. T.S. of small intestine

iv. T.S. of Liver

2. Microtomy: Tissue preservation and fixation, dehydration, infiltration, paraffin

embedding and block preparation, sectioning, staining.

3. Identification of diseases or conditions (from slides or pictures) :

i. Vitiligo

ii. Psoriasis

iii. Bed sores

iv. Necrosis

v. Oedema

4. Study and interpretation of pathological reports: Blood, Urine and Stool (feces)

5. To study the effect of CCl4 on the level of enzyme activity in liver on aspartate
and alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase (in vitro approach)

6. Following biostatistics practicals will be done using data analysis tool of

Microsoft Excel (DEMONSTRATION in regular practicals) & manually:

1. Problems based on Z test

2. Problems based on t test

3. Problems based on Chi square test

4. Correlation, regression analysis using given data demonstration only.

5. Problems based on ANOVA – demonstration only.

 T. Y. B. Sc. Zoology
Semester VI (Theory)
Course 16
Course Code: USZO602

Unit I: Molecular Biology (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce learner to chemical and molecular processes that affect genetic
material.
 To make learner understand the concept of DNA damage and repair, and how
gene control is necessary for cell survival.

Desired outcome:
 Learner shall get an insight into the intricacies of chemical and molecular
processes that affect genetic material.
 The course shall prepare learner to recognize the significance of molecular
biology as a basis for the study of other areas of biology and biochemistry.
 Learner shall also understand related areas in relatively new fields of genetic
engineering and biotechnology.

1.1: Types of mutation

1.1.1: Point mutations – substitution, deletion and insertion mutations
 Substitution mutations – silent (same-sense), missense and nonsense
mutations, transition and transversion
 Deletion and Insertion mutations – frameshift mutations
1.1.2:Trinucleotide repeat expansions – fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease
1.1.3:Spontaneous mutation – tautomeric shifts, spontaneous lesions

1.2: Induced mutations/mutagens/mutagenic agents/DNA damage

1.2.1: Physical agents:
 Ionizing radiation (X-rays, α, β and γ rays)
 Non-ionizing radiation (UV light)
1.2.2: Chemical agents:
 Base analogs (5-bromouracil)
 Intercalating agents (ethidium bromide)
 Deaminating agents (nitrous acid)
 Hydroxylating agents (hydroxylamine)
 Alkylating agents (mustard gas)
 Aflatoxin (aflatoxin B1)

1.3: Preventative and repair mechanisms for DNA damage

1.3.1: Mechanisms that prevent DNA damage – superoxide dismutase and catalase
1.3.2: Mechanisms that repair damaged DNA – direct DNA repair
(alkyltransferases, photoreactivation, excision repair)
1.3.3:Postreplication repair – recombination repair, mismatch repair, SOS repair

1.4: Eukaryotic gene expression

1.4.1: Regulatory protein domains– zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix domain and
leucine zipper
1.4.2: DNA methylation
Unit II: Genetic Engineering (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce learner to a set of techniques to modify an organism’s genome to
produce improved or novel genes and organisms.

Desired outcome:
 The learners shall get acquainted with the vast array of techniques used to
manipulate genes which can be applied in numerous fields like medicine,
research, etc. for human benefit.

2.1: Tools in Genetic Engineering

2.1.1: Enzymes involved in Genetic Engineering:
Introduction, nomenclature and types of restriction enzymes with examples, Ligases
– E.coli DNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase, polynucleotide kinase, phosphatases, DNA
polymerases, reverse transcriptase, terminal transferase
2.1.2: Vectors for gene cloning:
General properties, advantages and disadvantages of cloning vectors - plasmid
vectors(pBR322), phage vectors (λ Phage), cosmid vectors(c2XB),
2.1.3: Cloning techniques:
Cloning after restriction digestion - blunt and cohesive end ligation, creation of
restriction sites using linkers and adapters, cloning after homopolymer tailing,
cDNA synthesis (Reverse transcription), genomic and cDNA libraries

2.2: Techniques in Genetic Engineering

2.2.1: PCR techniques:
Principle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Applications of PCR
2.2.2: Sequencing techniques:
DNA sequencing: Maxam-Gilbert method, Sanger’s method
Protein sequencing: Sanger’s method, Edman’s method
Applications of sequencing techniques
2.2.3: Separation and detection techniques:
Blotting techniques: Southern blotting, Northern blotting and Western blotting
Applications of blotting techniques

Unit III: Human Genetics (15 L)

Objective:
 To introduce learner with genetic alterations in human genome and their
diagnosis.

Desired outcome:
 The learners shall become aware of the impact of changes occurring at gene
level on human health and its diagnosis.

3.1: Non-disjunction during mitosis and meiosis

3.1.1: Chromosomal Aberrations:
Structural: Deletion: types, effects and disorders; Translocation: types: Robertsonian
and non-Robertsonian, disorders; Inversion: types, effects and significance;
Duplication and their evolutionary significance (multigene families)
Numerical: Aneuploidy and Polyploidy (Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy)
3.2: Genetic Disorders
3.2.1: Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Phenylketonuria, G-6-PD deficiency,
Alkaptonuria, Albinism
3.2.2: Single gene mutation: Cystic fibrosis
3.2.3: Multifactorial: Breast Cancer
3.2.4: Uniparental Disomy: Angelman Syndrome and Prader-Willi Syndrome

3.3: Diagnosis
3.3.1: Prenatal Diagnosis (Amniocentesis) and chorio-villus sampling, Banding
techniques (G, C, Q), FISH, Protein truncation test (PTT),
3.3.2: Genetic counselling: Psycho-social aspects for the individual and the family
in connection with genetic investigations

Unit IV: Bioinformatics (15 L)

Objectives:
 To introduce learner to bioinformatics – a computational approach to learning
the structure and organization of genomes, phylogeny, metabolism and
immunology.

Desired outcome:
 Learner shall become aware of the computational point of view of studying the
genomes.

4.1: Introduction
4.1.1: Introduction to Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics web resource (NCBI, EBI,
OMIM, PubMed)
4.1.2: Applications of Bioinformatics

4.2: Databases – Tools and their uses

4.2.1: Biological databases:
Primary sequence databases:
Nucleic acid sequence databases (GenBank, EMBL-EBI, DDBJ)
Protein sequence data bases (UniProtKB, PIR, PDB)
Secondary sequence databases:
Derived databases - PROSITE, BLOCKS,Structure databases and bibliographic
databases

4.3: Sequence alignment methods

4.3.1: BLAST, FASTA
4.3.2: Types of sequence alignment (Pairwise & Multiple sequence alignment)
4.3.3: Significance of sequence alignment

4.4: Predictive applications using DNA and protein sequences(5 L)

4.4.1: Evolutionary studies: Concept of phylogenetic trees convergent and parallel
evolution
4.4.2: Pharmacogenomics: Discovering a drug: Target identification
4.4.3: Protein Chips and Functional Proteomics: Different types of protein chip
(detecting and quantifying), applications of Proteomics
4.4.4: Metabolomics: Concept and applications
REFERENCES

Molecular Biology
• Genetics – The continuity of life; Daniel Fairbanks and Ralph Andersen; Brooks/
Cole Publishing Company; 1999
• Introduction to Molecular Biology; Peter Paolella; Tata McGraw Hill; 2010
• Molecular Biology; David Freifelder; Narosa Publishing House; 2008
• Genetics; Robert Weaver and Philip Hedrick; McGraw Hill; 2001
• iGenetics – A Molecular Approach; Third Edition; Peter J. Russell; Pearson
Education, Inc. (Benjamin Cummings), San Francisco; 2010
• Molecular Biology – Academic Cell Update; Update Edition; David Clark;
Elsevier, Inc.; 2010
• Genetics; M.W. Farnsworth; Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., USA; 1978
• Principles of Genetics; Eighth Edition; Gardner, Simmons and Snustad; John Wiley
and Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd., Singapore; 2002
• The Science of Genetics – An Introduction to Heredity; Fourth Edition; George W.
Burns; Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York; 1980
Molecular Biology– Bios Instant Notes; Fourth Edition; Alexander McLennan,
Andy Bates, Phil Turner & Mike White; Garland Science; 2013
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/

Genetic Engineering
• Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; Frederick M. Ausubel, Roger Brent,
Robert E. Kingston, David D. Moore, Seidman J. G., John A. Smith and Kevin
Struhl; John Wiley& Son, Inc.; 2003
• Introduction to Proteomics; Daniel C. Liebler; Humana Press; 2002
• Molecular cloning; Joseph Sambrook, David William Russell; Third Edition;
CSHL Press; 2001
• Gene Cloning – An Introduction; Brown .T.A; Fourth Edition; Wiley-Blackwell;
2011
• Recombinant DNA - Genes and Genomes- A short course; 3rd Edition; Watson,
J.D., Myers, R.M., Caudy A., Witkowski, J.K.; Freeman and Co. NY; 2007
• Principles Of Gene Manipulation & Genomics; Primrose SB and R. Twyman;
Blackwell Science Publications; 2006
• Methods In Enzymology, Vol 152; Berger Sl, Kimmer AR; Academic Press; 1987
• Genomes 3; Third Edition; T.A.Brown; Garland Science Publishing; 2007
• Molecular Biotechnology - Principles and applications of recombinant DNA;
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J. J.; ASM press, Washington; 2010
• Microbiology; Fifth Edition; Pelczar, M.J. et al; Tata McGraw-Hill Co., New
Delhi; 2001
• Introduction to Protein Structure; Second Edition; Branden C. and Tooze J.; Garlan
Publishing; 1999
• Proteins; Second Edition; Creighton T.E.; W.H. Freeman; 1993
• Proteomics - Protein Sequence to Function; Pennington, S.R and M.J. Dunn; Viva
Books; 2002
• Genetic engineering – Principles and Practice; Sandhya Mitra; Macmillan India
Ltd., New Delhi
• Biotechnology – Fundamentals and Applications; Third Enlarged Edition; S.S.
Purohit; Student Edition, Jodhpur; 2005
• Biotechnology – Expanding Horizons; B.D.Singh; Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
• A textbook of Biotechnology; R.C.Dubey; S.Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi
 • Molecular Biology – Bios Instant Notes; Fourth Edition; Alexander McLennan,
Andy Bates, Phil Turner & Mike White; Garland Science; 2013
Human Genetics

°iGenetics – A Molecular Approach; Third Edition; Peter J. Russell; Pearson

Education, Inc. (Benjamin Cummings), San Francisco; 2010
• Cell and Molecular Biology; Eighth Edition; E.D.P. De Robertis, E.M.F. De
Robertis Jr.; Info-Med Ltd.; 1988
• Genetics (Bios Instant Notes); Third Edition; G.I. Hickey, H.L. Fletcher and P.
Winter; Taylor and Francis Group, New York; 2007
• Genetics – A Conceptual Approach; Third Edition; Benjamin A. Pierce; W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York; 2008
• New Clinical Genetics; Second Edition; Andrew Read and Dian Donnai; Scion
Publishing Ltd., UK; 2011
• Genetics; Third Edition; Robert F. Weaver and Philip W. Hedrick; Wm. C. Brown
Publishers (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.); 1997
• Human Molecular Genetics; Fourth Edition; Tom Strachan and Andrew Read;
Garland Science, USA; 2011
• Genetics; M.W. Farnsworth; Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., USA; 1978
• Human Genetics – An Overview; Alice Marcus; Narosa Publishing House; 2010
• The Science of Genetics – An Introduction to Heredity; Fourth Edition; George W.
Burns; Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York; 1980
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
• https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/

Bioinformatics
• Bioinformatics - Concepts, Skills, and Applications; S.C. Rastogi& others; CBS
Publishing; 2003
• Bioinformatics - A practical guide to analysis of Genes & Proteins; Andreas D
Baxevanis& B F Francis; John Wiley; 2000
• Introduction to Bioinformatics; 1st Edition; T K Attwood, D J parry-Smith; Pearson
Education, 11th Reprint; 2005
• Bioinformatics; 1st Edition; C S V Murthy; Himalaya Publishing House; 2003
• Bioinformatics sequence and genome analysis; David W. Mount; Cold spring
harbor laboratory press; 2004
• Basic Bioinformatics; S. Ignacimuthu, S.J.; Narosa Publishing House; 1995
• An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms; Neil C. Jones and Pavel A. Pevzner;
MIT Press, First Indian Reprint; 2005
• Bioinformatics - Managing Scientific Data; Zoe Lacroix, Terence Critchlow;
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (Elsevier Science); 2003 (for the V unit)
• Phylogenetics: Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics; Second edition;
Bruce S. Lieberman; Wiley-Blackwell; 2011
• Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach; Roderick D.M. Page, Dr Edward
C. Holmes; Well Publishing; 1998
• Essential Bioinformatics; JinXiong; Cambridge University Press; 2006
• Proteomics - From Protein Sequence to Function; 12 S. R. Pennington, M. J. Dunn;
First edition; Springer publications; 2001
• Proteomics; Timothy Palzkill; Springer; 2002
• Metabolomics - A Powerful Tool in Systems Biology; Jens Hřiriis Nielsen, Michael
C. Jewett; Springer; 2007
• Systems Metabolic Engineering; Dr. Christoph Wittmann, Sang Yup. Lee; Springer;
2012
• Bioinformatics (Bios Instant Notes); Second Edition (Special Indian Edition); T.
Charlie Hodgman, Andrew French and David R. Westhead; Garland Science
(Taylor and Francis Group); 2010
 • Understanding Bioinformatics; Marketa Zvelebil and Jeremy O. Baum; Garland
Science (Taylor and Francis Group); 2008
• Bioinformatics Computing – The complete practical guide to bioinformatics for life
scientists; Bryan Bergeron; Eastern Economy Edition; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi; 2003
• Bioinformatics; Prakash S. Lohar; MJP Publishers, Chennai; 2009
• Introduction to Bioinformatics; First Edition; S. SundaraRajan and R. Balaji;
Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai; 2002
• Molecular Biology – Bios Instant Notes; Fourth Edition; Alexander McLennan,
Andy Bates, Phil Turner & Mike White; Garland Science; 2013

Additional reading:
• The Gene: An Intimate History; Siddhartha Mukherjee; Scribner, New York; 2016
• The Handling of Chromosomes; Sixth Edition; C.D. Darlington & L.F. La Cour;
George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London; 1976
• Molecular Cell Biology; Fifth edition; Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Paul
Matsudaira, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P. Scott, S. Lawrence
Zipursky& James Darnell; W.H. Freeman & Company, New York; 2004
 Practical Syllabus for Semester VI
(Course codes: USZOP06)

COURSE 16

1. Isolation & Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.

2. Isolation & Estimation of DNA by Diphenylamine method.

3. Separation of Genomic DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis.

4. Colorimetric estimation of proteins from given sample by Bradford’s method.

5. Problems related to Restriction endonucleases.

6. Karyotype (Idiogram) analysis for the following syndromes with comments on

numerical & structural variations in chromosomes (no cutting of chromosomes):

a. Turner’s syndrome
b. Klinefelter’s syndrome
c. Down’s syndrome
d. Cri-du-chat syndrome
e. D-G translocation
f. Edward’s syndrome
g. Patau’s syndrome

Interpretation of genetic formula: Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.

7. Calculation of mitotic index from the photograph or stained preparation of onion root tip
or cancer cells.

8. Exploring BLAST tool (nucleotide sequence comparison).

9. Exploring the integrated database system at NCBI server and querying

(Querying a nucleotide sequence, querying a protein sequence, use of operators
(AND, OR & NOT).

10. Exploring bibliographic database PubMed (Data mining-Downloading a research paper

on subject of interest, use of operators (AND, OR & NOT).
 Skeleton Practical Exam Question Paper Semester V
T. Y. B. Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Practical)
Course Code USZOP05

Time: 9:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Total Marks: 50

Q.1 Demonstrate the effect of CCl4 on the level of enzyme activity of aspartate/alanine
amino transferase / alkaline phosphatase in liver (in vitro approach)
(10)

Q.2 From the infiltrated tissue prepare blocks, trim and mount it on the block holder for
section cutting. (06)
OR
Q.2 Trim the given block, mount it on the block holder, cut the sections and form the
ribbons on slide. (06)
OR
Q.2 Dewax the ribbon on the slide and stain the section with hematoxylin/ eosin stain
and comment. (06)

Q.3 Identify and describe a, b, c, d, e (10)

a and b - Study of mammalian tissues ( V.S. of Tooth, T.S. of Stomach, T.S. of Intestine
, T.S. of Liver)

c, d and e - Identification of following diseases or conditions (from slides or pictures) –

Vitiligo, Psoriasis, Bed sores, Necrosis, Oedema
Q.4.Interpret the pathological report – blood / urine / stool. (04)
Q.5 Problems in Biostatistics (any two) (10)
Q.6. Journal and Viva. (10)
 Skeleton of Practical Examination Question Paper
T.Y.B.Sc Zoology
Semester VI (Practical)
COURSE
(Course codes: USZOP06)

Time : 9.30 am – 2.30 pm Total Marks : 50

Q1.A Isolation & Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method. (10)

OR

Q1.A Isolation & Estimation of DNA by Diphenylamine method. (10)

Q1.B Separation of Genomic DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis. (05)

OR

Q1.B Colorimetric estimation of proteins from given sample by Bradford’s method

(05)

Q2. Analyze the given syndrome and comment on numerical and structural
variations in chromosomes. (05)

OR

Q2. Calculation of mitotic index from the photograph or stained preparation of onion
root tip or cancer cells. (05)

Q3. Problems related to Restriction endonucleases and Bioinfomatics. (One each) (10)

Q4. Submission of Bioinfomatics Project. (05)

Q5 Journal. (10)

Q6. Viva (05)

Learners’ Space:Unit –IMammalian Histology (Semester-V)
1. What do you mean by histopathology? Which cytological techniques are used to
stain DNA
in the tissues?
2. Prepare a chart as follows
Sr.No. Type of Tissues/Organ/Gland Position in
Embryonic the body of
origin vertebrate
1. Ectoderm
2. Endoderm
3. Mesoderm
4. Dual origin
3. What are the different types of stains used in temporary and permanent
preparation of slides?
4. How are post mortem changes prevented in histological preparation of
experimental animals?
Learners’ Space: Unit-IIToxicology
1.What do you mean by sub-lethal dose or sub-lethal concentration of a toxicant
used in toxicity
evaluation? How it is determined?
2. What is the significance of probit analysis? Comment on Finney method of
toxicity evaluation.
3. Find the differences between bioaccumulation, biotransformation and bio-
magnification in the
trophic levels. Do search for bioremediation against pollutants.
4. What are the various routes of intoxication in vertebrate animals?
Learners’ Space:Unit-III General Pathology
1. Enlist the common inflammatory diseases.
2. Define- Metastasis and Neoplasia
3. How is biopsy done? Give its significance.
4. Prepare a chart as follows:
Sr. Samples Types of Confirmation of
No pathological test diseases
conducted.
1. Blood

2. Urine

3. Sputum
4. Semen
5. Root hair
somatic cell
6. Bone
marrow
 7. Stool

Learners’ Space: Unit- IV Biostatistics

1. What is standard error? How is it applied in biological data?
2. Explain various types of correlations possibilities in biological events.
3. Differentiate between primary and secondary data.
4. Study computer spreadsheet programme. Find software programmes for
statistical tests used in biological research.
Learner’s Space:Unit-I Molecular Biology (Semester-VI)

1. What do you mean by genetic recombination? Explain any one mechanism.

2. Enlist enzymes involved in the central dogma of molecular biology. Comment on the
specific biochemical reaction they catalyze.
3. What is satellite DNA? Discuss several forms of DNAs.
4. What is telomere? Give its significance.

Learner’s Space: Unit-IIGenetic Engineering

1. What is chimeric DNA? Give its applications.
2. What is gene splicing?
3. What is DNA microarray? State its applications.
4. How are transgenic bacteria produced? Give commercial importance oftransgenic
bacteria.

Learner’s Space: Unit-III Human Genetics

1. Give interesting output of HGP?
2. Define- Silent mutation. How can gene therapy obtain relief to genetic diseases?
3. Give examples of lysosomal storage disorders.
4. What are lethal genes? What are jumping genes?

Learner’s Space: Unit-IV Bioinformatics

1. Enlist the variations in BLAST and FASTA.
2. Find the structure of a protein of your choice using UNIPROT.
3. Give role of bioinformatics in clinical biology.
4. What is OMIA?
 T. Y. B. Sc. Zoology
Semester based Credit and Grading System
(Proposed syllabus for Academic Year 2018-19)
Semester V
Paper-III - USZO503

Learning objectives: To introduce the principles of taxonomy in animal kingdom

and modern classification of lower groups of organisms with evolution point of view,
from unicellular to multicellular organization.
Learning outcome:
Learners will apprehend the basis of classification and modern classification up to
class of the lower invertebrate animal life.

Unit 1: Principles of Taxonomy

1.1: Levels of Organization: (1 lectures)
1.1.1: Unicellularity, colonization of cells, multicellularity.
1.1.2: Levels of Organization- Acellular, Cellular, Tissue level, Organ level and
Organ- system level of organization.

1.2: Symmetry (2 lectures)

1.2.1: Basic concept and definition.
1.2.2: Types -
a. Asymmetry – e.g. Amoeba
b. Radial symmetry- e.g. Starfish
c. Bi-lateral symmetry – e.g. one invertebrate and one vertebrate
1.2.3: Evolutionary significance of symmetry.
1.3: Coelom (2 lectures)
1.3.1: Basic concept and definition.
1.3.2: Formation of coelom.
1.3.3: Types -
a. Acoelomate –Platyhelminthes
b. Pseudocoelomate –Nemathelminthes
1.3.4: Evolutionary significance of coelom.

1.4: Metamerism (2 lectures)

1.4.1: Basic concept and definition
1.4.2: Types – a. Pseudometamerism
b.True metamerism - i) Homonomous – e.g. Annelida
ii) Heteronomous – Cephalization – e.g. Insecta
- Cephalothorax – e.g. Crustacean
1.4.3: Evolutionary significance of metamerism.

1.5: Taxonomy (4 Lectures)

1.5.1: Basic concept, definition and objectives.
1.5.2: Linnaean Hierarchy, Binomial Nomenclature.
1.5.3: Five Kingdom classification:
General characters of Kingdoms with examples –
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia .
1.6: Kingdom Protista
Animal like Protists -Protozoa (4 Lectures)

1.6.1 General characters of Protozoa

1.6.2 Classification with examples-
Phylum: Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora and Sporozoa .
1.6.3 Morphology, life cycle, pathogenicity and control measures of Entamoeba
histolytica

Unit II- : Kingdom: Animalia - I

Learning objectives: To comprehend the general characters and classification of

Kingdom Animalia, from porifera to Aschelminthes and specific characters of
organisms.

Learning outcome: The learners will be familiarized with classification up to

phylum Aschelminthes along with their examples.

2.3.1: Phylum: Porifera (3 lectures)

a. General characters
b. Classification up to class with suitable examples:
Class - Calcarea, Hexactinellida and Demospongia.
c. Skeleton in sponges.
2.3.2: Phylum: Cnidaria (3 lectures)
a. General characters
b. Classification up to class with examples-
Class- Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa.
c. Polymorphism in Cnidaria.
2.3.3: Phylum Platyhelminthes (5 lectures)
a. General characters.
b. Classification up to class with examples-
Class- Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda .
c. Morphology, life cycle and Pathogenecity of Fasciola hepatica.

2.2.4: Phylum Aschelminthes (4 lectures)

a. General characters.
b. Classification up to class with examples-
Class-: Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Rotifera and Gastrotricha.
c. Diseases caused by nematodes in humans-
Ascariasis, Enterobiasis, Filariasis and Loiasis.

Unit 3: Kingdom: Animalia - II (15 lectures)

Learning objectives: To introduce basic concepts of classification up to class in

animal kingdom from phylum Annelida to Hemichordat and to familiarize with their
characters.

Learning outcome:
Learners will get an idea of higher groups of invertebrate animal life, their
classification and their peculiar aspects.
 3.1: Phylum: Annelida (4 lectures)
3.1.1. General characters.
3.1.2 Classification up to class with examples-
Class-- Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea.
3.1.3 Regeneration, asexual reproduction, epitoky and swarming in class Polychaeta.

3.2: Phylum: Arthropoda (4 lectures)

3.2.1 General characters.
3.2.2 Classification up to class with examples-
Class- Merostomata, Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Insecta
3.2.3 Social organization in termites.

3.3 Phylum: Onychorphora (2 Lectures)

3.3.1 Peripatus, a connecting link.
3.3.2 Affinities of Phylum Onychophora with following phyla --
a. Annelida,
b. Arthropoda,
c. Mollusca,
3.3.3 Peculiar Onychophoran characteristics.

3.3: Phylum Mollusca (3 lectures)

3.3.1 General characters.
3.3.2 Classification up to class with examples-
Class- Aplacophora, Polyplycophora, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda,
Pelycypoda,
Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda .
3.3.3 Shells in Mollusca.

3.4: Phylum: Echinodermata (3 lectures)

3.4.1 General characters.
3.4.2 Classification up to class with examples-
Class -Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea and Crinoidea.
3.4.3 Water vascular system in Starfish.

3.5 Minor phyla (1 lecture)

3.5.1 General characters along with examples of -
a. Phylum Acanthocephala- Acoelomate
b.Phylum Chaetognatha-- Coelomate
(Description of examples not expected)

3.6 Phylum –Hemichordata (1 lecture)

3.6.1 General characters and classification with examples

Class- Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia and Planctosphaeroidea.

3.7 Basic concepts of phylogeny (1 lecture)

Unit 4 Type study- Sepia
Learning objective- To acquaint learners with the details of Sepia as a
representative of invertebrate animals.
Learning outcome- Learners will get an idea of general characteristics and details
of invertebrate animal systems.

Type study- Sepia

4.1: General characters and classification, Habit and habitat, External characters,
mantle cavity, locomotion, economic importance. (5 lectures)

4.2: Digestive system, Respiratory system, Circulatory system, excretory system,

nervous system, Sense organs and Reproductive system. (10
lectures)

REFERENCES
• Zoology for Degree Students-I;Dr.V.K.Agarwal.S.Chand
• Modern text book of Zoology – Invertebrates; Eleventh; Edition Professor R.L.
Kotpal;
Rastogi publication
• Invertebrate Zoology; E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma
• A manual of Zoology - Part I, Invertebrata; Ayyar, M. Ekambaranath
• Invertebrate Zoology – Volumes of different Phyla; Hyman L.H.
• Instant notes in animal biology by Richard. D. Jurd.
 T.Y.B.Sc. USZOP503

Practical III
Semester V
1. Levels of organization-

a. Symmetry: -i)Asymmetry- eg. Sponge

ii) Radial: Bi-radial eg. Combjelly
Pentaradial eg. Adult Brittle star
iii) Bi- lateral -eg. Any tetrapod.
b. Coelom: - i) Acoelomate –e.g. Tapeworm
ii) Pseudo-coelomate- e.g. Ascaris
iii) Coelomate –e.g. Frog

c. Segmentation: i) Homonomous- eg. Nereis

ii) Heteronomous- Cephalization: e.g. Honey-bee,
Cephalothorax: -e.g. Crab
2. Taxonomy
a. Kingdom- Protista:
1) Animal like Protists-Protozoa
i. Phylum: Sarcodina e.g Amoeba
ii. Phylum: Mastigophora e.g,Noctiluca
iii Phylum: Ciliophora e.g, Vorticella
iv. Phylum: Sporozoa, e.g,Monocystis

b. Kingdom Animalia

1) Phylum- Porifera:-i) Class- Calcarea – e.g. Scypha

ii) Class Hexactinellida – e.g. Hyalonemma
iii) ClassDemospongia- e.g. Spongilla

2) Phylum Cnidaria:- i) Class Hydrozoa – e.g. Vellela

ii) Class Scyphozoa- e.g. Rhizostoma
iii) Class Anthozoa- e.g. Corallium

3) Phylum Platyhelminthes:-i) Class Turbellaria- e.g. Planaria

ii) Class Trematoda - e.g. Liverfluke
iii) Class Cestoda - e.g. Taenia solium
4) Phylum Aschelminthes- i) Class Nematoda- e.g. Trichinella
ii) Class Nematomorpha- e.g. Gordius
iii) Class Rotifera- e.g. Mytilina
iv) Class Gastrotricha-e.g. Chaetonotus
v) Class Kinorhyncha-e.g. Echinoderes
5) Phylum Annelida: - i) Class -Polychaeta- e.g. Arenicola
ii) Class- Oligochaeta- e.g. Tubifex
iii) Class- Hirudinea - e.g. Pontobdella

6) Phylum Arthropoda: - i) Class- Merostomata-e.g.Limulus

ii) Class- Arachnida- e.g. Scorpion
iii) Class- Crustacea - e.g. Balanus
 iv) Class- Myriapoda- e.g. Scolopendra
v) Class- Insecta- e.g. Coccinella

7) Phylum Onychophora e.g.Peripatus

8) Phylum Mollusca: - i) Class- Aplacophora e.g. Chaetoderma

ii) Class Polyplacophora e.g. Chiton
iii) Class Monoplacophor e.g. Neopilina
iv) Class Gastropoda e.g. Achatina
v) Class Pelycypoda e.g. Donax
vi) Class Scaphopoda e.g. Dentalium
vii) Class Cephalopoda e.g. Octopus

9) Phylum Echinodermata: i) Class Asteroidea e.g. Starfish

ii) Class Ophiuroidea e.g. Brittle star
iii) Class Echinoidea e.g. Echinus
iv) Class Holothuroidea e.g.Holothuria
v) Class Crinoidea e.g.Crinoid

10) Phylum Hemichordata: i) Class Enteropneusta e.g. Saccoglossus

ii) Class Pterobranchia e.g.Rhabdopleura
iii) Class Planctosphaeroidea e.g.Planctosphaera
3. Minor Phyla
a) Acoelomate:i) Phylum Acanthocephala e.g. Echinorhynchus
b) Coelomate: i) Phylum Chaetognatha e.g. Sagitta.

4. General Topics in Invertebrates:

a. Protozoans
Locomotion -Amoeboid locomotion-Amoeba, Ciliary locomotion-Vorticella
Flagellar locomotion- Noctiluca, Gliding locomotion-Monocystis
Reproduction-
Asexual reproduction – Binary fission- Amoeba
Sexual reproduction- Conjugation-Paramoecium

b. Sponges
Canal system:
Sycon type - Scypha, Ascon type- Leucosolenia, Leucon type -Spongilla
Sponge spicules: Monaxon,Triaxon, Tetraxon,Polyaxon

c. Insects:
Types of metamorphosis: Ametabolous- e.g.Lepisma, Hemimetabolous- e.g. Locust
Holometabolous e.g. Butterfly.

5. Study tour-Visit to local fish market/Aquarium/Any other place to observe

invertebrates.
 Learner’s space (proposed)
Paper III, Semester V
1. Learners can visit different websites to get information about the invertebrates
discovered recently in Maharashtra as well as in the world.
2. Learners can play games to identify kingdom, phylum or class based on the
characters of animals.
3. Find the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
4. How first life/ cell originated on earth?
5. List the names of places where coral reefs are found.
6. Enlist medicinal uses of leech.
7. Procure the differences between Loligo and Sepia.
8. Collect information on differences between minor phyla and major phyla.
9. What are criteria to put an animal in minor phylum?
10. Name the largest moth. Where is it found?
 T. Y. B. Sc. Zoology
Course Code: USZO 603
Semester VI
Theory Paper-III
Unit 1: Phylum Chordata (15 lectures)
Learning objectives: To introduce basic concepts of modern Chordate classification
with evolution point of view and to understand the concept of taxonomy in higher
animal kingdom.

Learning outcome:
Learners will get an idea of origin of Chordates, its taxonomy up to class with
reference to phylogeny and their special features.
1.1: General characters 7 lectures
1.1.1 Difference between nonchordates and chordates.
1.1.2 Origin of chordates- Annelids as ancestors, Arachnids as ancestors and
affinities with Echinodermata
1.1.3 Classification – outline giving reasons, with schematic diagram -
Phylum chordata: Group -protochordata (Acrania)
Subphylum-Urochordata – Class Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, Larvacea
Subphylum-Cephalochordata- Class Leptocardi
Group: Euchordata (Craniata)
Subphylum- Vertebrata: Division-Agnatha-
Class- Ostracodermii, Class- Cyclostomata
Division-Gnathostomata-
Superclass- Pisces: Class-Placodermi, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
Superclass Tetrapoda:Class- Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
1.2: Protochordates (4 lectures)
1.2.1: General characters of Group Protochordata,Classification up to class with examples
General characters of Subphylum Urochordata and Cephalochordata with examples
1.2.2: Retrogressive metamorphosis in Ascidian

1.3 Euchordates (4 lectures)

General characters - Group Euchordata. , Subphylum Vertebrata
Distinguishing characters -Division Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
General characters with examples- Class Ostracodermii and Cyclostomata.
Unit 2: Group Euchordata- I (15 lectures)
2.1: Division – Gnathostomata (5 lectures)
Superclass – Pisces and Tetrapoda
Superclass – Pisces- Distinguishing characters.
Class- Placodermi,Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes-Distinguishing characters .
Examples:
a.Sharks, e.g. Hammer headed shark
b. Skates and rays, e.gs. Saw fish
c. Chimeras e.g Spotted rat fish
d. Flying fish, e.g. Exocoetus

2.2.: Dipnoi (Lung fish) - (3 lectures)

Distribution, habit and habitat,External and internal characters, affinities with
super class Pisces, affinities and differences with class Amphibia
2..3: Migration in fish: Reasons for migration, types of migration (3 lectures)
Examples- Eel and Salmon
2.3: Superclass Tetrapoda- (4 lectures)
Class Amphibia -General characters,
Examples:
a. Limb-less amphibian, e.g. Ichthyophis
b. Tailed amphibian, e.g. Amphiuma
c. Tail-less amphibian, e.g. Hyla
2.3.: Neoteny and Paedogenesis in Amphibia

Unit 3: Group Euchordata II - Reptilia, Aves and Mammals (15 lectures

Learning objectives:
To introduce the learners to the distinguishing characters of classes Reptilia, Aves and
Mammalia and their adaptive features with reference to their habitat.
Learning outcome:
Learners will understand the characteristic features and examples of class of Reptilia,
Aves and Mammalia.
3.1: Class Reptilia: General characters. (2 lectures)
3.1.1, Examples
a. Extinct reptile, e.g. Ichthyosaurus
b. Living fossil, e.g. Sphenodon
c. Aquatic reptile, e.g. Chelone
d. Arboreal reptile, e.g. Chamaeleon
3.2: Class Aves- General Characters (6 lectures)
Examples-
a. Arboreal bird e.g Wood pecker
b. Terrestrial bird e.g. Jungle fowl
c. Swimming bird e.g. Cormorant
d. Wading bird, e.gs. Pond heron
e. Birds of prey, e.g. Owl
f. Flightless birds e.g. Emu
3.2.1 Flight adaptations in birds
3.3: Class Mammalia (5lectures)
3.3.1: General characters and examples -
a. Egg-laying mammals, e.g. Duck-billed platypus
b. Pouched mammals, e.g.Kangaroo
c. Insect eating mammals, e.g. Common shrew
d. Toothless mammals, e.g.Sloth
e. Gnawing mammals, e.g. Squirrel
g. Primates, e.g. Lemur
3.3.2 Adaptations in aquatic mammals with examples. (2 lectures)

Unit 4: Type study - Shark (15 lectures)

Learning objectives: To study in depth one vertebrate animal type i. e. general
characteristics and salient features of animal type - shark.
Learning outcome: Learners will get an idea of vertebrate animal life after studying
one representative animal Shark.
4.1 Habit & habitat, distribution, external (3 lectures)
characters and classification, and economic importance.
4.2) Skin, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, (12 lectures)
Digestive system, respiratory system, blood vascular System, nervous system,
receptor organs, urinogenital system, copulation, fertilization and development.
REFERENCES
• Modern text book of Zoology – Vertebrates; Professor R.L. Kotpal; Rastogi
publication;Third Edition 2012
Vertebrate Zoology for Degree students; V. K. Agarwal; S.Chand Publication; 2012
• Fundamentals of Zoology, Dr. K.C. Ghosh and Dr. B. Manna,New Central book
Agency (P) Ltd.
• Chordate Zoology Volume II, Prof. N. Arumogam. Saras Publication.
• Chordate Anatomy Mohan P. Arora, Himalaya Publishing House, First edition
 Chordate Zoology, E.L.Jordan, P.S. Verma, S. Chand & Company Ltd.

• The life of Vertebrates; J.Z. Young; ELBS - Oxford University Press

Third edition, 2006
 Textbook of chordate Zoology, Vol. II, G.S. Sandhu, H. Bhaskar

Campus Book International, First edition, 2005

 T.Y.B.Sc. USZOP603

Practical III
Semester VI
1. Group - Protochordata
Subphylum Urochordata -
a. Class Larvaceae, e.g. Oikopleura
b. Class Ascidiacea, e.g. Ciona
c. Class Thaliacea, e.g. Salpa
Subphylum Cephalochordata:
a Class Leptocardii, e.g. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus)

2. Subphylum Vertebrata:
1 Division Agnatha - Class Ostracodermi, e.g. Pharyngolepis,
Class Cyclostomata, e.g. Petromyzon
2. Division- Gnathostomata
a Superclass - Pisces:
i) Class Placodermi e.g.Bothriolepis,

ii) Class Chondrichthyes- e.g.. Rhinobates e.g. Chimaera

iii) Class- Osteichthyes -e.g.Protopterus , e.g. Catfish
b. Superclass - Tetrapoda :
i). Class Amphibia, e.g. Ichthyophis, e.g. Alytes, e.g. Triton
ii). Class Reptilia: e.g. Geochelone (Indian star tortoise),e.g Sphenodon , ex
Varanus, e.g. Alligator
3. Class Aves:
E.g. Archaeopteryx, Ostrich, Penguin, Flamingo, Vulture, Hornbill
4. Class Mammalia: e.g. Duck-billed platypus, Dasyurus (Tiger cat), Dugong, Flying
,Squirrel, Gorilla.
5. Shark:
1. Study of endoskeleton of shark:
a. Axial- skull and vertebral column
b. Appendicular- pelvic and pectoral fins, pelvic and pectoral girdle.
6. Visit to local fish market/Aquarium/ zoo/ National park/Any other relevant place to
observe Chordate animals.
 Learner’s space
PaperIII, Sem VI
1. Organise a lecture and interaction of an expert working in the field of vertebrate
study like wild photography, research project etc.
2. Collect information on phylogeny and geological time scale.
3. Did you notice that the number of frogs or earthworms is decreasing? Find out its
probable reasons.
4. What are benefits of frog to farmer?
5. What are the reasons of extinction of dinosaurs?
6. Enlist names of extinct birds.
7. Why Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and
birds?
8. Name the largest terrestrial and aquatic mammal.
9. List the scientific names of sharks found in Indian Ocean.
10. How is the age of the fossil decided?
 USZOP503
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER
University of Mumbai
T.Y.B.Sc. (2018-19)
Sem V

9.30-2.30am 50 Marks

Q.1 Identify and describe

a) Symmetry / Coelom/ Segmentation (any two)
b) Observe the animal (photo/existing preserved specimen) and state
04
its Phylum giving reasons.Animal should be other then the
02
specimens mentioned in the theory/practical syllabus and
displaying characteristic features of that phylum.Note the animal
need not be identified
Q.2. Identify and classify giving reasons
a) Protozoa / Porifera / Cnidaria
b) Platyhelminthes / Nemathelminthes 12
c) Annelida / Arthropoda
d) Mollusca / Echinodermata
Q.3 Identify, classify and describe
03
a) Minor phyla
03
b) Phylum Hemichordata

Q.4 Identify and describe

a) Locomotion / Reproduction in Protozoa
06
b) Canal system in sponges /Spicules in sponges
c) Metamorphosis in insects
Q.5 Field Report and Viva based on theory paper 10
Q.6 Journal 10
 USZOP603
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER
University of Mumbai
T.Y.B.Sc. (2018-19)
Sem VI
Time:9.30-2.30am 50
Marks

Q.1 Identify, classify and describe

a)Eurochordata/Cephalochordata/Ostracodermii/Cyclostomata(Any
two)
b) Observe the animal (photo/existing preserved specimen) and state its 06
Class giving reasons.Animal should be other then the specimens
mentioned in the theory/practical syllabus and,displaying characteristic
features of that Class.Note: The animal need not be identified
Q.2. Identify and classify giving reasons
a)Pisces
b) Amhibia
c)Reptilia 15
d)Aves
e)Mammal

Q.3 Identify,Sketch and label/Identify and describe the marked portion in

given diagram
a) Skull/Vertebra of Shark
09
b) Fin(Pectoral Pelvic)
c) Girdle of Shark(Pectoral Pelvic

Q.4 Field Report and Viva based on theory paper 10

Q.5 Journal 10
 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Theory)
Course 14
Course Code: USZO504
Integumentary system, Human Osteology and Limb Muscles and
Developmental Biology ofChick

Unit 1: Integumentary system and derivatives (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce the learners to understand different integumentary structures
andderivatives in the vertebrates and to acquaint learners with special
derivatives ofintegument.

Desired outcome:
Learners will be able to understand the importance of epidermal and
dermalderivatives and their functions.

1.1: Basic structure of integument (1 lecture)

Epidermis and dermis.

1.2: Epidermal derivatives of Vertebrates (6 lectures)

Hair, hoof, horn, claw, teeth, beak, epidermal scales (large scales, small
scales,modified scales - spine), glands - types and functions (mucous, serous,
ceruminous,
poison, uropygial, salt), type of feathers.

1.3: Dermal derivatives of Vertebrates (4 lectures)

Scales in fish; scutes in reptiles and birds; dermal scales in mammals -
Armadillo,
Antler -Caribou

1.4: Special derivatives of integument (4 lectures)

Wart in toad, rattle in snake, whale bone in baleen whale,kneepads in camel.

Learners space:
1) Find out the difference between holocrine, merocrine and apocrine glands.
2) When you look at yourself in a mirror, nearly everything you see is a part of
theintegumentary system. It consists of your skin, hair, nails and various glands,
such assweat and oil glands.Prepare a chart to check the hygiene status of your
ownintegumentary system.
3) What is the difference between plastic and cosmetic surgery?
4) What is skin cancer? What are the preventive measures?
5) What is the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma?
6) What is cyanosis?
7) Before thinking about getting a tattoo, list the risks involved.
8) Comment on birthmarks and how they are formed?
9) What is biological clock/rhythm? Find the correlation between melanin
secretionand sleep?
Unit 2: Human Osteology (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce the learners to different bones of human skeleton and
theirimportance.

Desired outcome:
Learners will be able to understand the structure, types and functions of
humanskeleton.

2.1: Introduction (2 lectures)

Bone structure, physical properties, chemical composition andfunctions of bones.

2.2: Axial skeleton (8 lectures)

2.2.1: Skull: General characteristics of skull bones
a) Cranial bones b) Facial bones
2.2.2: Vertebral column: General characteristics of a vertebra, structure of different
typesof
vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum & coccyx).
2.2.3: Ribs and sternum (Thorax): General skeleton of ribs and sternum.
2.2.4: Hyoid bone: Structure and function.

2.3: Appendicular skeleton (5 lectures)

2.3.1: Pectoral girdle and Pelvic girdle.
2.3.2: Bones of forelimbs and hindlimbs.

Learners space:
1) What is forensic osteology?
2) What is human osteoarchaeology?
3) Which are the sexually dimorphic bones in humans?
4) Find the importance of osteology in understanding human evolution and
taxonomy.
5) What is osteoporosis?
6) What is the correlation between age, nutrition and growth of bones?
7) Collect the information about types of fractures and their first aid measures.

Unit 3: Muscles of long bones of Human limbs 15 lectures)

Objectives:
 To study long limb muscles involved in body movements.
 To identify various arrangements of the long limb muscles and to relate
thearrangement with contraction and motion.
 To study muscle injuries and syndromes.

Desired outcome:
Learners will be able to understand the types of long limb muscles, its
arrangementand their role in body movements.

3.1: Introduction and types of long limb muscles (1 lecture)

3.1.1 Flexors, Extensor, Rotator, Abductors, Adductors

3.2: Muscles of forelimbs (6 lectures)

3.2.1. Muscles that move the arm (Humerus)-Triceps Brachii,Biceps Brachii, Brachialis,
Brachioradialis,
3.2.2. Muscles that move the forearm (Radius-ulna) - Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor
carpiulnaris, Extensor carpi ulnaris
3.2.3. Muscles that move the wrist, hand and fingers - Flexor digitoriumsuperficialis,
Extensor carpi radialis, Extensor digitorum

3.3: Muscles of hindlimbs (6 lectures)

3.3.1. Muscles that move the thigh (Femur) - Sartorius, Adductor group, Quadriceps
group-
Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastusmedialis, Hamstring group - Biceps
femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus.
3.3.2. Muscles that move the lower leg (tibia-fibula)- Fibularis longus, Gastrocnemius,
Tibialis anterior, Soleus, Extensor digitorum longus, Fibularistertius
3.3.3. Muscles that move the ankle, foot and toes - Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum
longus, Fibularis muscles

3.4: Muscle injuries (1 lecture)

Injury in buttock - Gluteus maximus and Gluteus medius, knee- Quadriceps
group, leg and foot while running.

3.5: Muscle syndromes (1 lecture)

Shin splint syndrome, Plantar fasciitis and Stress fractures.

Learners space:
1) Find out the following:
a) How much do the muscles contribute towards your total body weight?
b) Smallest muscle,strongest muscle and the muscle that is never tired in our
body.
c) How many muscles are required for taking one step?
2) What are the different shapes of the skeletal muscles?
3) Find out the following terms: myofiber, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic
reticulum,sarcosome, sarcomere.
4) Role of important nutrients for body building.
5) Name the muscles acting during quite, deep and forced respiration?
6) Collect the information regarding muscles involved in facial expressions?
7) Name three muscles or muscle groups used as sites for intramuscular
injections.Which isthe most often used in babies?
8) What are the important differences in the effect of exercises on muscles of a
marathonrunner and a weight lifter?

Unit 4: Developmental biology of Chick (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce to the learners the basics of developmental biology with reference
tochick as a model and also understand experiments related to it.

Desired outcome:
Learners will be able to understand the processes involved in embryonic
developmentand its application.

4.1: Introduction to Developmental Biology (5 lectures)

4.1.1. Basic concept and principles of developmental biology - morphogenesis,
organogenesis, fate maps, cell adhesion, cell affinity and cell differentiation.

4.2: Development of Chick embryo (10 lectures)

4.2.1. Structure of Hen’s egg, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation and gastrulation
4.2.2. Structure of chick embryo -18 hours, 24 hours, 33 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours
4.2.3. Extra embryonic membranes

Learners space:
1) What are the different theories of experimental embryology?
2) Collect the brief information regarding the human embryogenesis?
3) What is Recapitulation theory?
4) What is French flag model in developmental biology?
5) Complete the following table:

Drosophila body Patterning

Category of genes Name of genes Role of gene
Egg-polarity genes Establish the Antero-posterior
axis
Gap genes Establish 3 broad segments of
the embryo
Pair-rule genes Establishes odd and even
segments
Segment-polarity genes Establishes anterior posterior
polarity of each segment
Homeotic (homeobox)
Establishes segmental identity
genes

REFERENCES:
Integumentary system and derivatives
 Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates; Ninth Edition; Kent, G.C. and Carr
R.K.; The
 McGraw-Hill Companies; 2000
 Text book of chordates; Saras publication
 Modern text of zoology; Prof. R.L. Kotpal
 Integumentary system and its derivatives; Samuel D. Hodge

Human Osteology
 Atlas of human anatomy -Vol I; R.D. Sinelnikov; Mr. Publishers Moscow
 A Guide of Osteology (for medical students); Prakash kendra, Lucknow
 Text Book of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology; Tortora
 Human osteology; Tim DWhite
 Text Book of Human osteology; Singh Inderbir
 Mechanisms of Body Functions; Second Edition; Dexter M. Easton; Prentice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 1978

Muscles of Long Bones of Human Limbs

 Human anatomy by John. W. Hole, Jr., Karen A. Koos, Publisher: Wm.C. Brown
Publisher, USA.
 Principles of anatomy and physiology by Gerard T. Tortora and Sandra Reynolds
Grabowski. Publisher: Harpers Collins College Publishers (7th Edition).
Developmental Biology ofChick
 Developmental biology; Gilbert
 Developmental biology; Patten
  Developmental biology; Wolpert
 Text book of embryology; N. Arumugam
 Chicken Development – Embryology; W.H. Freeman & B. Bracegirdle
 Practical Zoology; Second Edition; Dr. K.C. Ghose&Dr. B. Manna; New Central
Book Agency Pvt. Ltd. , Kolkata; 1999

T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Practical)
Course 14
(Course code: USZO504)

1) Study of integumentary systems and its derivatives - V.S. of Skin of Shark,

Frog,Calotes, Pigeon and Human.
2) Study of Human Axial Skeleton - Skull and Vertebral column.
3) Study of Human Appendicular Skeleton - Girdles and Limb bones.
4) Study of muscles of forelimbs - Biceps Brachii, Brachialis,
Brachioradialis.Triceps Brachii,Flexor carpi radialis, Flexorcarpi ulnaris,
Extensor carpi ulnaris.

5) Study of muscles of hindlimbs.- Sartorius, Adductor group, Quadriceps group-

Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Hamstring group (Biceps femoris,
Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus),Fibularis longus, Gastrocnemius,
Tibialis anterior, Soleus, Extensor digitorum longus, Fibularistertius.
6) Study of ontogeny of chick embryo using permanent slides -18 hrs., 24 hrs., 33
hrs., 48hrs.and 72 hrs.
7) Prepare temporary mounting of chick embryo up to 48 hrs.of
incubation(demonstration).
 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester VI (Theory)
Course 18
Course Code: USZO604
Environment and Wildlife management, Bioprospecting,
Zoopharmacognosy and Zoogeography

Unit 1: Environment management (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce the learners to understand the importance of different factors
ofenvironment and its management.

Desired outcome:
Learners will understand the different factors affecting environment, itsimpact
and environment management laws.

1.1: Natural resources and their classification (2 lectures)

Forest resources, water resources (surface and ground), mineral resources,energy
resources: renewable and non-renewable resources.

1.2: Exploitation and modification of natural resources (2 lectures)

Impact on climate, flora and fauna.

1.3: Waste Management (2 lectures)

3R’s (Reduce, Reuse & Recycle) of solid waste, e-waste, hazardous waste.

1.4: Water Management (4 lectures)

Rain water harvesting, watershed management, effluent treatment,recycling
plants, control and treatment of sewage water.

1.5: Rules and Acts of Environment Management (5 lectures)

Environment Protection Act, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules-
1982, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules-1978, Hazardous
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules-1989, EIA(Environmental Impact
Assessment), Role of Central and State Government(Pollution Control Board)
and NGOs.

Learners space:
1) Find out the role of an ISO 14001 environmental management system?
2) What is environmental audit?
3) What is carbon footprint?
4) Collect information on life cycle assessment (LCA) as an
environmentalmanagement tool?
5) Collect the information about institutes those provide environmental
managementeducation?
6) Find out the role of industries such as TATA steel in
environmentalmanagement?
7) What are the benefits of environmental monitoring for an industry?
Unit 2: Wildlife management (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce the learners to the importance of wildlife conservation.

Desired outcome:
Learners will be able to understand the wildlife habitat projects for
animalprotection.

2.1: Habit, habitat, territory and niche of wild animals (2 lectures)

Herbivores, carnivores, solitary, pack and herd.

2.2: Threats to wildlife (6 lectures)

Diseases (zoonosis and reverse zoonosis), competition, hunting andpoaching,
encroachment, deforestation, tourism, overgrazing, humananimal conflict and
climate change.

2.3: Wildlife conservation: Techniques and methods (7 lectures)

Ex-situ conservation (Zoos, cryogenics, seedbank, germplasm and genebank), in-
situ conservation (Bio-reserves, Sanctuaries and National Parks).

Learners space:
1) What is the difference between wildlife conservation and wildlife management?
2) Comment on ethics of Wildlife Management and Conservation.
3) What is WTI and its role in wildlife research and management?
4) Comment on Sustainable Wildlife Management (SWM).
5) Which ministry works for wildlife management in India?

Unit 3: Bioprospecting and Zoopharmacognosy (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce the learners to understand prospecting in biology and importance
ofpharmacognosy.

Desired outcome:
Learners will understand the paradigms of discovery and commercialization
ofbiological resources andknowledge gained by self medication by animals.

3.1: Bioprospecting (7 lectures)

3.1.1. Traditional and modern bioprospecting
3.1.2. Economic value of bioprospecting
3.1.3. Bioprospecting and conservation
3.1.4. Advantages and disadvantages

3.2: Zoopharmacognosy (8 lectures)

3.2.1: Definition and types
3.2.2: Self-medication and its mechanism
3.2.3: Methods of self-medication through- Ingestion- ants and mammals,Geophagy-
invertebrates and birds
3.2.4: Absorption and adsorption
3.2.5: Applications – birds, mammals, social and trans-generational aspects
3.2.6: Contribution to human medicines.
Learners space:
1) What is Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?
2) Find the following:
a) Bioprospecting and Maya ICBG controversy.
b) Contribution of BabuKalunde in self-medication.
3) Link the study of human evolution with Zoopharmacognosy.

Unit 4: Zoogeography (15 lectures)

Objective:
To introduce learners to a branch of science dealing with the geographic
distributionof animals.

Desired outcome:
The learners will become acquainted with how and why different animal species
aredistributed around the globe.

4.1: Introduction (2 lectures)

Plate tectonics and continental drift theory.

4.2: Animal distribution and barriers (7 lectures)

4.2.1: Patterns of animal distribution – continuous, discontinuous, isolation
andbipolarity.
4.2.2: Barriers of distribution –Topographic, climatic, vegetative, large watermasses,
land
mass, lack of salinity and special characteristic habit(homing instinct).
4.2.3: Means of dispersal – land bridges, natural rafts and drift wood, favouring gales,
migration by host, accidental transportation and by human agencies.

4.3: Zoogeographical realms (6 lectures)

4.4.1: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, Nearctic andAntarctic.

Learners space:
1) What is Wallace’s Line? Describe its fauna.
2) What is Weber's line?
3) How zoogeography leads to the speciation?
4) List the animal species which exhibit homing instincts.

REFERENCES
Environment management
 Essentials of Environmental Science; N. Vasudevan; Narosa Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110002
 Environmental Biology; P.S Verma, V.K Agarwal; S. Chand & company Ltd.
New Delhi 110055
 A textbook of Environmental Science; Arvind Kumar; A P H Publishing
Corporation
 New Delhi 110002
 Environmental Biotechnology - Basic Concepts and Application; InduShekhar
Thakur; I. K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110016
 Text book of environmental science; S. C. Santra
Wildlife management
 Wild life management; Rajesh Gopal
 Wildlife Management and Conservation - Contemporary Principles and
Practices; Paul R. Krausman and James W. Cain III
  Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management; John M. Fryxell,Anthony R.
E. Sinclair, Graeme Caughley

Bioprospecting and Zoopharmacognosy

 Molecular biotechnology – principles and practices; Channarayappa
 Biotechnology; P. K. Gupta
 Biotechnology; B. D. Singh
 Biotechnology Fundamentals & Applications; S. S. Purohit
 Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology; AshutoshKar
 Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy; Evans, W.C.
 Pharmacognosy; Kokate, C. K. A. and Purohit, A.P.
 Practical Pharmacognosy; Gokhale, S. B. and Kokate, C. K.
 Text book of Pharmacognosy; T. E. Wallis

Zoogeography
 Zoogeography – The Geographical Distribution of Animals; Philip J. Darlington
JR;
 Academic Publishers, Kolkata
 Animal geography; Newbegin
 Vertebrate paleontology; Romer
 Ecological animal geography; Allee, Park and Schmidt
 Zoogeography of India and South East Asia; Dr. S.K.Tiwari; CBS Publishers and
Distributors, Delhi; 1985
 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester VI (Practical)
Course 18
(Course code: USZO604)

1. Estimation of phosphates from sample water.

2. Estimation of BOD and COD from sample water.
3. Estimation of Nitrates from sample water.
4. Estimation of acidity and alkalinity of sample water by methyl orange and
phenolphthalein indicator.
5. Comparative study of sound intensity in different places by Decibel meter.
6. Study of threatened animal species inhabiting Indian continent with reasons for
decline- Great Indian bustard, One-horned rhinoceros, Royal Bengal tiger,
Blackbuck, lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri Thar, Asiatic lion, Snow leopard,
Gharial, and Gangetic dolphin.
7. Study of Zoopharmacognosy in ants, cats, elephants and dogs.
8. Indicate the distribution of fauna in the world map w.r.t. to its realm and
comment on the pattern of distribution.
9. Study tour/Visit to Zoo/Sanctuary/National park/Research institute.
 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester V (Practical)
Course 13 and Course 14
Course Code: USZO505
Skeleton of Practical Examination
Question Paper

Time: 9:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Total

Marks: 50

Q.1] Identify and describe [18]

a) Based on V.S. of skin
b) Based on forelimb muscle
c) Based on hindlimbs muscle
d) Based on osteology - human axial skeleton
e) Based on osteology - human appendicular skeleton
f) Based on chick embryology

Q.2] Viva-voce based on practical [02]

Q.3] Journal [05]

***************

Questions of Paper 3 to be added (25 marks)

 T.Y.B.Sc. Zoology
Semester VI (Practical)
Course 17 and Course 18
Course Code: USZO606
Skeleton of Practical Examination
Question Paper

Time: 9:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Total

Marks: 50

Q.1] Estimation of phosphates/nitrates from sample water [08]

OR
Estimation of BOD/COD from sample water
OR
Estimation of acidity/alkalinity of sample water by methyl orange and phenolphthalein
indicator.

Q.2] Identification [06]

a) and b) Identify and describe giving reason for decline (Great Indian bustard,
Onehorned
rhinoceros, Royal Bengal tiger, Blackbuck, lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri Thar,
Asiatic lion, Snow leopard, Gharial, and Gangetic dolphin)
c) Zoopharmacognosy (any one- ants, cats, elephants and dogs)

Q.3] Identify the given realm of world map and comment on its fauna. [03]

Q.4] Excursion/visit report and viva based on it. [05]

Q.5] Journal [03]

***************