PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CLRI,CHENNAI

IMPORTANT FORMULAE IN MATHEMATICS FOR CLASS 11&12 (CBSE)

PREPARED BY A M VIJAYAN PGT MATHS

1. Sin2ϴ + cos2ϴ = 1,1 + tan2ϴ = sec2ϴ , 1 + cot2ϴ = cosec2ϴ

ϴ
2 tan ( )
ϴ ϴ 2
2. sinϴ = 2 sin( ) .cos( ) =
2 2 ϴ
1+ tan 2 ( )
2
ϴ 2
1 + tan (
)
2 ϴ 2 ϴ 2
3. cosϴ = cos ϴ - sin ϴ = 2 cos ( ) – 1 = 1 – 2sin ( ) =
2 2
2 2 ϴ
1−tan2 ( )
2
ϴ
2 tan( )
2
4. tanϴ =
ϴ
1−tan2 ( )
2
ϴ
5. 1+cosϴ = 2 cos2 ( )
2
ϴ
6. 1 - cosϴ =2sin2( )
2
2 tan ϴ
7. Sin2ϴ = 2sinϴcosϴ = 2
1+ tan ϴ
2
1−tan ϴ
8. Cos2ϴ = cos 2 ϴ -sin2 ϴ = 2cos2ϴ - 1 = 2
1+tan ϴ
2 tan ϴ
9. Tan2ϴ = 2 .
1−tan ϴ
10. 1+cos2ϴ = 2cos2ϴ.
11. 1- cos2ϴ = 2sin2ϴ
12. Sin3ϴ = 3sinϴ - 4sin3ϴ
13. Cos3ϴ = 4cos3ϴ - 3cosϴ
3
3 tan ϴ−tan ϴ
14. Tan3ϴ = 2
1−3 tan ϴ
15. Sin(-ϴ)= - sinϴ ,cos(-ϴ) = ϴ, tan(-ϴ) = -tanϴ
16. Cot(-ϴ)= -cotϴ, sec(-ϴ) = sec(ϴ),cosec(-ϴ)= - cosecϴ.
17.

0 π π π π 180 or π 360 or 2 π
30 or 45 ¿ 60 or 90 or 270¿ 3
ϴ/degrees 6 4 3 2 π 2
sinϴ 0 1 1 √3 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2
cosϴ 1 √3 1 1 0 -1 0 1
2 √2 2
tanϴ 0 1 1 √3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
√3
cotϴ ∞ √3 1 1 0 ∞ 0 ∞
√3
secϴ 1 2 √2 2 ∞ -1 ∞ 1
√3
cosecϴ ∞ 2 √2 2 1 ∞ -1 ∞
√3

18. Changes of ratios in various quadrants

Ratios/quadrants IQ IIQ IIIQ IVQ

π π π π
-ϴ,2π +ϴ + ϴ,π - ϴ π + ϴ,3 -ϴ 3 + ϴ,2π- ϴ
2 2 2 2
sin ϴ cosϴ,sin ϴ cos ϴ,sin ϴ -sin ϴ,-cos ϴ -cos ϴ,-sin ϴ
cos ϴ sin ϴ,cos ϴ -sin ϴ,-cos ϴ -cos ϴ,-sin ϴ sin ϴ,cos ϴ
tan ϴ cot ϴ,tan ϴ -cot ϴ,-tan ϴ tan ϴ,cot ϴ -cot ϴ,-tan ϴ
cot ϴ tan ϴ,cot ϴ -tan ϴ,-cot ϴ cot ϴ,tan ϴ -tan ϴ,-cot ϴ
sec ϴ cosec ϴ,sec ϴ -cosec ϴ,-sec ϴ -sec ϴ,-cosec ϴ cosec ϴ,sec ϴ
cosec ϴ sec ϴ,cosec ϴ sec ϴ,cosec ϴ -cosec ϴ,-sec ϴ -sec ϴ,-cosec ϴ
19. Changes of signs of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants

Ratios/quadrants IQ IIQ IIIQ IVQ

Sinϴ + + - -
cos ϴ + - - +
tan ϴ + - + -
cot ϴ + - + -
sec ϴ + - - +
cosec ϴ + + - -
20. Domain and range of trigonometric functions

ratios Domain range

sin x R [-1,1]

cos x R [-1,1]

tan x π R
R-{x: x = (2n+1) ,n ϵ
2
Z}
cot x R- {x : x =n π,n ϵ Z} R

sec x π R-(-1,1)
R-{x:x = (2n+1) ,n ϵ
2
 Z}
cosec x R-{x:x =n π,n ϵ Z} R-(-1,1)

21. Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions

ratios Domain range

sin -1x [-1,1]
[ −π π
2 2
,
]
-1
Cos x [-1,1] [ 0. π ]
Tan-1x R
−π π
( , )
2 2
Cot-1x R (0, π )

sec -1x R-(-1,1) π

[ 0. π ]- { }
2
Cosec-1x R-(-1,1)
[ −π π
, - {0}
2 2 ]
22. Sin(A +B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
23. Sin(A-B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB
24. Cos(A +B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
25. Cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tanA +tanB
26. Tan( A+B) =
1−tanA tanB
tanA −tanB
27. Tan( A-B) =
1+ tanA tanB
C+ D C−D
28. Sin C +sin D = 2sin( ) cos( )
2 2
C+ D C−D
29. sinC – sinD = 2cos( ) sin( )
2 2
C+ D C−D
30. cos C +cos D = 2cos( ) cos( )
2 2
C+ D C−D
31. cos C - cos D = -2sin( ) sin( )
2 2
32. 2sinA cosB = sin(A +B) + Sin(A-B)
33. 2cosA sinB = sin(A +B) – sin(A-B)
34. 2cosAcosB= cos(A +B) + cos(A –B)
35. 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) – Cos(A +B).
36. Open interval (a,b) = { x / a < x < b }
37. Closed interval [a,b] = {x / a ≤ x ≤ b }
38. Left open right closed (a,b] = { x / a < x ≤b}.
39. Left closed right open [a,b) = { x / a ≤ x < b }.
40. De morgans laws i) ( AUB )1 = A1 ∩ B1
ii) ( A ∩ B )1 = A1 U B1
41. A1 = U – A.
42. n(AXB) = n(A)xn(B)
43. (a+ib)(a-ib) = a2 + b2 , (a-b)(a+b) = a2 – b2
44. Conjugate of a +ib is a-ib
45. n!= n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) ........3.2.1
n!
46. npr =
( n−r ) !
n!
47. ncr = .
( n−r ) ! r !
48. npr = r !ncr.
49. nc0 = ncn = 1
n
50. ( a+ b )n = nc0an +nc1an-1b +nc2an-2b2 + ........ncnbn = ∑ nc kan-kbk.
k=0
51. In AP,nth term,an = a + (n-1)d
an−a
52. Number of terms n = + 1.
d
n n
53. Sn = ( a +an ) = ( 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d )
2 2
54. In GP,
tn = a rn-1
a ( r n−1 )
sn= if r > 1.
r −1
a ( 1−r n )
sn= if r <1.
1−r
sn= na,if r =1.
a
s∞ =
1−r
55. A M ≥ GM
a+b ≥ 2√ ab .
n(n+1)
56. 1 + 2 +3 + .............+n = ∑ n =
2
n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
57. 12 + 22 +32 + ...... n2 = ∑ n =
2
6

( )
2
n(n+1)
58. 13 + 23 +33 + ...... n3 = ∑ n =
3
2
59. Distance between two points P(x1,y1) & Q(x2,y2) is PQ = √ ¿ ¿ ¿
60. Section formula
 Internally p(x,y) = ( m x 2 +n x 1 m y 2+ n y 1
m+n
,
m+ n )
Externally P(x,y) = (
m x 2−n x 1 m y 2−n y 1
m−n
,
m−n )
61. Mid point formula P(x,y) = (
x 2+ x 1 y 2+ y 1
2
,
2 )
62. Centroid formula P(x,y) =
3(
x 3+ x 2 + x 1 y 3 + y 2 + y 1
,
3
. )
co−efficient of x
63. Slope of a line ax +by +c =0,m= -
co−efficient of y
64. Slope of a line, when ϴ is given, m= tan ϴ
y 2− y 1
65. Slope of a line joining between two points m=
x 2−x 1
dy
66. Slope of a function y=f(x), then m = ,at the given point.
dx
67. Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal,
68. Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their slopes -1,

69. Angle between two lines, tanϴ =

| m1−m2
1+m1 m2 |
70. Three points are said to be collinear if
Area of triangle = 0
OR
Slope of AB = slope of AC
OR
Sum of two sides = third side.

71. Distance of a point P( x 1 , y 1 ¿ from a line ax +by +c = 0 is d=

| a x 1+ b y 1+ c
√ a2 + b2 |
72. Distance between two parallel lines ax +by +c 1 =0 and ax +by +c 2 =0 is d=
|√ |
c 2−c1
2
a +b
2

73. Equation of a line in different form,

(i) Point slope slope form or one point form y- y 1 = m(x- x 1)
y 2− y 1
(ii) Line joining between two points or two points form y- y 1 = (x- x 1)
x 2−x 1
(iii) Slope intercept form y = mx + c
x y
(iv) Intercept form + =1.
a b
(v) Normal form , xcosω + ysinω = p.
74. Equation of a circle,
(i) With center (0,0) is x2 + y2 = r2
 (ii) With center (h,k) is (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
(iii) General equation, x2 + y2 +2gx +2fy +c =0,with center(-g,-f) ,radius √ f 2 + g2 −c
75. Equation of parabola;
(i) y2 =4ax,symmetrical about x-axis, right side
(ii) y2 = - 4ax, symmetrical about x-axis, left side
(iii) x2 = 4ay,symmetrical about y-axis, upward
(iv) x2 =- 4ay,symmetrical about y-axis, downward.
2 2
x y
76. Equation of ellipse,2 + 2 = 1.
a b
2 2
x y
77. Equation of Hyperbola, 2 - 2 = 1.
a b
78. Distance between two points P(x1,y1, z1,) & Q(x2,y2, z2) is PQ = √ ¿ ¿ ¿

79. Mid point P(x,y,z) = ( x + x2 + x , y + y2 + y , z + z2 + z )

3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

80. Limit of a function at a point ‘a’

LHL= lim f (x ) = RHL
x →a

ie, lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = = x→lim ¿.

+¿
x →a x →a a f (x)¿
n n
x −a
81. lim = na n−1
x →a x−a
sinx x tanx
82. lim =1, lim =1, lim =1,
x →0 x x →0 sinx x →0 x
83. lim ¿ ¿±g(x)] = lim f (x ) ± lim g (x)
x →a x →a x →a

84. lim ¿ ¿xg(x)] = lim f (x ) x lim g (x)

x →a x →a x →a

85. lim ¿ ¿÷g(x)] = lim f (x ) ÷ lim g (x) if g(a)≠ 0

x →a x →a x →a
d
86. (c)= 0, c is any constant.
dx
d n
87. (x )= n x n−1.
dx
d d
88. ( cf ( x ) )= c (f ( x ))
dx dx
d d d
89. ( f ( x ) ± g (x) )= (f ( x )) ± (g ( x ))
dx dx dx
d d d
90. ( uv )=u (v ) + v (u) -product rule
dx dx dx
( uv )1 =uv1 +vu1
d u v u1−u v 1
91. ( )= - quotient rule.
dx v v
2
 d f (x +h)−f (x)
92. if y =f ( x ), then ( y)=y1 =y1 =f1(x) =lim , - first principle.
dx h→ 0 h
d x
93. (a )= a x loga.
dx
d x
94. (e )= e x
dx
d 1
95. (log e x )= .
dx x
d
96. (sinx)= cosx
dx
d
97. (cosx )= - sinx
dx
d
98. (tanx) = sec2x
dx
d
99. (cotx)= -cosec2x.
dx
d
100. (secx)= secx.tanx
dx
d
101. (cosecx)= -cosecx.cotx
dx
d −1 1
102. (sin x )=
dx √1−x 2
d −1 1
103. (cos x)= -
dx √1−x 2
d −1 1
104. (tan x)= 2
dx 1+ x
d −1 −1
105. (cot x)= 2
dx 1+ x
d −1 1
106. (sec x)=
dx x √ x 2−1
d −1 −1
107. (cosec x)=
dx x √ x 2−1
108. Measures of dispersion :-
Mean deviation, range, quartile deviation, variance.
109. Mean deviation about mean
1
(i) M.D( x ) =
n
∑|x −x| - for raw data
1
(ii) M.D( x ) = ∑ f | x−x| - for grouped data.
N
110. Mean deviation about median
 1
(iii) M.D( x ) =
n
∑|x −m| - for raw data
1
(iv) M.D( x ) = ∑ f | x−m| - for grouped data.
N
111. Variance

( )
∑ xi
2
1 1
σ x = var(x) = ∑ ( x−x ) - raw data¿ ∑
2 2
(i) 2
xi -
n n n
112. Variance

[ ∑ f i d i2 −
( )]
2
f i di xi −A
h , di =
2 2
σ x = var(x) = , A-assumed mean, h- width of
N N h
interval.
113. Standard deviation S.D =σ = √ variance .
114. n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) , A and B are any two sets.
115. n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) , A and B are any two disjoint sets.
116. P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
117. P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) , A and B are exclusive events .
n( A)
118. P(A) = .
n (S)
119. 0≤ P ( A ) ≤ 1.
120. P(∅ ) = 0, P(impossible event) = 0.
121. P(S) = 1, P(sure event) = 1.
122. P( A ) = 1-P(A).
123. P(A∩ B) = P(A) - P(A∩B)
124. P( AUB ) = 1- P(AUB) .
125. P(AUBUC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A∩B) - P(B∩C) - P(A∩C) + P(A∩B∩C )
126. E1 , E2, E3 , .......... En are called partition of sample space S
If (i) Ei ∩ E j =0, i≠ j
(ii) E1 U E2 U E 3........U En = S ie , E1 , E2 , E 3........ En -are mutually exhaustive and
exclusive events.