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Radarch2 1

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13 views

Radarch2 1

Uploaded by

Saranya Karamsetty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

CW AND FREQUENCY-MODULATED RADAR

THE DOPPLER EFFECT


if either the source of oscillation or the observer of
the oscillation is in motion, an apparent shift in
frequency will result called Doppler effect

d 4 dR 4 vr
 d = 2 f d = = =
dt  dt 

2vr 2vr f o
fd = =
 c
The relative velocity vr = v cos 
Measured in Km/hour or Knots or Mach

1 nautical mile per hour (Knot) = 1.852 kilometres


per hour

1 Mach = Speed of Sound = 330 m/s


Simple CW radar block diagram
Isolation between transmitter and receiver.
(1) the maximum amount of power the receiver input circuitry
can withstand before it is physically damaged or its sensitivity
reduced (burnout) and

(2) the amount of transmitter noise due to hum, microphones,


stray pick-up, and instability which enters the receiver from
the transmitter.

The isolation between transmitter and receiver must be at least 50


dB.
Applications of CW radar
CW source with powers in the tens of milli watts.
measurement of the relative velocity of a moving target
Police speed monitor
Rate-of-climb meter for vertical-take-off aircraft
control of traffic lights, regulation of toll booths, vehicle
counting for collision avoidance.
For railways, speedometer FM-CW altimeter
For monitor in the docking speed of large ships.
For intruder alarms and for the measurement of the
velocity of missiles, ammunition, and baseballs.
Measurement of turbine-blade vibration, the peripheral speed of
grinding wheels, and the monitoring of vibrations in the cables of
suspension bridges.
Intermediate frequency receiver

Block diagram of CW Doppler radar


1
 2ar  2
f d =  
  
Block diagram of IF Doppler filter bank
High-power CW radars KW to MW
for the detection of aircraft and other targets in the
Hawk missile systems

Space Surveillance System (Spasur) for the detection


of satellites

CW tracking illuminator
It is a tracking radar as well as an illuminator since it must
be able to follow the target as it travels through space.
FREQUENCY-MODULATED CW RADAR
The timing mark is the changing frequency. The transit time is
proportional to the difference in frequency between the echo signal
and the transmitter signal.
The greater the transmitter frequency deviation in a given time
interval, the more accurate the measurement of the transit time and
the greater will be the transmitted spectrum.

the triangular frequency-modulation waveform is used


FM – CW Altimeter Frequency Band 4.2 to 4.4 GHz

Block diagram of FM-CW radar using sideband superheterodyne


receiver
Range or height of target is

Transmitter leakage

Sinusoidal modulation
Sinusoidally modulated FM-CW radar extracting third harmonic signal
CW radar is unable to measure range
Transmitted signal is

Echo signal of CW radar is

Change in phase Shift is

For unambiguous Range the maximum phase difference is

Maximum unambiguous Range

Which is in the order of centimeters


MULTIPLE-FREQUENCY CW RADAR
Consider two transmitted signals

Echo signals are


Maximum unambiguous Range

The two-frequency CW radar is essentially a single-target radar since only one phase
difference can be measured at a time.

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