Syllabus of Electric Machines

• Electric Machines
• MTE208
• Level 200
• Credit Hours: 4 (2lec. +2tut. +3lab.)
• Prerequisite: Electric Circuits (ICE 102)
• Course Contents : Direct Current Machines, Armature Winding,
Armature Reaction and Commutation, Methods of Excitation,
Characteristics of DC Generators, Load Characteristics of DC
Motors, Speed Control of DC Motors, Construction of Single-
phase Transformers, Equivalent Circuits, Determination of
Transformer Parameters, Voltage Regulation, Efficiency,
Autotransformers, Poly - phase Transformers and Their
Connections.
2
 Syllabus
Week Topics Week Topics
W1 Introduction to machinery. W7 Delta-Star connections.
Single-phase transformers circuit W8 Mid-Term Exam
W2
representation. Locked rotor and No-load tests of
W9
W3 Open-circuit and Short-circuit tests of induction motors
a Single-phase transformer.
W10 Introduction to DC-machines and
its types.
W4 Voltage regulation and efficiency of a W11 DC-generators.
Single-phase transformer.
W12 DC-motors.
W5 Induction motors fundamentals.
W13 Speed control of DC motors.
W6 Exact circuit of Three-phase induction
motors and its characteristic curve. W14 Revision

3
Assessment Schedule and Weight

Assessment Tools Week Weight

Midterm Examination 8 25%
Final Examination (As Scheduled) 50%
Practical Lab Exam 9 15%
Quizzes (2 times) 3, 6 6%
Home assignments 5, 10, 12 4%
Total 100%

4
 Electric Machines

• An electrical machine is a device which converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice versa as
generators and motors.
• Electrical machines also include transformers, which do
not actually make conversion between mechanical and
electrical form, but they convert AC current from one voltage
level to another voltage level.

5
 The Magnetic Field
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which
energy is converted from one form to another in motors,
generators, and transformers. Four basic principles describe
how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
1- A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the
area around it.

6
 The Magnetic Field
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which
energy is converted from one form to another in motors,
generators, and transformers. Four basic principles describe
how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
2- A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil
of wire if it passes through that coil. (This is the basis of
transformer action.)

7
 The Magnetic Field
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which
energy is converted from one form to another in motors,
generators, and transformers. Four basic principles describe
how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
3- A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field
has a force induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.)

8
 The Magnetic Field
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which
energy is converted from one form to another in motors,
generators, and transformers. Four basic principles describe
how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
4- A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it. (This is the basis of generator action.)

9
 The Magnetic Field
The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current is
Ampere's law:

‫𝑡 𝑒 𝑛𝐼 = 𝑙𝑑𝐻 ׯ‬

where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current Inet and dl is a
differential element of length along the path of integration. In SI units, I is
measured in amperes and H is measured in ampere-turns per meter.

10
 The Magnetic Field
‫𝑡 𝑒 𝑛𝐼 = 𝑙𝑑𝐻 ׯ‬

The magnetic field doesn’t vary at a

distance r due to symmetry. The path
length is equal to the circumference of a
circle,2πr.
When a constant value H is added to the
magnetic field, the equation’s left side
looks like this:

We have figured the magnitude of the field H. Since r is arbitrary, the value
of the field H is known.

11
 The Magnetic Field

If the core is composed of iron or

certain other similar metals
(collectively called ferromagnetic
materials) , essentially all the
magnetic field produced by the
current will remain inside the core,
so the path of integration in
Ampere's law is the mean path
length of the core lc. The current
passing within the path of integration
Inet is then Ni, since the coil of wire
cuts the path of integration N times
while carrying current i.
12
 The Magnetic Field
Ampere's law thus becomes 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜𝜇𝑟
𝐻𝑙𝑐 = 𝑁𝑖 𝜇 𝑜 = 4π× 10 -7 H/m
𝜇 𝑟 = relative permeability
The strength of the magnetic field
flux produced in the core also Now the total flux in a given area is
given by
depends on the material of the core.
The relationship between the 𝜙 = ∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴
magnetic field intensity H and the
resulting magnetic flux density B 𝜇𝑁𝑖𝐴
𝜙=
produced within a material is given by 𝑙𝑐

𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
H = magnetic field intensity dA: is the differential unit of area.
A: is the cross-sectional area of the core .
𝜇= magnetic permeability of material
B = resulting magnetic flux density
produced

13
 The Magnetic Circuit
In the electric circuit, it is the voltage or electromotive force that drives the current flow. By
analogy, the corresponding quantity in the magnetic circuit is called the magnetomotive
force (mmf) . The magnetomotive force of the magnetic circuit is equal to the effective
current flow applied to the core.

𝑙𝑐
𝔉 = 𝑁𝑖 𝔉 = ℜ𝜙 ℜ= 𝑉 = 𝑅𝐼
𝜇𝐴
𝔉= magnetomotive force of circuit
𝜙= flux of circuit
ℜ= reluctance of circuit

V=voltage
I=current
R= resistance
Faculty of Engineering 14 14
 Example
Problem:
A magnetic circuit has a reluctance of ℜ=800 At/Wb(ampere-turns/webers ), and the
magnetomotive force (MMF) applied to the circuit is 𝔉=2400 At
Find the magnetic flux 𝜙 through the circuit.
Solution:
We use the formula:
𝔉 = ℜ𝜙
𝜙=2400 /800 =3Wb.

15
 Faraday's and Lenz's laws
Faraday's law states that if a flux passes through a turn of a coil of
wire, a voltage will be induced in the turn of wire that is directly
𝑑𝜙/ dt proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect to time.
e=
• If a coil has N turns and if the same flux passes through all of them, then the voltage
induced across the whole coil is given by
• e= voltage induced in the coil
𝑑𝜙
𝑒=𝑁 N=number of turns of wire in coil
𝑑𝑡
ϕ =flux passing through coil
Lenz's law
states that the
direction of the voltage buildup in
the coil is such that if the coil ends
were short circuited, it would
produce current that would cause a
flux opposing the original flux
change.
𝑑𝜙
𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
Faculty of Engineering Dr. Firas Obeidat 16
 Example
A coil with 200 turns is placed in a magnetic field. The magnetic flux through the coil changes
uniformly from 0.02Wb to 0.01 Wb over 0.5 seconds. Find the induced electromotive force
(EMF) in the coil. Indicate the direction of the current using Lenz's law.
Solution:

17
Example

18
Example

19