C Pointers

The pointer in C language is a variable which stores the address of another variable. This
variable can be of type int, char, array, function, or any other pointer. The size of the
pointer depends on the architecture. However, in 32-bit architecture the size of a pointer
is 2 byte.

Consider the following example to define a pointer which stores the address of an integer.

int n = 10;
int* p = &n; // Variable p of type pointer is pointing to the address of the variable n
of type integer.

Declaring a pointer
The pointer in c language can be declared using * (asterisk symbol). It is also known as
indirection pointer used to dereference a pointer.

int *a; //pointer to int

char *c; //pointer to char

Pointer Example
An example of using pointers to print the address and value is given below.

As you can see in the above figure, pointer variable stores the address of number variable,
i.e., fff4. The value of number variable is 50. But the address of pointer variable p is aaa3.
By the help of * (indirection operator), we can print the value of pointer variable p.

Let's see the pointer example as explained for the above figure.

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int number=50;
int *p;
p=&number; //stores the address of number variable
printf("Address of p variable is %x \n",p); // p contains the address of the number th
erefore printing p gives the address of number.
printf("Value of p variable is %d \n",*p); // As we know that * is used to dereference a
pointer therefore if we print *p, we will get the value stored at the address containe
d by p.
return 0;
}

Output

Address of number variable is fff4

Address of p variable is fff4
Value of p variable is 50

Pointer to array

int arr[10];
int *p[10]=&arr; // Variable p of type pointer is pointing to the address of an integer
array arr.

Pointer to a function

void show (int);

void(*p)(int) = &display; // Pointer p is pointing to the address of a function

Pointer to structure

struct st {
int i;
 float f;
}ref;
struct st *p = &ref;

Advantage of pointer
1) Pointer reduces the code and improves the performance, it is used to retrieving
strings, trees, etc. and used with arrays, structures, and functions.

2) We can return multiple values from a function using the pointer.

3) It makes you able to access any memory location in the computer's memory.

Usage of pointer
There are many applications of pointers in c language.

1) Dynamic memory allocation

In c language, we can dynamically allocate memory using malloc() and calloc() functions
where the pointer is used.

2) Arrays, Functions, and Structures

Pointers in c language are widely used in arrays, functions, and structures. It reduces the
code and improves the performance.

AD

Address Of (&) Operator

The address of operator '&' returns the address of a variable. But, we need to use %u to
display the address of a variable.

AD

#include<stdio.h>
 int main(){
int number=50;
printf("value of number is %d, address of number is %u",number,&number);
return 0;
}

Output

value of number is 50, address of number is fff4

NULL Pointer
A pointer that is not assigned any value but NULL is known as the NULL pointer. If you
don't have any address to be specified in the pointer at the time of declaration, you can
assign NULL value. It will provide a better approach.

int *p=NULL;

In the most libraries, the value of the pointer is 0 (zero).

Pointer Program to swap two numbers without using the

3rd variable.
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=10,b=20,*p1=&a,*p2=&b;

printf("Before swap: *p1=%d *p2=%d",*p1,*p2);

*p1=*p1+*p2;
*p2=*p1-*p2;
*p1=*p1-*p2;
printf("\nAfter swap: *p1=%d *p2=%d",*p1,*p2);

return 0;
}

Output
Before swap: *p1=10 *p2=20
After swap: *p1=20 *p2=10

Reading complex pointers

There are several things which must be taken into the consideration while reading the
complex pointers in C. Lets see the precedence and associativity of the operators which
are used regarding pointers.

AD

Operator Precedence Assoc

(), [] 1 Left to

*, identifier 2 Right

Data type 3 -

Here,we must notice that,

o (): This operator is a bracket operator used to declare and define the function.
o []: This operator is an array subscript operator
o * : This operator is a pointer operator.
o Identifier: It is the name of the pointer. The priority will always be assigned to this.
o Data type: Data type is the type of the variable to which the pointer is intended to
point. It also includes the modifier like signed int, long, etc).

How to read the pointer: int (*p)[10].

To read the pointer, we must see that () and [] have the equal precedence. Therefore, their
associativity must be considered here. The associativity is left to right, so the priority goes
to ().

Inside the bracket (), pointer operator * and pointer name (identifier) p have the same
precedence. Therefore, their associativity must be considered here which is right to left,
so the priority goes to p, and the second priority goes to *.

Assign the 3rd priority to [] since the data type has the last precedence. Therefore the
pointer will look like following.
 o char -> 4
o * -> 2
o p -> 1
o [10] -> 3

AD

The pointer will be read as p is a pointer to an array of integers of size 10.

Example

How to read the following pointer?

int (*p)(int (*)[2], int (*)void))

Explanation
This pointer will be read as p is a pointer to such function which accepts the first parameter
as the pointer to a one-dimensional array of integers of size two and the second
parameter as the pointer to a function which parameter is void and return type is the
integer.