ORAL COMMUNICATIONS (#2) 1) The sender converts his or her thoughts into

signals such as words (usually using the

What communication is. mouth).
Communication 2) The sender sends the signals (speak)
through a channel (such as air).
 Is the process of giving and receiving 3) As the signals are sent through the channel,
information between a human source and a there is some noise (anything that reduces
human receiver using words, symbols, or the quality of the signals such as when
actions. words cannot be heard clearly).
 Process of sharing and conveying messages or 4) The receiver hears the signals using their
information from one person to another within ears.
and across channels, media and culture. 5) The receiver sends feedback while
(McCornack, 2014) becoming the sender.
 The imparting or exchanging of information by
speaking, writing, or using some other medium.  Channel – is any medium used in conveying
a message, channels maybe spoken or
Oral communication written words, telephone, radio, and
 The process of expressing information or television.
ideas by word of mouth.
 Some factors that affect oral  Decoding – is the process of translating the
communication: information received into a message. During
the decoding process, the receiver mentally
a) Tone of voice processes the message and analyses it for
b) Bodily actions better understanding. If the receiver cannot
c) Facial expression decode, the message fails.
d) Eye contact
 Noise – is anything that interferes with the
 The English word ‘communication’ has communication process between the sender
been derived from the Latin word and the receiver. Noise may be:
‘communicare’ which means to participate.
1) External – includes sights, sounds,
 The word ‘communicare’ is derived from or stimuli that disturb
the root ‘communis” which means to make communication.
common or share. 2) Internal – refers to the mental
disturbance or thoughts.
However, it should be noted that “unless a
common understanding results from the Types of Noise
transmission of information, there is no
communication” (Kelvin-Ilaofu, 2016, p;2; 1) Physical Noise – refers to any distraction
Lunenberg, 2010) in the environment, surroundings.

Communication is Interpersonal if 2) Physiological Noise – caused by factors

that affect how people feel and think.
 Face-to-face interaction
3) Psychological Noise - people’s mental
 Phone call
state, attitude, and character that may
 Group discussion
affect how they communicate with others
 Meeting
and how they interpret other people’s
 Interview
message.
 Replying to a letter
 Class recitation/discussion
4) Semantic Noise – exist when two parties
use different language/dialects have
different interpretations of words, and have
different cultural characteristics.

Methods of Communication

1)Verbal – uses words to communicate either

written or oral.
The Communication Process
2)Non-verbal – includes cues that do not use
words.

Verbal Communication
Written Communication Types of Communication

 Letters  Intrapersonal
 Written messages (text, email)  Interpersonal
 Books  Public intercultural

Oral Communication Intrapersonal – involves talking to yourself.

 Face-to-face or personal conversation Interpersonal – involves talking to one or a

 Telephone conversations limited number of people. When interpersonal
communication between two people, then it is
Nonverbal Communication considered a dyad.
Can be categorized into: Public – involves communicating to a wide
 Kinesics group of people with varied traits, background,
 Proxemics interest, and persuasions.
 Paralanguage Intercultural
 Tactile
 Objects – involves communicating with a person or
group of people who may not share the same
Kinesics – body language like movements, assumptions, values, allegiances as that of
gestures, facial expression, eye movements, yours and may have different associations with
and posture. the symbols you take for granted as having a
Proxemics – the proximity or distance set by particular meaning.
the sender between him/her and his/her – is the sending of messages across language
receiver. and cultures (Arent, 2009)
Paralanguage – the vocal aspect; includes – past experiences and cultural grids that were
pitch, tone, volume, shout or yell, yawn, etc. passed down to you, influence the way you
Tactile – the use of touch communicate with others.

Object – the use of material like jewelry, Cultural Grid – a framework of understanding
clothes, art objects, decorations, etc. for processing verbal and nonverbal cues
specific to a particular culture.

– Each person is a cultural being.

The Elements of Communication
– The values, traditions, and the social and
 Sender political views shared by a group of people are
 Messages also part of an individual’s culture.
 Channels
 Receiver – Culture can be made up of people’s common
 Feedback history, geographic location, language,
social class, religion, as well as their
Senders – convey messages by converting ethnicity, gender, age, beliefs, values, and
their thoughts into symbols or observable assumptions.
signals such as words. This is called
codification and is usually done through the – All these aspects, when brought together,
use of language. make up a person’s cultural identity.

Messages – are the ideas or thoughts that are  Respect – means seeing the value of other
transmitted from sender to receiver. cultures regardless of their difference from
your own culture.
Channels – refers to the medium through
which the message is sent. It connects the  Open-mindedness – openness to new
sender and the receiver. ideas.
Receivers – hear the signals and converts the
 Empathy – putting yourself in another
symbols into their thoughts. This is called
person’s shoes and try to feel how he/she
decoding, deciphering, or interpretation.
feels.
Feedback – refers to the message transmitted
by the receiver in response to the message of  Interaction management – refers to
the speaker. knowing how and when to talk appropriately
and effectively.
Barriers to Intercultural Communication - People communicate to share and gain
information.
 Enthnocentrism – the tendency for people - In a class discussion, for example, the
to believe that their own cultural norms are teacher is not the only one who gives
the right way of doing things. information; students also have the
opportunity to share what they know.
 Stereotypes – mental pictures that one
group forms from the main characteristics of EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
another group.
- People communicate to express how they
 Personal Space Requirements – in all feel.
cultures, the distance between people - For example, a man may express his
functions in communication as “personal affection for another person by verbally
space” or “personal territory”. saying it or through a simple gesture such
as a hug.
 Body Language – body language is not MODELS OF COMMUNICATION#4
universal but is learned from one’s culture.
1. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
 Translation Limitations – words in one 2. Aristotle’s Model (Aristotelian Model)
language do not always have equivalent 3. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
meanings in other languages, and the 4. Laswell’s Model of Communication
concepts the words describe are often 5. White’s Model
different as well.
LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 The linear model is a process consisting of
 Regulation/Control the sender that encodes and channels a
 Social Interaction message to a receiver.
 Motivation  This model expects a beginning and end of a
 Information communication without a feedback from the
 Emotional Expression receiver.
 Examples: Lecture, a letter, an email, and a
REGULATION/CONTROL text message.
- People communicate to manage behavior of
others. For instance, in a company,
communication is used to maintain control
over employees and their work
environment. This communication comes in
the form of policies and other written
materials which dictate how employees are
to act in the work place.
- It can be used to regulate the nature and
SHANNON WEAVER’S MODEL
amount of activities humans engage in.

SOCIAL INTERACTION
1. An information source – or the sender
- People communicate to connect with each
who produces the message.
other.
2. A transmitter – or the sender who uses a
- Humans are social beings who mingle in
machine and encodes the message into
different settings.
signals that can be transmitted through a
- For example, a group of friends hang out in
channel.
bars or cafes to talk and catch up on each
3. A channel (telegraph, telephone) – the
other’s activities.
medium used to send the message.
MOTIVATION 4. A decoder – is the receiver who decodes or
interprets the message from the signal.
- People communicate to encourage others to 5. A destination (a person or a machine) –
improve or to become better. where the message arrives.
- For instance, a coach may give a pep talk to 6. Noise – any factor interfering with the
his team before a big tournament to get transmission of the message.
their spirits up and deliver a positive
performance. ARISTOTELIAN MODEL

INFORMATION
 Focuses on the speaker and his speech PHATOS – a rhetorical device that is designed
 This model does not contain feedback (one- to stir emotions such as pity, sadness, or
way communication) sympathy in the audience.
 Mostly used in public speaking.
Overview
Three models of persuasion (or appeal) to
classify the speaker’s appeal to the audience. - Pathos refers to appeals to the emotions of
the audience. Whenever the audience is led
 Ethos to feel a certain way, and that feeling
 Pathos influences their judgement of a speech, the
 Logos speaker is using pathos.
- Aristotle’s underlying assumption is that
LOGOS, PATHOS AND ETHOS people’s emotional states influence their
- Three types of most used technical terms in evaluations, which is quite reasonable to
rhetoric. They make up the so-called suppose.
rhetorical triangle. Example
OVERVIEW - Advertising – pathos is especially common
- The three terms originated in Greece. More persuasion tool in advertising. Since
specifically, the original source for our emotions influence people’s decision
understanding of these terms is Aristotle. He making, pathos is well-suited to the task of
defined the function of rhetoric as “not so persuading customers to buy products.
much to persuade, as to find out in each - Art – most forms f art use pathos in some
case the existing means of persuasion” form. This is more apparent in art that has a
(Aristotle, Rhetoric, ca 367-322 B.C.E?1926, clear agenda. For example: Political
Book 1, Chapter 1, Section 14) Cartoons.

DEFINITIONS LOGOS – a rhetorical device that uses logic,

reasoning and factual evidence to support an
 Ethos (Appeal to credibility): persuasion argument or persuade an audience.
through establishing the character of the
speaker. Overview
 Pathos (Appeal to emotion): persuasion - The strength pf logos or logical appeals lies
through putting the hearer. in their ability to provide a rational and
 Logos (Appeal to logic): persuasion through logical foundation, fostering credibility and
proof or seeming proof. trust in the audience, and appealing to their
ETHOS - One of the parts of the so-called intellect and analytical thinking.
rhetorical triangle. Ethos refers to a technical - Logos appeals can effectively counter
means of persuasion that has to do with the emotional biases and subjective opinions by
credibility of the persuader. representing well-structured arguments and
objective evidence.
Overview
Example
- Greek word for “character”, refers to the
persuasion through establishing the - Scientific Research – scientific research is
authority of the speaker. According to fundamentally grounded in logos, as it relies
Aristotle, people follow a trustworthy on empirical data, statistical analysis, and
speaker more readily on almost all subjects logical reasoning to draw conclusions.
and completely so if there are no other - Legal argument – in court attorneys use
objective criteria to decide the matter for logos extensively when presenting evidence,
themselves. citing precedents, or constructing logical
arguments to persuade the jury.
Example
Reasoning may be:
- Everyone knows that smoking is dangerous
to one’s health, and the Department of  Deductive Reasoning – begins with
Health has been campaigning about it. statements or premises assumed to be true
Despite these, many teenagers still smoke. then establisher another truth from these
Just last week, I diagnosed one of my statements.
patients with lung cancer. Today, I will show Example: Filipinos are happy people.
some images of lungs damaged by smoking. Ilocanos are Filipinos. Ilocanos are happy
people.
 Inductive reasoning – presenting the  Via which channel – television, radio,
proofs/data before establishing or deriving a press, etc.
generalization/conclusion from these data.  To whom? – people reached by the
Example: Mr. Dela Cruz said that Juan communication
returned the wallet he found. Mrs. Cruz said  To what effect – impact upon the
that Juan returned the calculator he audience.
borrowed from her. Juan would never steal a
thing.

BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF

COMMUNICATION WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
 Consists of the source, message, channel Shows a sequence of events that occur in a
and receiver. communication. These events are the eight
Source and Receiver stages as shown in the diagram below.

- The source’s encoding the receiver’s

decoding of the message are influenced by 1. Thinking – refers to a desire, feeling or
the following: emotion that provides a speaker to a
1. Communication skills – the ability to stimulus to communicate to a need.
listen, speak, read and write. 2. Symbolizing – before a speaker can utter
2. Attitudes toward the subject/information, sounds, he/she has to know the code of oral
audience, environment, and himself. language with which to represent his/her
3. Knowledge of the subject/information decision and ideas in order to make his/her
4. Social system – values, religion, beliefs, selection.
laws 3. Expressing – in this stage, the speaker
5. Culture – cultural differences. uses his vocal mechanism to produce the
Message – the message may be in any form: sounds of language accompanied by facial
voice, audio, video, text. expressions, gestures, and body stance.
4. Transmitting – this is the stage wherein
1. Content – refers to the information or waves of sound spreading at 1,000 feet per
details second and waves of light travelling at a
2. Elements – refers to information or details speed of 186,000 miles per second carry the
3. Treatment – the manner in which the speaker’s message to the listeners.
sender treats his message and passes on 5. Receiving – the sound of wave impinges
the receiver (this ay also influence the upon the listener’s ears after which the
receiver’s feedback) resulting nerves impulses reach the brain
4. Structure – the arrangement of the via the auditory nerve: a light wave strikes
message and its parts. the listener’s eyes after which resulting
5. Code – refers to how the message is sent nerve impulses reach the brain via the optic
(e.g. through verbal or nonverbal like body nerve.
language, gestures, music) 6. Decoding – during this stage, the listener
interprets the language symbols he receives
Channel (five senses) and evaluates it.
1. Hearing – listening to get the message 7. Feedbacking – the listener may manifest
2. Sight – looking at visuals obvious behavior like a nod, smile, or yawn
3. Touch – touching or being touched or he may not show any behavior at all
4. Smell – smelling to gather information (convert behavior like a fast heartbeat, a
5. Taste – tasting to give or get the message. poker face, etc.)
8. Monitoring – while the speaker watches for
signs of reception or understanding of his
message among his listeners, he is also
LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
attuned what’s going on inside him: the
Suggests that communication may be speaker is receiving, and decoding
described by answering the questions in the messages about himself from his audience
model. in order to adjust to the particular situation.

 Who? – who is initiating and guiding the

communication
 What? – the content
INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION giving feedback to the other, thus, showing
a communication as a simultaneous process.
 Includes four components: the encoder-
source-decoder, message, feedback, and The transactional model differs from the first
the field of experience of the source. two models in the following ways:
1. Encoder-Source-Decoder – the
 This model provides a better picture of the
person/source who initiates the message.
communication model process by showing
The source acts an encoder when sending
the interplay of the different elements like
the message and decoder when receiving
communicators/participants, messages,
the message. The source, therefore, acts an
environment, and noise.
encoder and decoder during an interaction.
 The transactional communication model
2. Message – the information sent during the
illustrates that communicators often send
interaction.
and receive messages at the same time.
3. Feedback – the reaction sent during the
While one participant sends, receives, and
interaction.
decodes, the other participant
4. Field of experience – refers to the
simultaneously does the same thing. In
source’s experience and knowledge, beliefs,
essence, this model shows that the role of
culture, language, situation, and channel.
the speaker and listener should not be
This component affects and influences the
separated as if a person were doing only
source’s interpretation of the message.
doing one or the other at one time. (Rogers
& Kincard, 1981)
 This model explains that one communication
SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION ‘act’ such as a response to a message, is
influenced by communication incidents that
 According to Schramm, communication is a
happen before it.
two-way process where both sender and
 This model stresses that communication is
receiver takes turns to send and receive a
not something participants do to one
message.
another; rather, it is a process which
 Communication is complete only when the
enables them to develop a relationship by
sender receives a feedback from the
interacting with each other.
receiver.
 Emphasizes the importance of the source’s DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL OF
and destination’s field of experience in the COMMUNICATION
communication process.
 Example: souvenirs on display at a park will Definition
get different feedback from a local resident,
The helical model views communication as:
a working student, and a tourist.
- The Local resident may not show interest 1. Cylical
- The working student may take a look at the 2. Contextual
souvenirs. 3. Continuous
- The tourist may buy a few souvenirs. 4. Non-repetitive
5. Accumulative

Visualization
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION Dance’s model depicts communication and
endless spiral of increasing complexity.
 Engages the communicators in a
transaction of exchanging messages
 The elements are interdependent
 Each person involved in the communication HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
takes the role of both a speaker and a  Shows that communication is a dynamic
listener, who can simultaneously send and process
receive messages.  From the bottom, the small loop grows, as
 The person’s background and experiences the communication progresses
are important factors in the communication  A person starts to communicate at birth and
process. this continues as he grows up
Examples:  The coils in this model may signify the
person’s past and present experiences and
 Two students talking about the movie they behavior, thus, influencing his
have watched. Each of them is constantly communication with others.
 When he is grown-up and becomes and
adult, he can share more information and
may have more control of his emotions.