13/11/2023

Foundation
Engineering II Analytical
LECTURE THREE Method

BY EPHREM F.

1 2

ANALYTICAL METHOD ANALYTICAL METHOD

Load Transfer Method Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity
 The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the soil is complicated.

I.Point Bearing Capacity

 The frictional resistance per unit area at any

depth z may be determined as

3 4

3 4
 13/11/2023

ANALYTICAL METHOD I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity A. Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand (c’=0)
II. Frictional (Skin) Resistance

5
6

5 6

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

A. Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating Qp A. Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand (c’=0) 2. For Clay Ф’=0
For piles in saturated clays under undrained conditions Ф’=0

where Cu is undrained cohesion of the soil below the tip of the pile.
𝑁∗ = 9

8
7

7 8
 13/11/2023

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand
1. For Sand
• the pile point bearing capacity based on the theory of expansion
of cavities. According to this theory, on the basis of effective
stress parameters, we may write

where
𝜎 = mean effective normal ground stress at the level of the pile point

Ko earth pressure coefficient at rest ( 𝑘 = 1 − sin ∅ ) and

N * bearing capacity factor

9 10

9 10

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand 1. For Sand

11 12

11 12
 13/11/2023

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp
1. For Sand (or graph) 2. For Clay Ф’=0
• In saturated clay (Ф’=0 condition), the net ultimate point bearing
capacity of a pile

13 14

13 14

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

B. Vesic’s Method for Estimating Qp C. Coyle and Castello’s method for
estimating Qp in Sand
2. For Clay Ф’=0
• Based on the analysis of 24
large-scale field load tests of
driven piles in sand. On the
basis of the test results,

15 16

15 16
 13/11/2023

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY

D. Correlations for estimating Qp with SPT and CPT results in E. Point Bearing Capacity of piles resting on Rocks
granular soil • Sometimes piles are driven to an underlying layer of rock. In such
1. SPT cases, the engineer must evaluate the bearing capacity of the rock.
• On the basis of field observations, Meyerhof (1976) also suggested that the • The ultimate unit point resistance in rock (Goodman, 1980) is
ultimate point resistance qp approximately

• Briaud et al. (1985) suggested the following correlation for qp in granular soil
with the standard penetration resistance N60.
FS=3
2. CPT

17 18

17 18

I. POINT BEARING CAPACITY II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

E. Point Bearing Capacity of piles resting on Rocks A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand

• The unit frictional resistance, f, is hard to estimate.

• important factors In making an estimation of f,
 The nature of the pile installation.
 The unit skin friction increases with depth. The magnitude of the critical
depth L’ may be 15 to 20 pile diameters. Conservatively take
𝑳 ≈ 𝟏𝟓𝑫
 At similar depths, the unit skin friction in loose sand is higher for a high
displacement pile, compared with a low-displacement pile.
 At similar depths, bored, or jetted, piles will have a lower unit skin friction
compared with driven piles.
• Preceding the above factors for 𝒁 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝑳′

19 20

19 20
 13/11/2023

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand

• Coyle and Castello (1981), in conjunction with the material presented

21 22

21 22

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand
• Coyle and Castello (1981), in conjunction with the material presented 1. Correlation with SPT Results

• Meyerhof (1976) indicated that the average unit frictional resistance, fav, for high-
displacement driven piles

• Meyerhof (1976) indicated that the average unit frictional resistance, fav, for low-
displacement driven piles

• Briaud et al. (1985) suggested that

23 24

23 24
 13/11/2023

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

A. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Sand B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
2.Correlation with CPT Results 1. λ method
• Nottingham and Schmertmann (1975) and Schmertmann (1978) provided • is based on the assumption that the displacement of soil
correlations for estimating Qs using the frictional resistance fc obtained caused by pile driving results in a passive lateral pressure at any
during cone penetration tests.
depth and that the average unit skin resistance is

25 26

25 26

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
1. λ method 2. 𝛂 method
• The unit skin resistance in
clayey soils can be

where 𝛂 empirical adhesion factor

27 28

27 28
 13/11/2023

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
3. 𝛃 method 3. 𝛃 method
• When piles are driven into saturated clays, the pore water
pressure in the soil around the piles increases.

• However, within a month or so, this pressure gradually

dissipates. Hence, the unit frictional resistance for the pile
can be determined on the basis of the effective stress
parameters of the clay in a remoulded state (C=0)

29 30

29 30

II. FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE EXAMPLE-1

B. Frictional (Skin) Resistance Qs in Clay
4. Correlation with CPT Results
• Nottingham and Schmertmann (1975) and Schmertmann (1978) found
the correlation for unit skin friction in clay (with Ø=0 ) to be

32
31

31 32
 13/11/2023

33 34

33 34

Continue b…

35 36

35 36
 13/11/2023

PILE LOAD TEST

• In most large projects, a specific number of load tests must be
conducted on piles.
• The load is applied to the pile by a hydraulic jack.
• Step loads are applied to the pile, and sufficient time is allowed

PILE LOAD to elapse after each load so that a small amount of settlement
occurs.

TEST

38

37 38

PILE LOAD TEST

PILE
DRIVING
FORMUL A
39

39 40
 13/11/2023

PILE DRIVING FORMULA PILE DRIVING FORMULA

• To develop the desired load-carrying capacity, a point
bearing pile must penetrate the dense soil layer
sufficiently or have sufficient contact with a layer of
rock.
• These dynamic equations are widely used in the field
to determine whether a pile has reached a
satisfactory bearing value at the predetermined depth.

41 42

41 42

PILE DRIVING FORMULA PILE DRIVING FORMULA

• A factor of safety FS = 6 was recommended for
estimating the allowable pile capacity.
• for single- and double-acting hammers, the term
WRh can be replaced by EHE, where E is the
efficiency of the hammer and HE is the rated energy
of the hammer. Thus,

• The EN formula has been revised several times over

the years, and other pile-driving formulas also have
been suggested.
43 44

43 44
 13/11/2023

PILE DRIVING FORMULA

(DOWN DRAG)
NEGATIVE
SKIN FRICTION

45

45 46

DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION) DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
• •

• Occurs when piles are installed through a • Causes of Negative Skin Frictions
stratum which under goes consolidation after 1. If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer
the pile is in place into which a pile is driven, the fill will gradually
consolidate.The consolidation process will exert a
• Calculation of max. down drag forces should downward drag force on the pile during the period of
take account of consolidation.
 The shear resistance of the soil along the 2. If a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft clay,
pile shaft it will induce the process of consolidation in the clay
layer and thus exert a downward drag on the pile.
 The depth of compressible soil
 The weight of the soil 3. Lowering of the water table will increase the vertical
effective stress on the soil at any depth, which will induce
 The surface load around each pile consolidation settlement in clay. If a pile is located in the clay
layer, it will be subjected to a downward drag force.
47 48

47 48
 13/11/2023

DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION) DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
• Causes of Negative Skin Frictions Methods for the calculation of Negative skin
friction

A. Clay Fill over Granular Soil

The negative (downward) skin stress on the pile is

49 50

49 50

DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION) DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)
Methods for the calculation of Negative skin Methods for the calculation of Negative skin friction

friction B. Granular Soil Fill over Clay

• In this case, the evidence indicates that the negative skin stress on the pile may exist from
z=0 to z=L1, which is referred to as the neutral depth. The neutral depth may be given as
A. Clay Fill over Granular Soil (Bowles, 1982)

The negative (downward) skin stress on the pile is

where; 𝜸𝒇 and 𝜸 = effective unit weights of the fill and the underlying clay layer,
respectively.
• For end-bearing piles, the neutral depth may be

• Once we determine 𝐿1 then unit skin

friction resistance will be

51 52

51 52
 13/11/2023

DOWN DRAG (NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION)

Methods for the calculation of Negative skin friction
B. Granular Soil Fill over Clay

UPLIFT
RESISTANCE
OF PILES

53

53 54

UPLIFT RESISTANCE OF PILES UPLIFT RESISTANCE OF PILES

• Piles are also used to resist uplift loads. Piles used for A. Uplift Resistance of Pile in Clay
this purpose are called tension piles, uplift piles or anchor
piles.
• Uplift forces are developed due to hydrostatic pressure or
overturning moments.

55 56

55 56
 13/11/2023

UPLIFT RESISTANCE OF PILES

B. Uplift Resistance of Pile in Sand
• Adequate confirmatory data are not available for
evaluating the uplift resistance of piles embedded
in cohesionless soils. ELASTIC
• Poulos and Davis (1980) suggest that the skin friction of
upward loading may be taken as two-thirds of the SETTLEMENT
calculated shaft resistance for downward loading.
• A safety factor of 3 is normally assumed for calculating
OF PILE
the safe uplift load for both piles in clay and sand.

57

57 58

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE

• The total settlement of a pile under a vertical working • If the pile material is assumed to be elastic, the deformation
load Qw is given by of the pile shaft can be evaluated, in accordance with the
fundamental principles of mechanics of materials,

59 60

59 60
 13/11/2023

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE

• The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried • The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried by the
at the pile point may be expressed in the form: pile shaft is

61 62

61 62

PILE
Foundation GROUP
Engineering II
LECTURE FOUR

BY EPHREM F.

63 64
 13/11/2023

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

• piles are used in groups, to transmit the Overlapping of stresses
structural load to the soil. •When piles are placed in a group, pressure
• A pile cap is constructed over group piles. isobars of adjacent piles overlap each other.
The cap can be in contact with the ground, as •the soil is highly stressed in the zones of
in most cases overlapping of pressures.
• Determining the load-bearing capacity of •With sufficient overlap, either the soil will fail
group piles is extremely complicated or the pile group will settle excessively since the
• The spacing of piles in a group considers combined pressure bulb extends to a
Overlapping of stresses near by piles considerable depth below the base of piles.
Cost of foundation •possible to avoid by installing the piles further
Efficiency of the pile group apart but large spacing are uneconomical
65 66

65 66

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Overlapping of stresses

• In practice, the minimum centre to centre pile spacing, d, is

67 2.5D and, in ordinary situations, is actually about 3 to 3.5D. 68

67 68
 13/11/2023

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Bearing Capacity of Group Pile
•In general the ultimate load carrying capacity
of a pile group of n piles Qug is not found
exactly equal to n*Qu due to
Disturbance of soil during installation of pile (-)
overlap of stresses between adjacent piles(-)
the soil between individual piles may
become ‘locked in’ due to densification
from driving block failure (+)
Densification and improvement of soil
surrounding the group may also occur (+)
69 70

69 70

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Computation of Ultimate capacity Computation of Ultimate capacity
•The ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile
group is the smaller of two values.
1. The ultimate load carrying capacity of n piles:
Qun=n*Qu
2. The ultimate load carrying capacity of the single
large equivalent block pile-Qug
a) the skin friction resistance around the
embedded perimeter of the group
b) the end bearing resistance by assuming a tip
area formed by the block as shown below.

71 72

71 72
 13/11/2023

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Efficiency of the pile group Efficiency of the pile group
• The efficiency of the load-bearing capacity of a • Depending on their spacing within the group,
group pile may be defined as the piles may act in one of two ways:
a) as a block, with dimensions Lg x Bg x L,
If the piles act as a block, the frictional capacity
fav.Pg.L < Qg(u)
Note: Pg is perimeter of the cross section of block

b) as individual piles.

73 74

73 74

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Efficiency of the pile group
Efficiency of the pile group
• Depending on their spacing within the group,
Equations for Group Efficiency of Friction Pile

• if the centre-to-centre spacing d is large enough, In that

case, the piles will behave as individual piles.
• Thus, in practice, if then;

75 76

75 76
 13/11/2023

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Efficiency of the pile group Determination of pile Group loads
The methods used to estimate pile loads in a
pile group base on the following assumptions:
• The cap is rigid
• Piles heads are hinged to the pile cap;
no bending moment is transmitted from the pile
cap to the piles.
• The whole load is carried by the piles;
no load is transmitted to the soil below the pile cap
• The piles are elastic,
the deformations and the stress distribution are
analysed based on elastic analysis.
77 78

77 78

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay

• Step 1- • Step 2-

79 80

79 80
 13/11/2023

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay

• Step 2- • Step 3-
Compare the values obtained from Step-1and Step-2
The lower of the two values is taken as Qg(u).

81 82

81 82

PILE GROUP PILE GROUP

83 84

83 84
 13/11/2023

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• The simplest relation for the settlement of group
piles was given by Vesic (1969),

ELASTIC
SE TTLEMEN
T OF
GROUP PIL E

86

85 86

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• For group piles in sand and gravel, for elastic settlement, • Similarly, the group pile settlement is related to the cone
Meyerhof (1976) suggested the empirical relation penetration resistance by the formula

87 88

87 88
 13/11/2023

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• The consolidation
settlement of a
group pile in clay
can be estimated
by using the 2:1
C O N S O L I DAT I O N stress distribution
SETTLEMENT OF method.
GROUP PILES

90

89 90

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

•Step 1- • Step 3-

• Step 2-

91 92

91 92
 13/11/2023

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILE

• Step 4-

THANK YOU!!!
• Step 5-

93 94

93 94

Foundation
Engineering II
LECTURE FIVE

BY EPHREM F.

95 96
 13/11/2023

LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

• Vertical piles are capable to resist small lateral loads • A vertical pile resists a lateral load by mobilizing
although they are generally used in foundations to passive pressure in the soil surrounding it.
withstand vertical loads.
• The degree of distribution of the soil’s reaction
• When horizontal loads per pile exceeds the capacity of
the vertical pile, inclined piles called batter piles or raker
depends on
piles are used in combination with the vertical piles. – the stiffness of the pile
• When a soil of low bearing capacity extends to a – the stiffness of the soil, and
considerable depth, piles are generally used to transmit – the fixity of the ends of the pile.
vertical and lateral loads to the surrounding soil. • In general, laterally loaded piles can be divided into
• Piles that are used under tall chimneys, Tv towers, high two major categories:
rise buildings, high retaining walls, offshore structures etc (a) short or rigid piles and
are normally subjected to high lateral loads
•
(b)long or elastic piles
97 98

97 98

LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

(a) short or rigid piles (b)long or elastic piles A. Elastic or Non Dimensional solution

99 100

99 100
 13/11/2023

LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

• The above equation which differential equation for

the deflection curve (Elastic line of pile)
101 102

101 102

LATERALLY LOADED PILES LATERALLY LOADED PILES

103 104

103 104
 13/11/2023

LATERALLY LOADED PILES

106
105

105 106

107 108

107 108
 13/11/2023

110

109 110

111 112

111 112
 13/11/2023

Practice makes perfect so try your best to do solved

problems from text books and reference materials.

THANK YOU!!! Finally do the assignments in group; good team work

reveals a good outcome at the end there will be
presentation.

Test Next Week

Next Chapter ………………….. Loading

113 114

113 114