Email

• MIME
• SMTP
• POP
• IMAP
Main components: User agents, message access agent, and
transfer agents
Components of email
User agent: used to compose mail, read mail, store in local
computer (if two users are on the same LAN, we only need two
user agents). Eg. Eudora, Outlook, Netscape.
MTAs (message transfer agents) to transfer from local machine
to a server, server to another server and so on. SMTP
Message Access agent – to retrieve from the local server to the
local recipient computer. Pop and IMAP, MIME
Mime (multipurpose internet mail extenstion)
• Allows non-ASCII characters. Used for all languages, video,
and audio.
Figure 20.9 MIME
Figure 20.10 MIME header
Table 20.1 Data types and subtypes in MIME
Table 20.1 Data types and subtypes in MIME (Continued)
Table 20.2 Content-transfer-encoding
SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol)
• Uses commands and responses to transfer messages. Each
command or reply is terminated by carriage return and linefeed.
20.3 MESSAGE TRANSFER AGENT:
SMTP
The actual mail transfer requires message transfer agents (MTAs). The
protocol that defines the MTA client and server in the Internet is called
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

The topics discussed in this section include:

Commands and Responses

Mail Transfer Phases
Figure 20.13 SMTP range
Figure 20.14 Commands and responses
Figure 20.15 Command format
Table 20.4 Commands
Table 20.5 Responses
Table 20.5 Responses (Continued)
Figure 20.16 Connection establishment
Figure 20.17 Message transfer
Figure 20.18 Connection termination
 CS 352
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
CS 352, Lecture 5.1
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~sn624/352

Srinivas Narayana

20
We’re all familiar with email.
How does it work?
 outgoing
Electronic Mail message queue
user mailbox
user
Three major components: agent

1. User agents mail

user
server
• a.k.a. “mail reader” agent
SMTP mail
• e.g., Applemail, Outlook server user
SMTP agent

• Web-based user agents (ex: gmail)

SMTP
mail user
server agent

user
agent
user
agent

22
 Electronic Mail: Mail servers
2. Mail Servers user
agent
• Mailbox contains incoming messages
for user mail
user
server
• Message queue of outgoing (to be sent) agent
mail messages SMTP mail
• Sender mail server makes connection server user
to Receiver mail server agent
• IP address, port 25 SMTP
SMTP
3. SMTP protocol mail user
• Used to send messages server agent

• Client: sending user agent or sending

mail server user
agent
• server: receiving mail server user
agent

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Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob
1) Alice 4) SMTP client sends Alice’s
([email protected]) uses message over the TCP
UA to compose message to connection
[email protected]
5) Bob’s mail server places the
2) Alice’s UA sends message to message in Bob’s incoming
her mail server; message mailbox
placed in outgoing message 6) Sometime later, Bob invokes
queue his user agent to read
3) Client side of SMTP opens message
TCP connection with Bob’s
mail server

1 mail
mail
server user
user server
Alice 2 agent Bob
agent 3 6
4 5

Rutgers mail server NYU mail server 24

Observations on these exchanges
• Mail servers are useful “always on” endpoints
• Receiving the email on behalf of Bob, should Bob’s machine be turned off
• Retrying the delivery of the email to Bob on behalf of Alice, should Bob’s
mail server be unavailable in the first attempt
• The same machine can act as client and server based on context
• Rutgers’s mail server is the server when Alice sends the mail
• It is the client when it sends mail to Bob’s mail server
• SMTP is push-heavy: info is pushed from client to server
• Contrast to HTTP or DNS where info is pulled from the server
Sample SMTP interaction
• A small demo
Sample SMTP interaction
220 hill.com SMTP service ready
HELO town.com
250 hill.com Hello town.com, pleased to meet you
MAIL FROM: <[email protected]>
250 <[email protected]>… Sender ok
RCPT TO: <[email protected]>
250 <[email protected]>… Recipient ok
DATA
354 Enter mail, end with “.” on a line by itself
Jill, I’m not feeling up to hiking today. Will you please fetch me a pail of water?
.
250 message accepted
QUIT
221 hill.com closing connection

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MAIL command response codes

220: Service ready

250: Request command complete
354: Start mail input
421: Service not available

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Mail message (stored on server) format
SMTP: protocol for exchanging email msgs
header
RFC 822: standard for text message format: blank
line

• header lines, e.g.,

• To: body
• From:
• Subject:
different from SMTP commands!
(these would still be under “DATA”)

• body
• the “message”, ASCII characters only

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Message format: multimedia extensions
• MIME: multimedia mail extension, RFC 2045, 2056
• additional lines in msg header declare MIME content type

From: [email protected]
MIME version To: [email protected]
Subject: Picture of yummy crepe.
method used MIME-Version: 1.0
to encode data Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/jpeg
multimedia data
type, subtype, base64 encoded data .....
parameter declaration .........................
......base64 encoded data
encoded data

30
 CS 352
Mail: Access Protocols
CS 352, Lecture 5.2
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~sn624/352

Srinivas Narayana

31
Mail access protocols
POP3 or IMAP4
SMTP SMTP access user
user Bob
Alice protocol agent
agent

sender’s mail receiver’s mail

server server

• SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server

• Mail access protocol: retrieval from server
• POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]
• Client connects to POP3 server on TCP port 110
• IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]
• Client connects to TCP port 143
• HTTP: gmail, outlook, etc.
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POP vs IMAP
• POP3 • IMAP4
• Stateless server • Stateful server
• UA-heavy processing • UA and server processing
• UA retrieves email from • Server sees folders, etc.
server, then typically deleted which are visible to UAs
from server • Changes visible at the server
• Latest changes are at the UA • Complex protocol
• Simple protocol (list, retr, del
within a POP session)

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What about web-based email?
• Connect to mail servers via web browser
• Ex: gmail, outlook, etc.

• Browsers speak HTTP

• Email servers speak SMTP
• Need a bridge to retrieve email using HTTP

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Web based email
HTTP HTTP

HTTP server HTTP

server

SMTP SMTP
Client server
Internet

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 Comparing SMTP with HTTP
• HTTP: pull
• SMTP: push

• both have ASCII command/response interaction, status codes

• HTTP: each object encapsulated in its own response msg

• SMTP: multiple objects sent in multipart msg

• HTTP: can put non-ASCII data directly in response

• SMTP: need ASCII-based encoding

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Mail Transfer Agents
 MTAs do the actual mail transfers
 MTAs are not meant to be directly accessed by users.
 MMDF
 SENDMAIL
Mail Access Protocols
 The MTAs place the email in the user’s mailbox
 The Mail Access Protocols are used by the users to
retrieve the email from the mailbox
 POP3
 IMAP4
POP3 and IMAP4
• Message access protocols. (pull)
• Post Office protocol. Simple with limited functionality. Uses
port 100. Has to modes, delete or keep.
• Internet Mail Access Protocol is used to check mail directly from
the web.
20.4 MESSAGE ACCESS AGENT:
POP AND IMAP
The third stage of mail delivery uses a message access agent; the client
must pull messages from the server. Currently two message access
protocols are available: Post Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3) and
Internet Mail Access Protocol, version 4.

The topics discussed in this section include:

POP3
IMAP4
Figure 20.19 POP3 and IMAP4
Post Office Protocol v3
 Simple
 Allows the user to obtain a list of their Emails
 Users can retrieve their emails
 Users can either delete or keep the email on their
system
 Minimizes server resources
Figure 20.20 POP3
How does POP work?
Incoming messages are stored at a POP server until the user logs in
using an email client and downloads the messages to their computer.
After user downloads the message, it is deleted from the server.
Adv:
POP does not require an internet connection for accessing the
downloaded mails.
Disadv:
For receiving e-mails only on one single device, POP is useful. It is not
possible to access the same email account from multi devices and
have actions synchronize between them.
Common Clients
• Eudora
• Gmail
• Outlook Express
• Mozilla Thunderbird
• Netscape
• Internet Explorer
 POP vs. IMAP
POP3:

All Messages

IMAP:
Dr.Amer
Friends
….
Internet Mail Access Protocol v4
 Has more features then POP3
 User can check the email header before downloading
 Emails can be accessed from any location
 Can search the email for a specific string of characters before
downloading
 User can download parts of an email
 User can create, delete, or rename mailboxes on a server