UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is formed by combining the two words artificial and intelligence.
a. Artificial – Artificial refers to something created or produced by humans rather than
existing naturally
b. Intelligence – The ability to acquire and use knowledge and skills is referred to as
intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence Definition

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to do cognitive tasks such as thinking,
perceiving, learning, problem solving, and decision making. It is based on how individuals
use their brains to observe, learn, figure out, and make decisions.
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence can be divided based on capabilities and functionalities.
There are three types of Artificial Intelligence-based on capabilities -

 Narrow AI
 General AI
 Super AI

What is Narrow AI?

Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform
beyond its limitations. It targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that
spectrum. Narrow AI applications are becoming increasingly common in our day-to-day
lives as machine learning and deep learning methods continue to develop.
 Apple Siri is an example of a Narrow AI that operates with a limited pre-defined range
of functions. Siri often has problems with tasks outside its breadth of abilities.
 IBM Watson supercomputer is another example of a Narrow AI. It applies cognitive
computing, machine learning, and natural language processing to process information
and answers your queries. IBM Watson once out-performed human contestant Ken
Jennings to become the champion on the popular game show, Jeopardy!.
 Other examples of Narrow AI include google translate, image recognition software,
recommendation systems, spam filtering, and Google‟s page-ranking algorithm.

What is General AI?

General AI, also known as strong AI, can understand and learn any intellectual task that a
human being can. It allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different contexts.
AI researchers have not been able to achieve strong AI so far. They would need to find a
method to make machines conscious, programming a full cognitive ability set. General AI
has received a $1 billion investment from Microsoft through OpenAI.

 Fujitsu has built the K computer, which is one of the fastest supercomputers in the
world. It is one of the significant attempts at achieving strong AI. It took nearly 40
minutes to simulate a single second of neural activity. Hence, it is difficult to determine
whether strong AI will be achieved shortly.

 Tianhe-2 is a supercomputer that was developed by the China's National University of

Defense Technology. It holds the record for cps (calculations per second) at 33.86
petaflops (quadrillions of cps). Although that sounds exciting, the human brain is
estimated to be capable of one exaflop, i.e., a billion cps.
What is a Super AI?

Super AI surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task better than a human. The
concept of artificial superintelligence sees AI evolved to be so akin to human sentiments
and experiences that it doesn't merely understand them; it also evokes emotions, needs,
beliefs, and desires of its own. Its existence is still hypothetical. Some of the critical
characteristics of super AI include thinking, solving puzzles, making judgments, and
decisions on its own.

EXCITE

EXCITE was the result of our brainstorming. EXCITE is a technology-agnostic evaluation

methodology for Artificial Intelligence solutions that focuses on transparency.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence around us

Whether we notice it or not, we are surrounded by machines that work on AI. They
are becoming a crucial part of our everyday life and provide us with an ease of having
even some of the most complicated and time-consuming tasks being done at the touch
of a button or by the simple use of a sensor.

Every now and then, we surf the internet for things

on Google without realizing how efficiently Google
always responds to us with accurate answers. Not
only does it come up with results to our search in a
matter of seconds, it also suggests and auto- corrects
our typed sentences.

We nowadays have pocket assistants that

can do a lot of tasks at just one
command. Alexa, Google Assistant,
Cortana, Siri are some very common
examples of the voice assistants which
are a major part of our digital devices.

To help us navigate to places, apps like UBER and Google Maps

come in haman. Thus, one no longer needs to stop repeatedly to ask
for directions.

AI has completely enhanced the gaming experience for

its users. A lot of games nowadays are backed up with
AI which helps in enhancing the graphics, come up
with new difficulty levels, encourage gamers, etc.

AI has not only made our lives easier but has also been
taking care of our habits, likes, and dislikes. This is why
platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc.
show us recommendations on the basis of what we like.

Well, the recommendations are not just

limited to our preferences, they even cater
to our needs of connecting with friends on
social media platforms with apps like
Facebook and Instagram. They also send
us customized notifications about our
online shopping details, auto-create
playlists according to our requests and so
on. Taking selfies was never this fun as
Snapchat filters make them look so cool.

This isn‟t all. AI is also being used

to monitor our health. A lot of
chatbots and other health apps are
available, which continuously
monitor the physical and mental
health of its users.

These applications are not limited to smart

devices but also vary to humanoids like
Sophia, the very first humanoid robot
sophisticated enough to get citizenship,
biometric security systems like the face locks
 we have in our phones, real-time language
translators, weather forecasts, and whatnot!
This list is huge, and this module will go on
forever if we keep tabulating them. So, take
some time, discuss with a friend and identify
more and more AI applications around you!

What is not AI?

Since we have a lot of different technologies which exist around us in today‟s time, it is
very common for us to misunderstand any other technology as AI. That is why, we need
to have a clear distinction between what is AI and what is not.

As we discussed earlier, any machine that has been trained with data and can make
decisions/predictions on its own can be termed as AI. Here, the term „training‟ is
important.
A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it requires
human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the
necessary preparation for it to function correctly before each wash, which
makes it an example of automation, not AI.
An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with the help of
internet but still needs a human touch. This is an example of Internet of
Things (IoT). Also, every now and then we get to know about robots which
might follow a path or maybe can avoid obstacles but need to be primed
accordingly each time.
We also get to see a lot of projects which can automate our surroundings
with the help of sensors. Here too, since the bot or the automation
machine is not trained with any data, it does not count as AI.
Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed as "smart" are
AI-enabled. For example, a TV does not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets
the power of AI when it is able to think and process on its own.
Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill with the help of their
experiences, an AI machine too gets trained first on the training data and then
optimises itself according to its own experiences which makes AI different from any
other technological device/machine.
But well, surely these other technologies too can be integrated with AI to provide the
users with a much better and immersive experience!
 Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to humanoids and self-driving cars, AI
when merged with Internet of things can give rise to cloud computing of data and
remote access of AI tools, automation along with AI can help in achieving voice
automated homes and so on. Such integrations can help us get the best of both worlds!
World Famous AI Machines
Some of the world famous AI machines are as follows:
. IBM Watson
.Google,s Driveless Car
.Sophia ,the Humanoid Robot.
.Alexa
Honda Asimo
.Boston Dynamics AI Robot

AI, ML & DL

As you have been progressing towards building AI readiness, you must have come
across a very common dilemma between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML). Many times, these terms are used interchangeably but are they the
same? Is there no difference in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence? Is Deep
Learning (DL) Also Artificial Intelligence? What exactly is Deep Learning? Let us
see.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives
the ability to machines to recognize a human‟s face; to move and manipulate objects;
to understand the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-
enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for
intelligently.

Machine Learning (ML)

It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks

with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to
learn by themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.

Deep Learning (DL)

It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In Deep
Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training
itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of
these three. Then comes Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and
Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts and algorithms which, in some way or
the other mimic human intelligence.
There are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which come under ML
out of which very few can be labelled as DL. Therefore, Machine Learning (ML) and
Deep Learning (DL) are part of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but not everything that is
Machine learning will be Deep learning.

Introduction to AI Domains

Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which it gets.

For training, the machine is fed with datasets. According to the applications for
which the AI algorithm is being developed, the data which is fed into it changes.
With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly

Data Sciences Computer Vision Natural Language Processing

categorised into three domains:

Data Sciences

Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the
system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of
them.
The information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.

Example of Data Science

Price Comparison Websites

These websites are being driven by lots and lots of data.

If you have ever used these websites, you would know,
the convenience of comparing the price of a product from
multiple vendors at one place. PriceGrabber,
PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, DealTime are some
examples of price comparison websites. Now a days,
price comparison website can be found in almost every
domain such as technology, hospitality, automobiles,
durables, apparels etc.

Computer Vision

Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a

machine to get and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions
about it. The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing,
identifying and extracting information. This extensive processing helps computers to
understand any visual content and act on it accordingly. In computer vision, Input to
machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or infrared sensors,
indicators and different sources.
Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into descriptions. This data is
then turned into computer-readable language to aid the decision-making process. The
main objective of this domain of AI is to teach machines to collect information from
pixels.

Examples of Computer
Vision
Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars

CV systems scan live objects and analyse them, based

on whether the car decides to keep running or to stop.
Face Lock in Smartphones
Smartphones nowadays come
with the feature of face locks in
which the smartphone’s owner
can set up his/her face as an
unlocking mechanism for it. The
front camera detects and captures
the face and saves its features
during initiation. Next time
onwards,whenever the features
match, the phone is unlocked.
Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence

that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural
language. Natural language refers to language that is spoken and written by people,
and natural language processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from the
spoken and written word using algorithms.
The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make sense of the
human languages in a manilr that is valuable.

Examples of Natural Language Processing

Email filters

Email filters are one of the most

basic and initial applications of NLP
online. It started out with spam
filters, uncovering certain words or
phrases that signal a spam message.

` Smart assistants

Smart assistants like Apple‟s Siri and Amazon‟s Alexa

recognize patterns in speech, then infer meaning and
provide a useful response.

AI Ethics

Nowadays, we are moving from the Information era to Artificial Intelligence era. Now
we do not use data or information, but the intelligence collected from the data to build
solutions. These solutions can even recommend the next TV show or movies you
should watch on Netflix.
We can proudly say that India is leading in the AI usage trends, so we need to keep
aspects relating to ethical practices in mind while developing solutions using AI. Let
us understand some of the ethical concerns in detail.
Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars

Scenario 1:

Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving cars which are just a concept in
today‟s time are now on roads. People like us are buying them for ease and are using it
for our daily transits. Of-course because of all the features which this car has, it is
expensive. Now, let us assume, one day your father is going to office in his self-driving
car. He is sitting in the back seat as the car is driving itself. Suddenly, a small boy
comes in front of this car. The incident was so sudden that the car is only able to make
either of the two choices:
1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure him severely.

2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal pole thus
damaging the car as well as injuring the person sitting in it.
With the help of this scenario, we need to understand that the developer of the car
goes through all such dilemmas while developing the car‟s algorithm. Thus, here the
morality of the developer gets transferred into the machine as what according to
him/her is right would have a higher priority and hence would be the selection made
by the machine.
If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no other alternative to the
situation, which one of the two would you prioritise and why?
Smart Home

A smart home is a flexible house setup in which appliances and devices may be managed
remotely using a mobile or other networked device from anywhere with an internet
connection.

Advantages of Smart Home

1. Smart Home provide more comfort

2. Smart Home improve Security
3. Smart Home saves energy
4. It‟s convenient to manage all the devices from a single application.

Smart City

The Smart Cities Mission‟s goal is to promote economic growth and improve people‟s
quality of life by facilitating local area development and utilizing technology, particularly
technology that leads to Smart results.

Advantages of Smart City

1. Improved Infrastructure
2. Safer Communication
3. It improves economic growth opportunities.
4. Decrease of Crime

Purpose
Role of AI in Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is the development which doesn‟t compromise the capacity of

the future generation to satisfy their needs.
In 1987 the first time sustainable development appeared in the Brundtland report. This
was a warning to all countries regarding environmental consequences, globalization and
economic growth.
Sustainable Development goals are also known as Global goals. There are 17 goals in
sustainable development which were introduced in 2015.
There are total 17 Sustainable Development Goals are:

1. Zero Hunger
2. No Poverty
3. Good Health and Well-Being
4. Quality Education
5. Climate action
6. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
7. Gender Equality
8. Clean Water and Sanitation
9. Affordable and clean energy
10. Sustainable cities and communities
11. Decent work and economic growth
12. Reduce Inequalities
13. Responsible consumption and production
14. Life on land
15. Life below water
16. Partnerships for the goals.
17. Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Social Challenges of Artificial Intelligence

“AI has the potential to assist in the solution of some of the most complex social and
environmental issues, such as healthcare, disaster prediction, agriculture, environmental
conservation, and cultural preservation.”

Wildlife conservation
AI-powered tools can track animal movements and analyze massive volumes of data to
help us better understand where they go and what habitats we need to protect.

Disaster Awareness And Prediction

Large companies such as Google are focusing on flood prevention, using artificial
intelligence to predict high-risk locations and informing the citizen.

Bullying And Hate Speech

Major social and media platforms are developing their AI bots to detect and eliminate
bullying, hate speech, and other undesirable online behaviors.

Agriculture
Smart farming entails using artificial intelligence to increase overall harvest quality and
accuracy. AI technology aids in the detection of plant disease, pests, and poor agricultural
nutrition. AI sensors can detect and target plants, then determine the best pesticide to use
in the area.

Possibilities

Career Opportunities in Artificial Intelligence

1. Data Analytics
2. Natural Language Processing
3. Robotic Scientist
4. Research Scientist
5. Researcher
6. Software Engineer
7. AI Engineer
8. Data Mining and Analysis
9. Data Scientist
10. Machine Learning Engineer
11. Business Intelligence Developer
11. Big Data Engineer/ Architect
12. Business Intelligence Developer
 UNIT 2: AI PROJECT CYCLE
The AI Project Cycle is a step-by-step process that a company must follow in order to
derive value from an AI project and to solve the problem.

There are five different stage of AI Project Cycle.

Stage of AI Project Cycle

Problem Scoping

Whenever we begin a new project, we encounter a number of challenges. In fact, we are

surrounded with issues! These issues might be minor or major; sometimes we overlook
them, and other times we require immediate attention.

To understand a problem, determine the different aspects that affect the problem, and
define the project‟s goal are problem scoping.

How to Identify the Problem Scoping in AI Project

Follow the following steps to identify the problem scoping from the project –

 Understand why the project was started.

 Define the project‟s primary objectives.
 Outline the project‟s work statement.
  Determine the most important goals.
 Choose important milestones.
 Determine the major constraints.
 Make a list of scope exclusions.
4Ws Problem Canvas

The 4 W‟s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why. This 4 W‟s helps
to identify and understand the problem in a better manner.

a. Who – The “Who” element helps us to understand and categorize who is directly and
indirectly affected by the problem, and who are known as Stakeholders.

b. What – The “What” section aids us in analyzing and recognizing the nature of the
problem, and you may also gather evidence to establish that the problem you‟ve chosen
exists under this block.

c. Where – What is the situation, and where does the problem arise.

d. Why – Refers to why we need to address the problem and what the advantages will be
for the stakeholders once the problem is solved.

Statement of the Problem Template

After you‟ve completed the above 4Ws, make a summary of what you‟ve learned. The
problem statement template is the name for this summary. This template summarizes all
of the important points in one place. So, if the same problem comes again, this statement
will make it much easier to fix.
Data Acquisition

The method of collecting correct and dependable data to work with is known as data
acquisition. Data can be in the form of text, video, photos, audio, and so on, and it can be
gathered from a variety of places such as websites, journals, and newspapers.

What is Data

Data is a representation of facts or instructions about an entity that can be processed or

conveyed by a human or a machine, such as numbers, text, pictures, audio clips, videos,
and so on.

There is two type of data –

1.Structured Data 2.Unstructured Data

a. Structured Data
When data is in a standardized format, has a well-defined structure, follows a consistent
order, and is easily accessible by humans and program. This data is in the form of
numbers, characters, special characters etc.
b. Unstructured Data
Unstructured data is information that doesn‟t follow traditional data models and is
therefore difficult to store and manage. Video, audio, and image files, as well as log files,
are all examples of unstructured data.
Dataset
Dataset is a collection of data in tabular format. Dataset contains numbers or values that
are related to a specific subject. For example, students‟ test scores in a class is a dataset.

The dataset is divided into two parts

a. Training dataset – Training dataset is a large dataset that teaches a machine learning
model. Machine learning algorithms are trained to make judgments or perform a task
through training datasets. Maximum part of the dataset comes under training data
(Usually 80%)
b. Test dataset – Data that has been clearly identified for use in tests, usually of a
computer program, is known as test data. 20% of data used in test data
Acquiring Data from Reliable Sources

There are six ways to collect data.

a. Surveys
A research method for gathering data from a predetermined sample of respondents in
order to get knowledge and insights into a variety of issues.
b. Cameras
We can collect visual data with the help of cameras, this data is unstructured data that can
be analyzed via Machine learning.

c. Web Scripting
Web scribing is a technique for collecting structured data from the internet, such as news
monitoring, market research, and price tracking.

d. Observation
Some of the information we can gather through attentive observation and monitoring.

e. Sensors
With the help of sensors also we can collect the data. A device that detects or measures a
physical property are called sensors, such as biomatrix.

f. Application program interface

An API is a software interface that enables two apps to communicate with one another.

Data Exploration

In order to better understand the nature of the data, data analysts utilize data visualization
and statistical tools to convey dataset characterizations, such as size, amount, and
accuracy.

Data exploration is a technique used to visualize data in the form of statistical methods or
using graphs.

Why Data Exploration

Exploration helps you gain a better understanding of a dataset, making it easier to explore
and use it later. It also helps to quickly understand the data‟s trends, and patterns.

About Data Visualization Chart

Data visualization charts are graphical representations of data that use symbols to convey
a story and help people understand large volumes of information.

The following are some of the most frequent data visualization chart and graph
formats:
a. Column Chart – A column chart is a basic Visualization chart that uses
vertical columns to represent data series. Because column lengths are easy
to compare, column charts are an effective approach to demonstrate the
changes in the data.

b. Bar Chart – A bar chart is a visual representation of category data. The

data is displayed in a bar chart with multiple bars, each representing a
different category.
Modelling

AL, ML & DL

Venn Diagram of AI

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in robots that have
been trained to think and act like humans. The term can also refer to any machine that
demonstrates, like humans, the ability to learn and solve the problem is Artificial
Intelligence.

Machine Learning

Machine learning is a part of an Artificial Intelligence application in which we give data

to the machine and allow them to learn for themselves. It‟s essentially getting a machine
to accomplish something without being specifically programmed to do so.

Deep Learning
Deep learning is a part of Artificial Intelligence that uses neural networks with
multilayer. Deep learning analyzes the data, learns the data and solves the problem the
same as a human. Deep learning requires the machine to be educated with a large
quantity of data in order to train itself.

Rule Based

The rule-based approach to AI modeling is when the developer defines the relationship or
patterns in data. The machine follows the developer‟s rules or instructions and completes
its job properly.

What is Modeling

An AI model is a program that has been trained to recognize patterns using a set of data.
AI modeling is the process of creating algorithms, also known as models, that may be
educated to produce intelligent results. This is the process of programming code to create
a machine artificially.

Rule Based AI Model (Decision Tree)

Learning Based Approach

Refers to AI modeling in which the developer hasn‟t specified the relationship or patterns
in the data. Random data is provided to the computer in this method, and the system is
left to figure out patterns and trends from it. When the data is unlabeled and too random
for a human to make sense of, this method is usually used.

Decision Tree in AI

The concept of Decision Trees is similar to that of Story Speaker. It‟s a rule-based AI
model that uses numerous judgments (or rules) to assist the machine in determining what
an element is. The following is the basic structure of a decision tree:

Evaluation
After a model has been created and trained, it must be thoroughly tested in order to
determine its efficiency and performance; this is known as evaluation.
 UNIT 3: NEURAL NETWORK
Algorithm

An algorithm is a set of instructions used in machine learning that allows a computer

programme to mimic how a human learns to classify certain types of data.

a. Supervised Learning

Supervised learning is a method of developing artificial intelligence that involves training

a computer algorithm on input data that has been labeled for a certain output.

Example of Supervised Learning

You obtain a set of photographs with descriptions of what‟s on them, and then you train a
model to detect fresh photos.
b. Unsupervised Learning
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to find patterns in data sets including data
points that are neither categorized nor labeled is known as unsupervised learning.

Example of Unsupervised Learning

Assume the unsupervised learning algorithm is given an input dataset with photographs
of various cats and dogs. The algorithm is never trained on the given dataset, therefore it
has no knowledge what the dataset‟s characteristics are.

c. Reinforcement Learning
“An intelligent agent interacts with the environment and learns to operate within that
environment through reinforcement learning.”

Example of Reinforcement Learning

Neural Network
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts proposed neural networks for the first time in 1944.

A neural network is an artificial intelligence strategy for teaching computers to analyze

data in the same way that the human brain does. Deep learning is a form of machine
learning technique that employs interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure to
mimic the human brain. It develops an adaptive framework that allows computers to learn
from their errors and continuously improve.

Some of the features of a Neural Network are listed below:

1. The human brain and nervous system are used to model neural network systems.
2. They can automatically extract features without the programmer‟s input.
3. Every node in a neural network is a machine learning algorithm.
4. It comes in handy while working on difficulties with a large data set.

Neural Networks Vs Human Nervous System

In the subject of Neural Network research, the biological brain and Artificial Neural
Networks are two of the most challenging areas of study.

a. SIZE: The human brain contains 86 billion neurons and over 100 trillion connections
that transmit electrical information throughout the body. The number of neurons in the
artificial neural network is far lower.

b. MEMORY: The primary distinction is that humans forget, whereas neural networks
do not. A neural network that has been properly trained.

c. ENERGY CONSUMPTION: The biological brain uses roughly 20% of the total
energy consumed by the human body. Artificial constructions can‟t even come close to
matching the efficiency level of a biological brain, which operates on roughly 20 watts.