Media and Information Literacy | Reviewer Kristine Orpilla | STEM C

Quarter 1 | Reviewer

MIL- Introduces basic understanding of media and - Is a straight line of communication, from the
information as a channel of communication and tools sender directly to the receiver.
for the development of individuals and society.
Lasswell Communication Model (1948)
- The essential competencies that allow citizens
to engage with media and other information
providers effectively and developed critical
thinking and life-long learning skill for socializing
and becoming an active citizen. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
Media- Physical objects used to communicate with, or
the mass communication through physical objects such
as radio, television, computers, film etc.

Information- facts provided or learned about a certain

subject, situation, or event.
Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication( 1960)
• Processed data, knowledge derived from study,
experience, instruction, signals, or symbols.

Literacy- Ability to identify, understand, interpret,

create, communicate, and compute using printed and
written materials.

• Involves continuum of learning • TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

Communication- Imparting or exchanging of Exchanges of messages between the sender and
information and news. Process of using words, signs, or
receiver where each take turns to send or receive
behaviors to express or exchange information.
message
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION:
Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication (1954)
Sender, Message, Medium, Receiver, Effect
Media is the plural of Medium.
Influences of Media and information to
Communication:
- essentials for the transferring of ideas in many
• INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL
forms.
- Is like the TCM, that take place between
- help in interacting with the society.
humans and machines in both verbal and
- part of the educative process
- used to update one self non-verbal way
- for entertainment

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODEL:

• LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL

 • Typewriter (1800)
• Telephone (1876)
• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• Motion picture with sound (1926)
• Printing press for mass production (19th century)

____________________________________ Electronic Age (1930s to 1980s)

THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO • the invention of the transistor

- people hamessed the power of transistors that
NEW MEDIA
led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits,
and the early computers
- Transistors semiconductor device for
Evolution of Media
amplifying, controlling, and generating
• Pre-Industrial Age (before 1700s) electricalsignals.
• Industrial Age (1700s to 1930s) • long distance communication became more
• Electronic Age (1930s to 1980s) efficient.
• Information Age (1980s to 2000s) Examples:

Pre-Industrial Age (before 1700s) - Transistor Radio

- Television (1941)
- People discovered fire
- Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949)
- Developed paper from plants
and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
- Forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze,
- Mainframe computers-i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
copper anc iron
- Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett Packard
Examples: 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
- OHP, LCD projector
- Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
- Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) Information Age (1980s to 2000s)
- Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
• Invented the Internet
- Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
- Internet paved the way for faster
- Dibao in China (2nd Century)
communication and the creation of the social
- Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
network.
Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
• people advanced the use of microelectronics
Industrial Age (1700s to 1930s) with the invention of personal computers,
mobile devices, and wearable technology
- people used the power of steam
- developed machine tools Examples:
- established iron production
- Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer
- manufactured various products including books
(1995) Blogs: Blogspot (1999), Live Journal
through the printing press
(1999), Wordpress (2003)
- the birth of printing press
- Social networks, Friendster (2002), Multiply
Examples: (2003), Facebook (2004)
- Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• Telegraph
- Video: Youtube (2005)
• Punch Cards - Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
• Newspaper - Video Call (Skype) 2003
• The London Gazette (1640)
 - Portable computers laptops (1980), netbooks
(2008), tablets (1993)
- Smartphones Wearable technology Cloud and ROLES OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY
Big Data
• entertaining and providing an outlet for the
imagination,
• educating and informing,
• serving as a public forum for the discussion of
important issues, and
• acting as a watchdog for government, business,
and other institutions

Types of Media

Print Media

• media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced

in a printing process.

• consist of paper publications

Broadcast Media

▪ media such as radio and television that reach

target audiences using airwaves as the
transmission medium.

New Media

• content organized and distributed on digital

platforms.
• TRADITIONAL MEDIA
• products and services that provide
• NEW MEDIA information or entertainment using
Theories on the relationship of media and evolution to computers or the internet, and not by
social and cultural change traditional methods such as television and
newspapers
• Cultural determinism theory
- Culture shapes the technology • digital media that are interactive,
- culture was considered to shape decisively the incorporate two-way communication and
behavior before the technology was fully involve some form of computing
developed. Social Media- A forms of electronic communication
- this suggests that culture is the controlling (such as web sites) through which people create
factor which determines how society creates online communities to share information, ideas,
and progresses technology and in addition, the personal messages, etc.
way in which it is used.
• Technological determinism theory MEDIA CONVERGENCE
- theorized by Marshall Mcluhan (1962) • It is the co-existence of print media, broadcast
- Technological Determinism state that media media (radio and television), the Internet,
technology shapes how we as individuals in a mobile phones, as well as others, allowing
society think, feel, act, and how are society media content to flow across various platforms.
operates as we move from one technological
age to another (Tribal- Literate- Print- • The ability to transform different kinds of media
into digital code, which is then accessible by a
Electronic).
 range of devices (ex. from the personal
computer to the mobile phone), thus creating a
digital communication environment.

Internet

is an information space where documents and

other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can
SOURCES OF INFORMATION be accessed via the Internet.

Human allows you to access most types of information on

the Internet through a browser.
• a person that can be a reliable source of
information which can be through their • One of the main features of the Web is the
expertise, critical observations, experiences, ability to quickly link to other related
activities, creative abilities and originality. information.
• contains information beyond plain text,
including sounds, images, and video
Library •

➢ A building, room, or organization that has a Indigenous Media

collection, especially of books, for people to • refers to the original information created by a
read or borrow, usually without payment. local group of people.

• This also refers to content about indigenous

peoples that may be distributed through
dominant forms of media or through forms of
communication unique to their people group.

CHARACTERISTIC

• oral tradition of communication

• store information in memories

• information exchange is face-to-face

• considered highly reliable, accurate, and
valuable. Books and documents from dominant • information are contain within the border of the
sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN community
registration ensures that standards were Indigenous Knowledge
followed in producing these materials.
• Indigenous knowledge (IK) is a local knowledge
that is unique to a given culture or society.

• IK contrasts with the international knowledge

system generated by universities, research
institutions and private firms. (Warren 1991)
 • owned, controlled and managed by indigenous and information professionals may use in an effort to
peoples in order for them to develop and communicate ideas, information, and knowledge.
produce culturally appropriate information in
Media Language- codes, conventions formats, symbols,
the languages understood by the community
and narrative structures that indicate the meaning of
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE media messages to an audience.

▪ Internation Knowledge System- From MEDIA LANGUAGE

academic institutions
• Codes- technical codes, symbolic codes, written
▪ Indigenous Knowledge- from indigenous
codes
people or community
• Convention- Rules/ standards
Validating Sources of Information
Media Codes- signs and symbols System of which
Reliability of information create meaning
- Information is said to be reliable if it can be ▪ Technical codes- Communicate through the use
verified and evaluated. of techniques, processes, and equipment.
- Others refer to the trustworthiness of the
source in evaluating the reliability of Basic camera shots (under media codes)
information. - Extreme wide shot
Accuracy - Wide shot
- Medium shot
- refers to the closeness of the report to the - Medium close up
actual data. - Close up
- Forecasts are said to be accurate if the report is - Extreme close up
similar to the actual data. Financial information
is considered accurate if the values are correct, Camera Angles
properly classified, and presented - Over shot
Value - High angle shot
- Eye level shot
- Information is said to be of value if it aids the - Low angle shot
user in making or improving decisions. - Under shot
- A point of view shot
Authority
Camera Movements
- Check the credibility of the author.
- Pan
- Sources with an established expertise on the
- Tilt
subject matter are considered as having sound
- Truck
authority on the subject

Timeliness ▪ Symbolic codes- Communicate through the use

of signs, a representations of characters, events
- reliability, accuracy, and value of information
and places
may vary based on the time it was produced or
acquired. Signs- INDEX, ICON, SYMBOL

Index- has a direct connection to the signified.

(smoke)
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
Icon- looks physically similar to the idea is signifying.
Language- Pertains the technical and symbolic ( No smoking sign)
ingredients or codes and conventions that the media
 Symbol- Arbitrary sign that communicates ideas TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
through learned conventions or associations. ( red
▪ Copyright
light or stop sign)
▪ Patent
▪ Written Codes- media codes that communicate ▪ Trademark
through type and writing . Use of language style
COPYRIGHT
and textual layout
✓ a legal term used to describe the rights that
TYPE FACES
creators have over their literary and artistic
Serif types- old world, established ideas, traditional, works
authoritative, editorial subjective
✓ books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to
Sans Serif types- New, ideas from Europe, impartial, computer programs, databases, advertisements,
corporate, factual, objective. maps and technical drawings

Decorative types- are for headlines and come in PATENT

many different styles.
✓ an exclusive right granted for an invention

✓ provides the patent owner with the right to

Media Convention- The norm that acts as a rule decide how - or whether - the invention can be
governing behavior. Generally accepted ways of used by others
doing something or the standards
TRADEMARK
MEDIA LANGUAGE MATRIX
✓ a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or
▪ Message(content)- information sent from a services of one enterprise from those of other
source to a receiver enterprises.
▪ Audience(receiver)- for whom the media
message was constructed
▪ Producers(Sender)- people engaged in the process
of creating and putting together media content

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COPY RIGHT, AND

FAIR USE GUIDELINE
Property Rights- Property rights define the theoretical
and legal ownership of resources and how they can be
used. These resources can be both tangible or intangible
and can be owned by individuals, businesses, and
governments

Intellectual Property- refers to creations of the mind,

such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs;
and symbols, names and images used in commerce

LAW PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

▪ Republic Act 8293- Intellectual Property Code of

the Philippines
 Why is IPR important? Guidelines for Fair Use

Intellectual property protection is critical to • A majority of the content you create

fostering innovation. Without protection of ideas, must be your own.
businesses and individuals would not reap the full
• Give credit to the copyright holder.
benefits of their inventions and would focus less on
research and development. • Don't make money off of the
copyrighted work.
• Intellectual property (IP) contributes
enormously to our national and state CREATIVE COMMONS
economies
▪ a global nonprofit organization that enables
• Intellectual Property Creates and Supports High-
sharing and reuse of creativity and knowledge
Paying Jobs
through the provision of free legal tools.
• Intellectual Property Drives Economic Growth
and Competitiveness ▪ encourages the reuse of someone's works by
• Strong and Enforced Intellectual Property Rights offering them for use under generous,
Protect Consumers and Families standardized terms.
• Intellectual Property Helps Generate
CRIMES AFFECTING MEDIA AND MEDIA USAGE and
Breakthrough Solutions to Global Challenges
OTHER PROBLEMS
• Intellectual Property Rights Encourage
Innovation and Reward Entrepreneurs PIRACY

• is an unauthorized copying, reproduction,

dissemination, or distribution, importation, use,
removal, alteration, substitution, modification,
INFRINGEMENT storage, uploading, downloading,
communication, making available to the public,
✓ the action of breaking the terms of a law,
or broadcasting of protected material,
agreement, etc.; violation – Dictionary.com
electronic signature or copyrighted words
✓ A violation of an intellectual property creations including legally protected sound recordings.
such as the act of using someone else's work
PLAGIARISM
without obtaining their permission
• is an act or instance of using or closely imitating
• Trademark Infringement the language and thoughts of another author
• Patent Infringement without authorization. It is also an act of using
FAIR USE another person's words or ideas without giving
credit to that person (Merriam Webster)
Fair use means you can use copyrighted material
without a license only for certain purposes REPUBLIC ACT 8792

Limitations of Fair Use: • E-commerce Law or the Electronic Commerce

Act of 2000 which protects mostly financial and
• Criticism commercial transactions online. However, it also
• Commentary covers hacking and illegal downloading of
• News Reporting copyrighted materials.
• Teaching including multiple copies for
classroom use
• Scholarship Digital Divide
• Research
 • is an economic inequality between groups Introduction to Data Privacy Act of 2012
in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge
of ICT (Republic Act 10173)
Computer Addiction REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173

• is the excessive use of computers to the An Act Protecting Individual Personal Information in
extent that it interferes with daily life. Information and Communications Systems in the
Government and the Private, Sector, Creating for this
Cyberbullying Purpose a National Privacy Commission and for other
• is a type of bullying that takes place online, Purposes
or using electronic technology such as cell
PRIVACY (Jerry khang)
phones, computers, and tablets over
communication tools including social media
• Physical Privacy - is the right to privacy in
sites, text messages, chat, and websites. physical spaces, that is, places in the real world
TYPES OF CYBERBULLYING • Decisional Privacy - it is the right to be left alone
to make decisions for ourselves
• Denigration- Spreading harmful, untrue, or • Data Privacy - is the right to control that flow of
damaging rumors and statements online information to the outsideworld to manage
that will damage an individual’s reputation what other people know about us
• Exclusion- Excluding a person on purpose
from an online group WHY IS DATA PRIVACY IMPORTANT
• Harassment- Sending an ongoing series of
hurtful, insulting online messages • Data Privacy is important because it safeguards
• Impersonation-Pretending and posing as personal integrity, promotes trust in digital
someone else, then sending or posting interactions, and upholds the fundamental
material then sending or posting material rights of individuals in an increasingly data-
online with the intent to damage an driven world.
individual’s reputation
• Flaming- Fighting that involves sending • Data privacy is important because it is a
angry, cruel, rude, and vulgar messages to protection of your data to prevent the lack of
one individual or several individuals in a access control to your personal information that
private or public online setting can put you at risk for a variety of cybersecurity
• Happy Slapping- Attacking an individual threats.
physically as a "prank" or "joke" while
PURPOSE
others film the attack or take pictures to be
distributed/posted online. • Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the Data
• Outing- Sending or posting material (such as Privacy Act of 2012 (DPA), aims to protect
message and images) online about a person personal data in information and
that contains sensitive, private, or communications systems both in the
embarrassing information. government and the private sector. The DPA
• Text wars/ attacks- Hounding a targeted created the National Privacy Commission (NPC)
individual with a high amount of mean text which is tasked to monitor its implementation
messages and emails..
• Trickery- Engaging in deception to acquire CONCEPT
embarrassing material that is then made public
online • It recognizes that even as the law protects the
right to privacy, it also articulates that free flow
of information should is ensured.
 • It emphasizes that the processing of personal • an Internet Protocol (IP) address;
data comes with a responsibility • a cookie ID*;
• the advertising identifier of your phone;
• The law protects individuals by mandating
personal data protection
DATA SUBJECT
SCOPE
• Refers to an individual whose personal
All those who collect , use or process information information is processed.
that relates to an individual have certain obligations:

• they must adhere to data privacy

COMMISSION
principles;
• Shall refer to the National Privacy Commission
• implement security measures for data created by virtue of this Act.
protection;
• (National Privacy Commission)
• uphold the rights of data subjects.
PERSONAL INFORMATION CONTROLLER

Refers to a person or organization who controls the

collection, holding, processing or use of personal
information, including a person or organization who
instructs another person or organization to collect, hold,
process, use, transfer or disclose personal information
on his or her behalf.

PERSONAL INFORMATION PROCESSOR

Refers to any natural or juridical person qualified to act

as such under this Act to whom a personal information
controller may outsource the processing of personal
data pertaining to a data subject.
PERSONAL DATA

• Any information from which the identity of an

individual is apparent
• Any information that can be put together with
other information to reasonably and directly
identify an individual
• Includes sensitive personal information such as
your health, education, genetic or sexual life

SAMPLE PERSONAL DATA

• a name and surname;

• a home address;
• an email address such as
[email protected] ;
• an identification card number;
• location data (for example the location data
function on a mobile phone)*; Kristine Orpilla | STEM C