Journal of Autonomous Intelligence (2018) Volume 1 Issue 1.

Review
A comprehensive analysis of smart home energy
management system optimization techniques
Tesfahun Molla1, Baseem Khan1*, Pawan Singh2
1
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hawassa University Institute of Technology, Hawassa, 05, Ethiopia
2
School of Informatics, Hawassa University Institute of Technology, Hawassa, 05, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
Development of smart grid technology provides an opportunity to various consumers in context for scheduling
their energy utilization pattern by themselves. The main aim of this whole exercise is to minimize energy utilization
and reduce the peak to average ratio (PAR) of power. The two way flow of information between electric utilities
and consumers in smart grid opened new areas of applications. The main component is this management system is
energy management controller (EMC), which collects demand response (DR) i.e. real time energy price from various
appliances through the home gateway (HG). An optimum energy scheduling pattern is achieved by EMC through the
utilization of DR information. This optimum energy schedule is provided to various appliances via HG. The rooftop
photovoltaic system used as local generation micro grid in the home and can be integrated to the national grid. Under
such energy management scheme, whenever solar generation is more than the home appliances energy demand, extra
power is supplied back to the grid. Consequently, different appliances in consumer premises run in the most efficient
way in terms of money. Therefore this work provides the comprehensive review of different smart home appliances
optimization techniques, which are based on mathematical and heuristic one.
Keywords: home appliances energy management system; heuristic techniques; mathematical techniques;
energy management system

ARTICLE INFO
Received: March 20, 2018
1. Introduction
Accepted: April 10, 2018
Available online: May 15, 2018 Due to the ever growing demand of electrical energy, the percentage
of renewable energy generation is greatly raised along with the increased
*CORRESPONDING AUTHOR in energy prices. Various environmental constraints also posed a limit
Baseem Khan, School of Electrical on energy generation from conventional energy sources[1]. These all the
& Computer Engineering, Hawassa challenges motivate power industry to shift their focus on smart demand
University Institute of Technology,
Hawassa, 05, Ethiopia; side management techniques. According to[2], out of 100% of energy utilized
[email protected] in USA by residential and commercial consumers, at least 30% energy is
wasted. The advancement of information and communication technologies
CITATION (ICTs) increased the demand of reliable and quality power supply[3]. These
Molla T, Khan B and Singh P. A ICTs are important part of smart grid system that transfers information from
comprehensive analysis of smart one system to another one. This information transfer is very helpful to control
home energy management system
optimization techniques. Journal of and coordinate various smart grid technologies to respond immediately under
Autonomous Intelligence 2018; 1(1) varying demand situation. Smart grids can use local renewable energies like
wind and solar energy to solve environmental Problems, increase reliability
of equipment and system and reduce the costs of infrastructure[4]. Further
to control the demand from consumer premises, these ICT systems are
very helpful. These are the integral part of smart home appliances energy
management system, which is a one aspect of smart grid[5].
Today, the concept of micro-grid is being used for purpose of helping the
environment through using several renewable and available resources such
as wind and solar energy, along with other energy generators such as micro-
turbines and fuel cells to reduce generation costs and reduce environmental
pollutions. The resources are not only interrelated, but also the interaction
continues in higher levels such as distribution networks. Restriction of fossil
fuels and increasing growth of demand for energy, enhanced living standards,
A comprehensive analysis of smart home energy management system optimization techniques

global warming and environmental problems have various appliances having the adequate and proper
led to increasing advancements in technology and communication interfaces in order to facilitate the
use of modern energies. The idea of smart grid was exchange of information with the EMS. It also
begun with idea of Advanced Metering Infrastructure assumed that each of the appliances communicates
(AMI) to develop demand management, increase with the EMS only and cannot communicate with
energy efficiency and a self-repair electric grid, each other.
so that it could improve reliability and responding Figure 1 presents the structure of home
to natural disasters or deliberate sabotage [4] . energy management system with different data
Advancement of smart grid system allows consumers communication domains, those domains includes
to reduce their energy consumption through proper the internet domain, home area network (HAN)
scheduling of different appliances. This is possible domain and the smart meter domain (AMI). The
with the information of real time electricity pricing internet domain enables consumers to monitor
(RTEP). The demand side management (DSM) and control their power consumption profile, the
techniques are very old in power system that scheduling of their appliance power consumption
incorporates DR techniques with load shifting and and etc. through an in-home display (IHD) which
energy efficiency and conservation program. Shifting consists of computer, tablet or smart phone. The
of consumers’ loads from peak hours to off peak smart meter domain includes a large number of
hours is the main function of DR techniques. For that interconnected smart meters called “Automatic
purpose incentives are offered to consumers[6]. metering infrastructure (AMI)” which is installed
DR programs transfer customers’ load during and monitored by utilities companies in order to
periods of high-demand to off-peak periods by transmit load information and DR signals between
offering them incentives and can reduce critical the smart homes and power market. Based on RTP
peak demand or daily peak demand[6]. In smart grid signals received 24 hours day ahead, the home
environment there are different DR pricing schemes. energy management system (EMS) schedules the
The most common pricing schemes include real-time electricity usage pattern for the next day.
(RTP), time of use (TOUP) and critical peak (CPP).
In this paper, authors present a comprehensive 3. Literature Review
study of optimization techniques of smart home
energy management system. In Section 2, the 3.1. Mathematical Techniques
architecture of smart home energy management
system is studied under a home area network (HAN)
protocol. In section 3, authors reviewed HEMS 3.1.1 Mix Integer Linear Programming
optimization methods based on mathematical
and heuristic techniques. Section 4 presents a Arikiez et al. [7] investigated the use of linear
comparative analysis between different methods programming based heuristics for solving the
followed by the conclusion cost minimization problem of air conditioning
system for residential and commercial loads.
Melhem et al. [8] proposed an optimal residential
2. The structure of home energy load scheduling model by using the mixed integer
management system in smart grid linear programming. Sou et al.[9] solved scheduling
It is assumed that a smart home consists of problem of smart home appliances for reducing
electricity cost by using mixed integer linear
programming. Angelis et al. [10] developed an
approach, which is based on mixed-integer linear
programming technique. The developed approach
provided an optimal solution in terms of minimum
power consumption with an integration of renewable
energy resources. Yao et al.[11] investigated a problem
of a smart home energy management system
(HEMS). It consist of photovoltaic (PV) module
and the household appliances with three different
types of load characteristics (i.e., interruptible,
uninterruptible and time-varying). To solve the
Figure 1. Home energy management system HEMS problem mixed integer linear programming
architecture[1]
 Molla T, et al.

(MILP) algorithm was used. Kim et al.[12] developed 3.2. Heuristic Techniques
a mixed-integer linear programming based model
for an effective scheduling of the operational periods 3.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization PSO
and power levels of home appliances. Arora et al.[13].
Proposed a mixed integer linear programming based Hussain et al. [23] proposed a particle swarm
optimal scheduling technique for centralized air optimization (PSO) based scheduler using demand
conditioning load. Same author proposed an optimal side management (DSM) technique based on
scheduling mechanism for residential appliances in demand response (DR). Six shiftable appliances
a smart home equipped with photovoltaic panel and are considered in 24 hour time horizon. PAR is
energy storage device[14]. In order to reduce both not included as objective function. Shah et al.[24],
the CO2 emissions and the electricity bill, Paridari presented a HEMS using multi-agent system
(MAS) for smart homes. The HEMS uses priority
et al.[15] proposed a novel based on MILP method
techniques with the integration of electrical supply
for smart home appliances scheduling and batteries, system (ESS). Further, bio-inspired technique,
Same author[16] proposed a robust approach based binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), is
on MILP model for scheduling of smart home used for the optimal scheduling of appliances
appliances by incorporating electrical energy storage in a smart home. Mahmood et al. [25], proposed a
system (ESS) in active buildings with the aim of realistic scheduling mechanism (RSM) to reduce
minimizing both the CO2 emissions and electricity user frustration and enhance appliance utility by
billing. Zavala et al.[17] developed a proactive energy classifying appliances with respective constraints
management framework based on online solution and their time of use effectively. Further, binary
of mixed-integer nonlinear programming. It is an particle swarm optimization (BPSO) is utilized for
integrated predictive dynamic home models and optimal scheduling of appliances with constraints.
day-ahead forecasting of disturbances which affects Huang et al. [26] studied a convex optimization
problem to manage the energy consumption of
the efficiency of the system and electricity costs. In
different households in an automatic way. In addition
order to jointly monitor the electricity consumption to this optimal scheduling is performed by hybrid
of home appliances and plug-in EVs, Hossain et PSO-DE algorithm. Zhu et al.[27] utilized cooperative
al.[18] proposed an optimal centralized scheduling PSO algorithm for developing the optimal schedule
method, which is based on MILP. For an efficient and control of energy and time shiftable appliances
management of smart home appliances under real in smart homes. Abdalla et al.[28] studied the energy
time pricing (RTP) environment, Wang et al. [19] management of chiller plant in optimal way. PSO
proposed a Mixed Integer Linear Programming and Fuzzy are utilized for optimally managing the
(MILP) based rolling optimization. The proposed energy consumption of plant. To find the set point,
smart home equipped with a Battery Energy Storage fuzzy is utilized while for optimizing the objective
System (BESS) and a solar PV system in order to function PSO is used. For plug-in hybrid electric
maximize the efficiency of the system. vehicles, Chen et al. [29] developed an optimum
energy management method under uncertain driving
conditions. Authors utilized PSO for optimizing
3.1.2 Linear Programming the threshold parameters for the rule based energy
management scheme.
Giorgio et al.[20] proposed the design of a Smart
Home Controller which provides an efficient
management of electric energy in a residential 3.2.2 Gray Wolf Optimization
building. To solve the problem, binary linear
Kazemi et al.[30] developed a method that depends
programming scheme was used. Dogaheh et
on Gray wolf optimization and genetic algorithm to
al.[21] optimized the performance of smart grids in
achieve the optimal schedule for appliances in terms
relation with residential energy centres equipping
of cost and PAR. Interruptible tasks are divided in
with solar power units or PV. For that purpose
to smaller sub tasks, in terms of time, using GWO
authors utilised YALMIP toolbox in MATLAB
algorithm and the output of this component was
software. Mohammadi et al.[22] proposed a real time
integer linear programming based Home Energy the input of genetic algorithm scheduler (GAS).
Management system (HEMS), to manage home The inclining block rate (IBR) pricing model was
appliances and storage system. proposed to restrict the overusing electricity power
A comprehensive analysis of smart home energy management system optimization techniques

in each time slice. Even if it takes large time to 3.2.4 Evolutionary algorithm
converge to the solution, the performance of the
optimization technique seems interesting and had a For future smart grid with large devices,
good result than other methods discussed above. Logenthiran et al.[37] developed a DSM scheme that
depends on load shifting. Evolutionary Algorithm
(EA) is utilized for optimizing the results. Allerding
3.2.3 Genetic algorithm GA et al. [38] focused on a flexible EMS for Smart
households. A “plug-and-play” type Evolutionary
Zhao et al.[31] introduced an EMS in HAN based
Algorithm is developed for optimizing distributed
smart grid. Further, GA is utilized to solve the
generation.
problem of energy scheduling for home appliances.
An EMS and automated DR structure for household
is developed by Khomami et al.[32] to schedule the 3.2.5 Bee colony
different appliance in smart household. Further, for
optimizing the results GA is utilized by the authors. Zhang et al.[39] proposed an EMS for household
appliances. It is also utilized to implement
For optimal DR management in smart grid Meng
DR schemes for residential consumers and for
et al.[33] developed a real time pricing technique. A facilitating integration of renewable energy sources.
Stackelberg Game and Genetic Algorithm Approach For optimizing the results an improved artificial bee
are utilized for that purpose. Talha et al.[34] evaluated colony algorithm is used.
the performance of heuristic Algorithms: GA and
Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) for 3.2.6 Bacterial colony
Demand Side Management. Li et al.[35] developed an
EMS for industrial microgrids with high renewable An internet of things (IOT) based EMS for
energy penetration. The scheme is developed for both households are proposed by Geng et al. [40]. For
isolated and grid connected mode with day ahead finding an optimum scheduling scheme, discrete
operation. For optimizing the results, regrouping multi-objective bacterial colony chemotaxis
particle swarm optimization (RegPSO) is utilized algorithm (DMOBCC) is utilized by the authors. Lin
by the authors. To reduce the PAR and energy cost, et al.[41] presented an EMS for micro grid system.
Naseem et al.[36] scheduled the residential loads by For optimizing the results of economic dispatch,
four different heuristic optimization techniques i.e. enhanced bee colony optimization (EBCO) is
GA, Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO), developed by the authors.
wind driven optimization (WDO) and Bacterial
Forging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA). A 3.2.7 Ant colony
comparative analysis of all the above mentioned
Rahim et al. [42] developed an optimization
techniques is presented by the authors.
model for DSM that combined tariff and block

Table 1. Comparative analysis of Mathematical and Heuristic based methods

S. Properties Mathematical Technique Heuristic Techniques

No.
1. Model Formulation Model is used to simulate a system when Meta-heuristic Techniques try to
the system is not extremely complicated. imitate natural phenomenon to solve
the complex practical problems.
2. Prerequisites Physical laws are derived and utilized Dependent on data to determine the
to find the relationships between system structure and parameters
parameters.
3. Non-linearity Possible if prior knowledge of the nature of The prior information of the nature of
integration the non-linearity exists. the non-linearity is not required.
4. Hypothesis Simplify the problem or incorporating No need to simplify the model and/or
assumptions to make model more add assumptions
understandable.
5. Precision & Accuracy Provide highest level of accuracy. Provide greater precision and
accuracy.
6. Efficiency Time consuming in complex problem repetitive and time-consuming tasks
easily carried out with efficiency
7. Renewable Energy Requires complex mathematical modelling With meta-heuristic model renewable
Integration energy, source incorporation is easy.
 Molla T, et al.

rates. Multiple knapsacks are utilized to form the References

optimization problem and ant colony optimization is
utilized to solve it. 1. Hadis Khomami, Mohammad Javidi. An
Efficient Home Energy Management System
4. Comparative analysis of various for Automated Residential Demand Response,
optimization techniques Environment and Electrical Engineering
(EEEIC), 2013 13th International Conference
In this section, a comparative analysis of different on IEEE.
home energy management optimization methods 2. L. Geng, Z. Lu. A Novel Model for Home
is presented, which are reviewed in previous Energy Management System Based on
sections. Table 1 presents a comparison between Internet of Things, 2016 IEEE International
mathematical and heuristic techniques based smart Conference on Power and Renewable Energy.
home energy management optimization methods. 3. Z. Zhao, W. Lee, Y. Shin, et al. An Optimal
This comparison is based on different factors such Power Scheduling Method for Demand
as model formulation, prerequisites, nonlinearity Response in Home Energy Management
integration, hypothesis, precision and accuracy, System, IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid (Volume:
efficiency and renewable energy integration. From 4, Issue: 3, Sept. 2013)
the presented comparison it is clear that both 4. Z. Dogaheh, M. Dogaheh. Optimizing the
techniques has various advantages and limitations. Performance of Smart Grids in Relation
Based on the formulated problem one can select with Residential Energy Centers Equipping
suitable technique. with Solar Power Units (PV). Sindhological
Studies, 2017(1): 14–22
5. S. Mohammadi, M. Momtazpou, E.
5. Conclusion Sanaei. Optimization-based Home Energy
The problem for smart home appliance manage­ Management in the Presence of Solar Energy
ment is developed as a mathematical MILP and liner and Storage, IEEE, 2013.
6. F. A. Qayyum, M. Naeem, A. S. Khwaja, et al.
programming (LP)) or heuristic optimization problem
Appliance Scheduling Optimization in Smart
with the decision variable. The number of appliances Home Networks, special section on smart
can be increased to add more types of appliances in grids, IEEE, October 29, 2015.
a home area network (HAN). Optimized appliance 7. M. Arikiez, F. Grasso, M. Zito. Heuristics
scheduling can be studied with the other existing for the cost-effective management of a
dynamic pricing models. Smart home energy temperature controlled environment. 2015
management is becoming more important in IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies—
smart grid environment. It is capable to deal with Asia (ISGT ASIA), Bangkok, 2015: 1–6.
demand response and management techniques. 8. F. Y. Melhem, O. Grunder, Z. Hammoudan,
The main objective of home energy management et al. Optimal residential load scheduling
problem is to optimize the schedule of various home model in smart grid environment, 2017 IEEE
appliances so that the overall energy consumption International Conference on Environment
and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE
minimised. Hence, in this work authors presents a
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
comprehensive review of solution techniques and Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), Milan,
methods used for optimization of smart home energy 2017: 1–6.
management system. Different heuristic techniques 9. Kin Cheong Sou, James Weimer, Henrik
used for optimization of smart HEMS are further Sandberg, et al. Scheduling Smart Home
discussed. At last, a comparative analysis among Appliances Using Mixed Integer Linear
different smart home energy management techniques Programming. 50th IEEE Conference on
is presented. There are still many constraints and Decision and Control and European Control
non-linearity, which should be incorporated in future Conference(CDC-ECC) Orlando, FL, USA,
smart home energy management problem. Problems December 12–15, 2011.
related to mathematical validation, deregulated 10. F. De Angelis, M. Boaro, D. Fuselli, et
market constraints, contingencies incorporation, al. Optimal Home Energy Management
Under Dynamic Electrical and Thermal
renewable sources integration are latest challenges
Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
for future smart home energy management problems. Informatics, 9(3): 1518–1527, August 2013.
A comprehensive analysis of smart home energy management system optimization techniques

11. L. Yao, Z. Damiran, W. H. Lim. Energy use of electric energy and automated Demand
management optimization scheme for Side Management. 19th Mediterranean
smart home considering different types Conference on Control and Automation Aquis
of appliances. 2017 IEEE International Corfu Holiday Palace, Corfu, Greece June
Conference on Environment and Electrical 20–23, 2011
Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and 21. Zahra Rasouli Dogaheh, Mostafa Rasouli
Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / Dogaheh. Optimizing the Performance of
I&CPS Europe), Milan, 2017: 1–6. Smart Grids in Relation with Residential
12. Seung-Jun Kim, G. B. Giannakis. Efficient and Energy Centers Equipping with Solar Power
scalable demand response for the smart power Units (PV). Sindhological Studies, 2017(1):
grid. 2011 4th IEEE International Workshop 14–22.
on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor 22. S . M o h a m m a d i , M . M o m t a z p o u r, E .
Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP), San Juan, Sanaei. Optimization-based home energy
2011: 109–112. management in the presence of solar energy
13. M. Arora, S. Chanana, A. Kumar. A real time and storage. 2013 21st Iranian Conference
price based optimal scheduling mechanism on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Mashhad,
for centralized air conditioning load. 2014 2013: 1–6.
Eighteenth National Power Systems 23. B. Hussain, Qadeer-Ul-Hassan. Demand
Conference (NPSC), Guwahati, 2014: 1–5. side management for smart homes in
14. M. Arora, S. Chanana. Residential demand Pakistan. 2016 International Conference on
response from PV panel and energy storage Emerging Technologies (ICET), Islamabad,
device. 2014 IEEE 6th India International 2016: 1–6.
Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE), 24. S. Shah, R. Khalid, A. Zafar, et al. An
Kurukshetra, 2014: 1–6. Optimized Priority Enabled Energy
15. Kaveh Paridari, Alessandra Parisio, Henrik Management System for Smart Homes. 2017
Sandberg, et al. Energy and CO2 efficient IEEE 31st International Conference on
scheduling of smart appliances in active Advanced Information Networking and
houses equipped with batteries. 2014 IEEE Applications (AINA), Taipei, 2017: 1035–
International Conference on Automation 1041.
Science and Engineering (CASE) Taipei, 25. Danish Mahmood, Nadeem Javaid, Nabil
Taiwan, August 18–22, 2014. Alrajeh, et al. Realistic Scheduling Mechanism
16. K. Paridari, A. Parisio, H. Sandberg, et al. for Smart Homes. Energies 2016, 9(3): 202.
Robust Scheduling of Smart Appliances 26. Yantai Huang, Lei Wang, Qidi Wu. A Hybrid
in Active Apartments With User Behavior PSO-DE Algorithm for Smart Home Energy
Uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Automation Management. ICSI 2014, Part II, LNCS 8795,
Science and Engineering, 13(1): 247–259, 2014: 292–300.
January 2016. 27. Jiawei Zhu, Fabrice Lauri, Abderrafiaa
17. Victor M. Zavala, Jianhui Wang, Sven Leyffer. Koukam, et al. Scheduling Optimization of
Proactive energy management for next- Smart Homes Based on Demand Response.
generation building systems. Fourth National AIAI 2015, IFIP AICT 458, 2015: 223–236.
Conference of IBPSA-USA New York City, 28. E. A. H. Abdalla, P. Nallagownden, N. M. Nor,
New York, August 11–13, 2010. et al. Intelligent approach for optimal energy
18. M. H. K. Tushar, C. Assi, M. Maier, M. F. management of chiller plant using fuzzy
Uddin. Smart Micro grids: Optimal Joint and PSO techniques. 2016 6th International
Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home Conference on Intelligent and Advanced
Appliances. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Systems (ICIAS), Kuala Lumpur, 2016: 1–6.
5(1): 239–250, January 2014. 29. Zeyu Chen, Rui Xiong, Jiayi Cao. Particle
19. H. Wang, K. Meng, Z. Y. Dong, et al. Efficient swarm optimization-based optimal power
real-time residential energy management management of plug-in hybrid electric
through MILP based rolling horizon vehicles considering uncertain driving
optimization. 2015 IEEE Power & Energy conditions. Energy 2016, 96(1): 197–208.
Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, 2015: 30. S. F. Kazemi, S. A. Motamedi, S. Sharifian.
1–6. A home energy management system using
20. Alessandro Di Giorgio, Laura Pimpinella, Gray Wolf Optimizer in smart grids. 2017
Alessandra Quaresima, et al. An event driven 2nd Conference on Swarm Intelligence and
Smart Home Controller enabling cost effective Evolutionary Computation (CSIEC), Kerman,
 Molla T, et al.

2017: 159–164. o n B r o a d - B a n d Wi r e l e s s C o m p u t i n g ,
31. Z. Zhao, W. C. Lee, Y. Shin, et al. An Optimal Communication and Applications, Lec­
Power Scheduling Method for Demand ture Notes on Data Engineering and
Response in Home Energy Management Communications Technologies 2.
System. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 37. T. Logenthiran, D. Srinivasan, T. Z. Shun.
2013, 4(3): 1391–1400. Demand Side Management in Smart
32. Hadis Pourasghar Khomami, M. H. Javidi. An Grid Using Heuristic Optimization. IEEE
efficient home energy management system for Transactions on Smart Grid 2012, 3(3): 1244–
automated residential demand response. 2013 1252.
13th International Conference on Environment 38. Florian Allerding, Ingo Mauser, Hartmut
and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Wroclaw, Schmeck. Customizable Energy Management
2013: 307–312. in Smart Buildings Using Evolutionary
33. Fan-Lin Meng, Xiao-Jun Zeng. An Algorithms. EvoApplications 2014, LNCS
Optimal Real-time Pricing for Demand- 8602, 2014: 153–164.
side Management: A Stackelberg Game 39. Yanyu Zhang, Peng Zeng, Chuanzhi Zang.
and Genetic Algorithm Approach. 2014 Optimization Algorithm for Home Energy
International Joint Conference on Neural Management System Based on Artificial Bee
Networks (IJCNN) July 6–11, 2014, Beijing, Colony in Smart Grid. The 5th Annual IEEE
China. International Conference on Cyber Technology
34. Muhammad Talha, Muhammad Shahid in Automation, Control and Intelligent
Saeed, Ghulam Mohiuddin, et al. Energy Systems June 8–12, 2015, Shenyang, China.
Optimization in Home Energy Management 40. Lijun Geng, Yi Wei, Zhigang Lu, et al. A
System Using Artificial Fish Swarm Al­ novel model for home energy management
gorithm and Genetic Algorithm. Advances system based on Internet of Things. 2016
in Intelligent Networking and Collaborative IEEE International Conference on Power and
Systems, Lecture Notes on Data Engineering Renewable Energy (ICPRE), Shanghai, 2016:
and Communications Technologies 8. 474–480.
35. Han Li1, Abinet Tesfaye Eseye , Jianhua 41. Whei-Min Lin, Chia-Sheng Tu, Ming-Tang
Zhang, et al. Optimal energy management for Tsai. Energy Management Strategy for
Microgrids by Using Enhanced Bee Colony
industrial micro grids with high-penetration
Optimization. Energies 2016, 9: 5.
renewables. Protection and Control of Modern 42. S. Rahim et al. Ant Colony Optimization
Power Systems 2017, 2:12. Based Energy Management Controller for
36. Mudassar Naseem, Samia Abid, Rabia Khalid, Smart Grid. 2016 IEEE 30th International
et al. Towards Heuristic Algorithms: GA, C o n feren ce o n Ad v an ced In fo rm a t i o n
WDO, BPSO, and BFOA for Home Energy Networking and Applications (AINA), Crans-
Management in Smart Grid. Advances Montana, 2016: 1154–1159.