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Class 10 Chap 12 Electricity Notes

Class 10th notes byjus electricity

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Arshad Ahamed Sheikh
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87 views6 pages

Class 10 Chap 12 Electricity Notes

Class 10th notes byjus electricity

Uploaded by

Arshad Ahamed Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electricity

Current and Voltage


Atomic Structure
• An atom has a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons revolving
around it.
• Valence electrons in metals are free to move ,vi thin the conductor and constitute an
electric current.

Charge

The charge is an intrinsic property of matter by virtue of which it can exert electromagnetic
force.

-..-~ Attract

Repel

Interaction between charges

Conductors and Insulators


A substance which offers comparatively less opposition to the flow of current is known as
conductors and substances which offer larger opposition are insulators.

Electric Potential and Potential Difference

The electric potential at a point is defined as work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from infinity to that point. The potential difference between two points is defined as the
difference in electric potentials at the two given points.

Models of Electric Current


Electric Current(!)

Flow of electric charges is called electric current, i.e, I = ~.

Electron sea model


Electric current in a solid conductor is due to drift of a 'sea' of free electrons, which are free
to jump onto any neighbouring atom.

Positive ions from the

0 _0 :0 _~
- 0 0 - 0 -
-- - - -~
_0 _ 0 _ 0 _ Electron cloud that
doesn't belong to any
metal ion

Eteclro11 sea model

Drift velocity of Electron

Average velocity which an electron attains inside a metallic conductor due to the
application of an electric field due to the potential clifference.

Drift velocity of an electron

Battery and its working


A cell is a source of potential difference, which is c reated inside it due to internal che mical
reactions.

At anode: Cu(.9) ;=:: Cii.2 ' (aq) + 2e -


At cathode: Ag(aq) + 2e - .=: 2Ag(s)
A combination of cells is called a battery.

Electric Circuit
Electric circuit and circuit diagram

• A closed -loop path which a current take is called an electric circuit.


• Representation of an electric circuit through symbols is called a circuit diagram.

Voltmeter
V

Ammeter

Resistance

,..~- -Connecting wire

Cell
Ci rcuit Diagn1111

Resistance and Ohm's Law


Ohm's law

The current flowin g through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the applied
potential diffe re nce betwee n the two e nds o f the conductor.

Volta1e-Current Characteristics - Ohm's Law Graph

l
.,
tll
..,
ftl

0
>

Current (I)

Resistance

Rl'sistance is a llll'asurl' of tlH· opposit io11 offl'recl to the c urrl'nt now in an cll'ctric circuit.

Factors affecting Resistance & How they affect

lksistance is:

• clir<'clly p roportional to the length of the conductor.


• clirl'ctly proportio1ial to 11at 11rl' of th<' cm1<l11ctor.
• directly proportirnial to the tcn1pcrat11r<' of the crnHluctor.
• invc rsl'l y proportional to the c ross- sC'ctional area o f the c<111<l11c-tor.

Resistivity

Thl' d ecl r ic-al resistance offered hy a s11bsl~111n· of unit l(·ngth ancl unit cross- S('C'lio1ial area
is ca lled resistivi t y.

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic resistors

Resistors w hich follow O hm's Law arc ca lled Ohmic resistors. and t hose which do not follmv
it arc ca lled Non - Ohmic resisto rs.

Non-Ohm c.
Ot"nic. c.ond ic tor con<luctor
V V

0 0
Cl/111111 · 1·~ l\'n 11 - 1 l/11111< · t"cll 1d11t ·l11r,
Superconductors
Conductors which offer zero resistance to the flow of current are called superconductors.

Combination of Resistors
Combination of resistors

• Two resis tors are said to be combined in series if they carry d1e same current.
• Two resistors are said to be combined in parallel if the same potential difference is
applied to them.

Equivalent Resistance of a system of resistors


The equivalent resist ance of two resistors is given as:

• In series. R., q R, I R2
• In parallel. n'.., _lR f -R~1

EMF and Terminal Voltage

• EMF: The potential difference between the two te rminals of a cell, when there is no
current flowing through the circuit.
• Terminal voltage: The potential difference between d1e two terminals of a cell. when
current is flowing through the circuit.

;-'lost volts' ~ e.m.f-+


,- ------------,
r = Internal I I
r E 1
resistance 1 I

I
.,I ____________ .J

--- Terminal
Vo Itage '-----

E1\lr nnd Tenni1wl Polt11ge


Electric Power and AC
Heating Effect of Current
Joule's Law:

• Heat (H) oc square of the c urrent (1).


• H oc Resis tance of the give n circ uit.
• I I oc Time (t) for w hic h c urrent fl ows through the conductor.

Whe n a pote nt ial diffe re nce is esta blis hed, it causes electro ns to move i.e. flow of c urre nt.

Electric Power

• The rate of doing wo rk or rate of consumption of electrical e ne rgy is called Electric


Power. If Wis work done in time t, then P = 7.
• S.I unit is Watt(W). One watt of powe r is cons umed whe n 1 A of c urrent flows at a
potential diffe re nce of 1 V.
• The comme rcial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt- hour (kWh).
• lkWh = 3,600, 0001 = 3.6 x 106 J
\ -" •')
• Represe nted as P = 1 2 R and P = -j-
• One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when lkW of power
is used for 1 hour.

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