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Understanding Solids: Types and Projections

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43 views15 pages

Understanding Solids: Types and Projections

Engineering graphics

Uploaded by

harikavelugubantla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SOLIDS

To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,


those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.
Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called
apex.

Cylinder Cone

Prisms Pyramids

Triangular Square Pentagonal HexagonalTriangular Square Pentagonal Hexago

Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.

Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone


Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of


Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)

X While observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp) Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P


On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to Vp Axis inclined to Vp Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp And // to Hp And // to Hp
STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS
Problem is solved in three steps:
STEP 1: ASSUME SOLID STANDING ON THE PLANE WITH WHICH IT IS MAKING INCLINATION.
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO HP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON HP)
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO VP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON VP)
IF STANDING ON HP - IT’S TV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP:
IF STANDING ON VP - IT’S FV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP.
BEGIN WITH THIS VIEW:
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A RECTANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CYLINDER OR ONE OF THE PRISMS):
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A TRIANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CONE OR ONE OF THE PYRAMIDS):
DRAW FV & TV OF THAT SOLID IN STANDING POSITION:
STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLID’S INCLINATION ( AXIS POSITION ) DRAW IT’S FV & TV.
STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, CONSIDERING REMAINING INCLINATION, DRAW IT’S FINAL FV & TV.

GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:


GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID. GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID.
CONE CYLINDER CONE CYLINDER
AXIS AXIS
AXIS AXIS INCLINED HP INCLINED HP
AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP
VERTICAL INCLINED HP

er er AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP
INCLINED VP INCLINED INCLINED
INCLINED VP VP VP

Three steps Three steps Three steps Three steps


If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Vp If solid is inclined to Vp
Study Next Twelve Problems and Practice them separately !!
CATEGORIES OF ILLUSTRATED PROBLEMS!

PROBLEM NO.1, 2, 3, 4 GENERAL CASES OF SOLIDS INCLINED TO HP & VP

PROBLEM NO. 5 & 6 CASES OF CUBE & TETRAHEDRON

PROBLEM NO. 7 CASE OF FREELY SUSPENDED SOLID WITH SIDE VIEW.

PROBLEM NO. 8 CASE OF CUBE ( WITH SIDE VIEW)

PROBLEM NO. 9 CASE OF TRUE LENGTH INCLINATION WITH HP & VP.

PROBLEM NO. 10 & 11 CASES OF COMPOSITE SOLIDS. (AUXILIARY PLANE)

PROBLEM NO. 12 CASE OF A FRUSTUM (AUXILIARY PLANE)


Problem 1. A square pyramid, 40 Solution Steps :
mm base sides and axis 60 mm Triangular face on Hp , means it is lying on Hp:
[Link] it standing on Hp.
long, has a triangular face on the [Link]’s Tv will show True Shape of base( square)
ground and the vertical plane [Link] square of 40mm sides with one side vertical Tv &
taking 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
containing the axis makes an [Link] all points as shown in illustration.
0 nd

angle of 45 with the VP. Draw its [Link] 2 Fv in lying position I.e.o’c’d’ face on xy. And project it’s Tv.
[Link] visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
projections. Take apex nearer to [Link] construct remaining inclination with Vp
nd 0
( Vp containing axis ic the center line of 2 [Link] it 45 to xy as
VP shown take apex near to xy, as it is nearer to Vp) & project final Fv.

o’
b’1

a’b
a’1
’
Y
X a’ b’ c’d’ d’1 c’1 o’1
d1
c’d’

o’
o1
a1
a d d1 a1

a1
o1 d
1
c1
o
b b1
c c1 b1
b1 (APEX
NEARER (APEX o1
For dark and dotted lines c1 TO V.P). AWAY
FROM V.P.)
[Link] proper outline of new view DARK. 2. Decide direction of an observer.
3. Select nearest point to observer and draw all lines starting from it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer and draw all lines (remaining)from it-
Problem 2: Solution Steps:
A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm Resting on Hp on one generator, means lying on Hp:
[Link] it standing on Hp.
axis [Link]’s Tv will show True Shape of base( circle )
is resting on one generator on Hp [Link] 40mm dia. Circle as Tv &
0
which makes 30 inclination with Vp taking 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
[Link] all points as shown in illustration.
Draw it’s projections. nd
[Link] 2 Fv in lying position I.e.o’e’ on xy. And
For dark and dotted lines
project it’s Tv below xy.
[Link] proper outline of new vie
[Link] visible lines dark and hidden dotted,
DARK.
as per the procedure.
2. Decide direction of an observer.
3. Select nearest point to observer
[Link] construct remaining inclination with Vp
0
and draw all lines starting from ( generator o1e1 30 to xy as shown) & project final Fv.
it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer
o’
a’1

a’
and draw all lines (remaining)
from it- dotted. h’1 b’1

h’ b’ c’
g’1

g’
d
f’1 c’1
’
Y
f’
o’ o1
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
e’1 d’1
e’

30
g g1
g1 o1
h f f1 h1 h1
f1 a1
a e e1 a1 o1
e1 b1

b d d1 b1
d1
c c1 c1
Solution Steps:
Problem 3: Resting on Vp on one point of base, means inclined to Vp:
A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 [Link] it standing on Vp
[Link]’s Fv will show True Shape of base & top( circle )
mm axis is resting on one point of a [Link] 40mm dia. Circle as Fv & taking 50 mm axis project Tv.
base circle on Vp while it’s axis ( a Rectangle)
0
makes 45 with Vp and Fv of the axis [Link] all points as shown in illustration.
nd 0
0 [Link] 2 Tv making axis 45 to xy And project it’s Fv above xy.
35 with Hp. Draw projections.. [Link] visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
[Link] construct remaining inclination with Hp
( Fv of axis I.e. center line of view to xy as shown) & project final Tv.

4’
4’d’ d’ 4’
d’ 3’
3’ 1’
1’ a’ c’ a’ c’ 3’ c’
1’
a’ 2’

X 2’ b’ b’ 2’
0
35 b’ Y
a bd c 0
45 c1
d1
a bd c b1

a1
3

4
1 24 3 2
1 24 3
1
Solution Steps :
[Link] it standing on Hp but as said on apex.( inverted ).
Problem 4:A square pyramid 30 mm base side [Link]’s Tv will show True Shape of base( square)
and 50 mm long axis is resting on it’s apex on Hp, [Link] a corner case square of 30 mm sides as Tv(as shown)
Showing all slant edges dotted, as those will not be visible from top.
such that it’s one slant edge is vertical and a
[Link] 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
triangular face through it is perpendicular to Vp.
[Link] all points as shown in illustration.
Draw it’s projections. nd
[Link] 2 Fv keeping o’a’ slant edge vertical & project it’s Tv
[Link] visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
nd
[Link] redrew 2 Tv as final Tv keeping a1o1d1 triangular face
perpendicular to Vp [Link]. Then as usual project final Fv.
a’ a’1
a’ b’d’ c’ b’d
’ d’1 b’1
c’ c’1

X o’ o’ o’1 Y
d d1
d1
c1
a bo c ao11 b1 c1

a1 b1
o
1
Solution Steps:
Problem 5: A cube of 50 mm long [Link] standing on Hp, begin with Tv,a square with all sides
edges is so placed on Hp on one equally inclined to [Link] Fv and name all points of FV & TV.
corner that a body diagonal is [Link] a body-diagonal joining c’ with 3’( This can become // to xy)
parallel to Hp and perpendicular [Link] 1’ drop a perpendicular on this and name it p’
to nd
[Link] 2 Fv in which 1’-p’ line is vertical means c’-3’ diagonal
Vp Draw it’s projections. must be horizontal. .Now as usual project Tv..
[Link] final Tv draw same diagonal is perpendicular to Vp as said in
problem.
Then asa’usual project final FV. a’1
b’d’ d’1
d’1
a’ b’d’ c’
3’ p’ c’
p’
c’1

3’ 1’ 1’
X 1’ Y

c1
d d1

d1

b1
a c a1 c1

a1
b b1
Problem 6:A tetrahedron of 50 Solution Steps
mm long edges is resting on one As it is resting assume it standing on Hp.
edge on Hp while one triangular Begin with Tv , an equilateral triangle as side case
face containing this edge is as shown:
0
vertical and 45 inclined to Vp. First project base points of Fv on xy, name those &
IMPORTANT:
Draw projections. axis line.
Tetrahedron is a From a’ with TL of edge, 50 mm, cut on axis line &
special type mark o’
of triangular (as axis is not known, o’ is finalized by slant edge
pyramid in which length)
base sides & Then complete Fv. o’ 1
nd
slant edges are o’
o’ In 2 Fv make face o’b’c’ vertical as said in
equal in length. TL problem.
Solid of four faces. And like
a’ all previous problems
a’
0
1solve completely.
Like cube it is also 90
described by One X a’ b’ b’ c’ b’1
c’ c’1 0 Y
dimension only.. 45
Axis length c c1 c1
generally not
given. a o o1
a1 o1
b1
b b1 a1
FREELY SUSPENDED SOLIDS:
Positions of CG, on axis, from base, for different solids are shown below.

CG
H

H/2 CG
H/4

GROUP A SOLIDS GROUP B SOLIDS


( Cylinder & Prisms) ( Cone & Pyramids)
Solution Steps:
Problem 7: A pentagonal pyramid In all suspended cases axis shows inclination with Hp.
30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis, [Link] assuming it standing on Hp, drew Tv - a regular pentagon,corner
is freely suspended from one corner of case.
base so that a plane containing it’s axis [Link] Fv & locate CG position on axis – ( ¼ H from base.) and name g’
remains parallel to Vp. and
Draw it’s three views. Join it with corner d’
nd
[Link] 2 Fv, redraw first keeping line g’d’ vertical.
[Link] usual project corresponding Tv and then Side View looking from.
LINE d’g’ VERTICAL
d”
o’ d’

c’e’ e” c”
FOR SIDE VIEW
g’
H a’ b’
a” b”
g’
H/4 o”
IMPORTANT: a’ b’ c’ e’ d’ Y
X
When a solid is e e1
freely a1
a
suspended from a d o1
d1
o
corner, then line b b1
joining point of
c c1
contact & C.G.
remains vertical.
( Here axis shows
inclination with
Hp.)
So in all such
Solution Steps:
[Link] it standing on Hp begin with Tv, a square of corner case.
Problem 8:
[Link] corresponding Fv.& name all points as usual in both views. A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed
nd
[Link] a’1’ as body diagonal and draw 2 Fv making it vertical (I’ on xy) on Hp on one corner that a body diagonal
[Link] it’s Tv drawing dark and dotted lines as per the procedure. through this corner is perpendicular to Hp
[Link] standard method construct Left-hand side view. and parallel to Vp Draw it’s three views.
0
( Draw a 45 inclined Line in Tv region ( below xy).
Project horizontally all points of Tv on this line and
reflect vertically upward, above [Link] this, draw
horizontal lines, from all points of Fv, to meet these
lines. Name points of intersections and join properly. a’’
For dark & dotted lines
a’
locate observer on left side of Fv as shown.)

b’ d’’ b’’
a’ b’d’ c’ d’

c’
c’’
X 1’
1’ Y
d d1 1’

a c a1 c1

b b1
Problem 9: A right circular cone, This case resembles to problem no.7 & 9 from projections of planes topic.
40 mm base diameter and 60 mm In previous all cases 2nd inclination was done by a parameter not showing [Link]
long axis is resting on Hp on one Tv of axis is inclined to Vp etc. But here it is clearly said that the axis is 400 inclined
point of base circle such that it’s to Vp. Means here TL inclination is expected. So the same construction done in those
0
axis makes 45 inclination with Problems is done here also. See carefully the final Tv and inclination taken there.
0
Hp and 40 inclination with Vp. So assuming it standing on HP begin as usual.
Draw it’s projections.

o’ o’1

o’
a’1
h’1

a’
b’1

h’b
g’1 c’1
’
c’g
’ f’1 d’1
y
0
45
d’f
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
’
e’ 0
e’1 Axis True Length
g g1 o1 40
h f h1 f1
Axis Tv Length d1 c1
a e a1 1 e1 e1
o1
Locus of
f1 1 b1 Center 1
b1 d1
b d
c g1 a1
c1
h1
Axis Tv Length

Common questions

Powered by AI

To determine the viewing position and differentiate dark and dotted lines in projections, first decide on the direction of the observer. The nearest point to the observer should have its lines drawn dark, indicating visible edges. Conversely, lines from the farthest point should be dotted to denote hidden edges. It's important to select these orientations thoughtfully to accurately represent three-dimensionality in projections .

When a cylinder rests on one point of its base on the VP and has its axis inclined to the VP and HP, the front view (FV) shows the true shape of the base and top as circles. The top view (TV), initially a rectangle when standing on the VP, must adjust to reflect the axis inclined at the specified angles, leading to a final TV that aligns with the axis's bearings. Subsequent views maintain realistic projection parameters, ensuring expressed angles consistent with inclination descriptions .

The inclination of a cone's axis is crucial for accurately depicting its spatial orientation in projections. Begin with the cone standing on HP, develop its TV to show the true shape of the base as a circle, and draw the FV as a triangle projecting from the TV. When dealing with axis inclination, draw subsequent views maintaining the axis's designated inclination angle to the HP or VP, influencing how the cone's symmetry and perspective are visualized in drafts .

The solution of projection problems for solids inclined to HP or VP involves a three-step process. In the first step, assume the solid is standing on the plane with which it is making an inclination. If it is inclined to HP, assume it is standing on HP, and draw the top view (TV) which shows the true shape of the base. If inclined to VP, assume it is standing on VP, and draw the front view (FV) accordingly. In the second step, consider the solid's axis inclination to the plane (HP or VP) and draw its FV and TV based on that inclination. In the final step, account for any remaining inclination and draw the final FV and TV, darkening visible lines and using dotted lines for hidden parts .

For freely suspended solids, the position of the center of gravity (CG) along the axis from the base varies by solid type. For Group A solids like cylinders and prisms, the CG is located at the midpoint of the axis, or H/2 from the base. For Group B solids, such as cones and pyramids, the CG is positioned at one-fourth the height from the base, or H/4 .

A cone with its axis inclined at specific angles to both horizontal and vertical planes demands exact projection approach to convey this dual inclination. Starting with a presumed axis position, establish initial projections showing the base as a true circle. Adjust TV and FV based on 40° inclination to VP and 45° to HP to secure correct alignment, using tested techniques translating the collective axes' real space oblique orientation into the blueprint's orthographic expression .

When a square pyramid rests on its apex with one slant edge vertical to the HP, its top view (TV) shows the true shape of the base as a square, but the slant edges will be dotted as they are not visible from the top. The challenge is in representing the slant edge correctly in the front view (FV). Start with a corner case square for the TV, project a triangle for the FV, ensure all slant edges are dotted in the TV, and align the slant edge as specified in the problem to maintain verticality for accuracy .

In determining the projections of a freely suspended pentagonal pyramid, start with the top view as a corner-case pentagon where a plane containing the axis remains parallel to VP. Project the front view (FV) placing the CG quarter of the height along the axis from the base. Join the CG to the suspension point as a vertical reference line in the FV. Use these alignments to form projections in different views, ensuring perspectives adhere to the given suspension and alignment conditions .

For a suspended solid with a plane containing its axis parallel to a viewing plane, modify the standard perspective by aligning the top view (TV) with the geometric conditions, emphasizing the line connecting the center of gravity (CG) with the suspension point as vertical in the front view (FV). This axis alignment aids announcing the solid's balance in suspension, forming pertinent and relatable views aligned with spatial plane parallelism fleeting the initial spatial foothold .

For a cube resting on HP with its body diagonal parallel to the HP and perpendicular to the VP, start with a top view (TV) showing a square with sides equally inclined to the xy line. The front view (FV) results in a square depiction with sides inclined accordingly to represent the cube's orientation. It is crucial to employ these inclined lines as references to accurately project diagonals, forming a visual bridge between TV and FV, finalizing with these views' direct correlation to spatial alignment .

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