Introduction

1
La linguistique est la

Introduction
to
Langue
Langue

2
Communication La communication Communication
verbale non verbale visuelle

Les mots parlés et écrits, les Langage corporel, facial Images, symboles et dessins
sons et les gestes sont utilisés
pour transmettre un sens.

Phonétique et
La phonétique est l'étude de

4
3
Transcription phonétique
Les symboles sont

Règles phonologiques
Modèles et

Caractéristiques phonétiques
Les sons sont

Variation phonétique
Des sons
Linguistics
Morphologie et
Morphologie Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It
Morphèmes

1 Les plus petites unités significatives du

explores how humans use language to communicate,

langage.

La formation des mots

2 Des processus tels que l'apposition, la
composition et

how language is structured, and how it changes over

Sémantique lexicale
3 Le sens des mots

4 4
Lexique
Le total

time.
Syntaxe
Syntaxe

par Abdou Ndioba Ba

Structure Mot Phrases Clauses

5
de phrase

AB
Sujet- Le Le chat, Le chat
Verbe- assis sur s'est
Objet le assis,
(SVO) parce que

Dernière modification il y a moins d’une minute

Sémantique et
La sémantique étudie le sens

Signification du mot
Sens lexical,

Signification de la phrase
Conditions de vérité, relations logiques et

Discours

6
Les fonctions de

Contexte
Les facteurs sociaux et culturels

Historique
Historical linguistics examines how languages change over
time. It traces the development of languages and their
relationships.

1 Language Families
Groups of languages with shared ancestry.

2 Language Change
Processes like sound shifts, grammatical
changes, and vocabulary evolution.

Comparative Linguistics
3

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Language and Communication
Comparing languages to reconstruct their
history.

Language Reconstruction
4
Recovering earlier stages of languages.
Sociolinguistics
and Language Language is a complex system of symbols and rules used for communication. It enables humans
Variation

to express thoughts, ideas, and emotions.

Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between language
and society. It studies how language use varies based on
social factors.

Regional Dialects
Variations in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

Age-Related Variation
Differences in language use between generations.

Gender Differences
Variations in language use based on gender roles.

Verbal Nonverbal Visual

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Ethnic Variation
Language use influenced by ethnicity and cultural
background.

Communication Communication Communication

Spoken and written words, Body language, facial Images, symbols, and
sounds, and gestures are expressions, and tone of designs can convey
used to convey meaning. voice can influence messages effectively.
communication.

Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, their production, and perception. Phonology examines
how sounds are organized and used in a language.

1 Phonetic Transcription
Symbols are used to represent speech sounds in a systematic way.

2 Phonological Rules
Patterns and constraints govern how sounds are combined and pronounced.

3 Phonetic Features
Sounds are described based on characteristics like place and manner of articulation.

4 Phonetic Variation
Sounds can vary between speakers and dialects.
Morphology and
Lexicology
Morphology studies the structure of words and how
they are formed. Lexicology focuses on the vocabulary
of a language.

Morphemes
1 The smallest meaningful units of
language.

Word Formation
2 Processes like affixation, compounding,
and conversion create new words.

Lexical Semantics
3 The meaning of words and their
relationships.
 Lexicon
4 The total vocabulary of a language.
Syntax and
Grammar
Syntax examines the rules that govern how words are
combined into phrases and sentences. Grammar is the
set of rules and principles that guide language use.

Sentenc Word Phrases Clauses

e Order
Structur
e

Subject- The cat The cat, The cat

Verb- sat on sat on sat,
Object the mat. the mat. because
(SVO) it was
tired.
Semantics and
Pragmatics
Semantics studies the meaning of words and
sentences. Pragmatics explores how meaning is
interpreted in context.

Word Meaning
Lexical meaning, denotation, and connotation.

Sentence Meaning
Truth conditions, logical relations, and
implicatures.

Speech Acts
The functions of language in communication, such
as asking, telling, and promising.
Context
The social and cultural factors that influence
meaning.
Historical
Linguistics
Historical linguistics examines how languages change
over time. It traces the development of languages and
their relationships.

1 Language Families
Groups of languages with shared
ancestry.

2 Language Change
Processes like sound shifts,
grammatical changes, and vocabulary
evolution.

3 Comparative Linguistics
Comparing languages to reconstruct
their history.
4 Language Reconstruction
Recovering earlier stages of languages.
Sociolinguistics
and Language
Variation
Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between
language and society. It studies how language use
varies based on social factors.

Regional Dialects
Variations in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

Age-Related Variation
Differences in language use between generations.
Gender Differences
Variations in language use based on gender roles.

Ethnic Variation
Language use influenced by ethnicity and cultural
background.