1

COURSES OF READING AND

OUTLINE OF TESTS

BS-4 YEARS PHYSICS PROGRAM

SEMESTER SYSTEM

TO BE EFFECTIVE FROM SESSION 2021 and onward

 2

SCHEME OF STUDY
BS (4 YEARS) PROGRAM IN PHYSICS
SEMESTER – I
Course Course Title Credit
Code Hours
ENGL 101 English – I (Functional English) C–1 3+0
PAKS 101 Pakistan Studies C–2 2+0
COMP 101 Introduction to Computers & its Applications C–3 3+0
MATH 101 Calculus – I C–4 3+0
CHEM 101 General Chemistry G–1 3+0
PHYS 101 Mechanics – I F–1 3+0
PHYS 103 Physics Laboratory – I F–2 0+1
Total 18
SEMESTER – II
ENGL 102 English – II (Communication Skills) C–5 3+0
ISLS 101 Islamic Studies C–6 2+0
MATH 102 Calculus – II C–7 3+0
STAT-101 Introductory Statistics for Physicists G–2 3+0
PHYS 102 Mechanics – II F–3 3
PHYS 104 Waves & Oscillations F–4 3
PHYS 106 Physics Laboratory – II F–5 1
Total 18
SEMESTER – III
ENGL 201 English – III (Report Writing) C–8 3+0
MATH 201 Calculus – III G–3 3+0
CHEM 271 Physical Chemistry G–4 3+1
MNGT 111 Human Resource Management G–5 3+0
PHYS 201 Electricity & Magnetism – I F–6 3+0
PHYS 203 Physics Laboratory – III F–7 0+1
Total 17
SEMESTER – IV
XXXX-XXX English IV/U.O/Any foreign language (Arabic) C-9 3+0
MATH-202 Linear Algebra & Differential Equations G–6 3+0
PHYS 204 Heat & Thermodynamics F–8 3+0
PHYS 206 Electricity & Magnetism – II F–9 3+0
PHYS 208 Electronics & Modern Physics F – 10 3+0
PHYS 210 Physics Laboratory – IV F – 11 0+1
MNGT-112 Entrepreneurship G–7 3+0
Total 19
SEMESTER – V
PHYS 301 Mathematical Methods of Physics – I M–1 3+0
PHYS 303 Quantum Mechanics – I M–2 3+0
PHYS 305 Classical Mechanics M–3 3+0
PHYS 307 Computational Physics M–4 2+1
PHYS 309 Analog Electronics – I M–5 3+0
PHYS 311 Laboratory (Spectroscopy & Modern Physics) M–6 3+0
Total 18
SEMESTER – VI
PHYS 302 Mathematical Methods of Physics – II M–7 3+0
PHYS 304 Quantum Mechanics – II M–8 3+0
PHYS 306 Thermal & Statistical Physics M–9 3+0
PHYS 308 Optics F – 12 3+0
PHYS 310 Analog Electronics – II M – 10 3+0
PHYS 312 Laboratory (Analog Electronics) M – 11 0+3
Total 18
SEMESTER – VII
MNGT 109 Principles of Marketing G–8 3+0
PHYS 401 Nuclear Physics M – 12 3+0
PHYS 403 Solid State Physics – I M – 13 3+0
PHYS 405 Electromagnetic Theory – I M – 14 3+0
PHYS 421 Elective – I** (Digital Electronics-I) E–1 3+0
PHYS 423 Elective – III** (Digital Electronics Laboratory) E–2 0+3
Total 18
SEMESTER – VIII
MNGT 110 Industrial Marketing G–9 3+0
PHYS 402 University Option/Laser F – 13 3+0
PHYS 404 Solid State Physics – II M – 15 3+0
PHYS 406 Electromagnetic Theory – II M – 16 3+0
PHYS 422 Elective – II** (Digital Electronics-II) E–3 3+0
PHYS 424 Elective – IV** (Project) E–4 0+3
Total 18
 3

Total Credit Hours = 144 Compulsory Courses = 9/9

General Courses = 9/7–8 Foundation Courses = 13/9–10
Major Courses = 16/11–13 Elective Courses = 4/4
LIST OF COURSES
ACCORDING TO HEC TEMPLATE
COMPULSORY COURSE
Sr. No. Course Course Title Credit Semester in which
Code Hours course is being
offered.
C-1 ENGL 101 English-I (Functional English) 3+0 I
C-2 PAKS 101 Pakistan Studies 2+0 I
C-3 COMP 101 Introduction to Computers & its Applications 3+0 I
C-4 MATH 101 Calculus-I 3+0 I
C-5 ENGL 102 English-II (Communication Skills) 3+0 II
C-6 ISLS 101 Islamic Studies 2+0 II
C-7 MATH 102 Calculus-II 3+0 II
C-8 ENGL 201 English-III(Report Writing) 3+0 III
C-9 XXXX-xxx Languages (Foreign/National/Regional) 3+0 IV

GENERAL COURSES (RELATED FACULTY)

Sr. No. Course Course Title Credit Semester in which
Code Hours course is being
offered.
GRF-1 CHEM 151 Inorganic Chemistry 3+1 I
GRF-2 CHEM 160 Organic Chemistry 3+1 II
GRF-3 MATH 201 Calculus-III 3+0 III
GRF-4 CHEM 271 Physical Chemistry 3+1 III
GRF-5 CHEM 210 Analytical Chemistry 2+0 IV
GRF-6 MATH-202 Linear Algebra & Differential Equations 3+0 IV
GRF-7 MATH-203 Group Theory & Metric Spaces 3+0 IV
GRF-8 STAT-101 Introductory Statistics for Physicists 3+0 II
GRF-9 CHEM-101 General Chemistry 3+0 I

GENERAL COURSES (OTHER FACULTY)

Sr. No. Course Course Title Credit Semester in which
Code Hours course is being
offered.
GOF-1 EDUC 111 Teaching and Learning 3+0
GOF-2 MNGT 112 Entrepreneurship 3+0 IV
GOF-3 MNGT 111 Human Resource Management 3+0 III
GOF-4 MNGT-109 Principles of Marketing 3+0 VII
GOF-5 MNGT-110 Industrial Marketing 3+0 VIII
4
 5

FOUNDATION COURSE
Sr. No. Course Course Title Credit Semester in which
Code Hours course is being
offered.
F-1 PHYS 101 Mechanics-I 3+0 I
F-2 PHYS 103 Physics Laboratory-I 0+1 I
F-3 PHYS 102 Mechanics-II 3+0 II
F-4 PHYS 104 Waves & Oscillations 3+0 II
F-5 PHYS 106 Physics Laboratory-II 0+1 II
F-6 PHYS 201 Electricity & Magnetism-I 3+0 III
F-7 PHYS 203 Physics Laboratory-III 0+1 III
F-8 PHYS 204 Heat & Thermodynamics 3+0 IV
F-9 PHYS 206 Electricity & Magnetism-II 3+0 IV
F-10 PHYS 208 Modern Physics & Electronics 3+0 IV
F-11 PHYS 210 Physics Laboratory-IV 0+1 IV
F-12 PHYS 308 Optics 3+0 VIII
F-13 PHYS 402 Lasers 3+0 VI

MAJOR COURSES
Sr. No. Course Course Title Credit Semester in which
Code Hours course is being
offered.
M-1 PHYS 301 Mathematical Methods of Physics-I 3+0 V
M-2 PHYS 303 Quantum Mechanics-I 3+0 V
M-3 PHYS 305 Classical Mechanics 3+0 V
M-4 PHYS 307 Computational Physics 2+1 V
M-5 PHYS 309 Analog electronics-I 3+0 V
M-6 PHYS 311 Laboratory (Spectroscopy & Modern Physics) 0+2 V
M-7 PHYS 302 Mathematical Methods of Physics-II 3+0 VI
M-8 PHYS 304 Quantum Mechanics-II 3+0 VI
M-9 PHYS 306 Thermal & Statistical Physics 3+0 VI
M-10 PHYS 310 Analog Electronics-II 3+0 VI
M-11 PHYS 312 Laboratory (Analog Electronics) 0+2 VI
M-12 PHYS 401 Nuclear Physics 3+0 VII
M-13 PHYS 403 Solid State Physics-I 3+0 VII
M-14 PHYS 405 Electromagnetic Theory-I 3+0 VII
M-15 PHYS 404 Solid State Physics-II 3+0 VIII
M-16 PHYS-406 Electromagnetic Theory-II 3+0 VIII
 6

LIST OF ELECTIVE PAPERS

PHY 4XX Elective Papers
Note:- Any suitable combination of courses comprising 12 credit hours could be opted with the
permission of the Chairman and subject to the availability of experts.
OPTION-A (ADVANCED ELECTRONICS) (9 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-421 Digital Electronics-I (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-422 Digital Electronics-II (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-424 Digital Electronics Laboratory. (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-429 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
OPTION-B (COMPUTER HARDWARE ) (9 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-431 Digital Computer Logic Design & Analysis-I (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-432 Digital Computer Logic Design & Analysis-II (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-434 DLD and Computer Laboratory. (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-439 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
OPTION-C (SOLID STATE PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-441 Special Solid State Physics-I (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-442 Special Solid State Physics-II (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-444 Special Solid State Physics-III (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-448 Laboratory. (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-449 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-450 Thesis. (6 Cr. Hours)
OPTION-D (LASER PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-451 Opto-Electronics and Lasers. (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-452 Semiconductor Laser Devices (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-454 Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-459 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-460 Thesis (6 Cr. Hours)
OPTION-E (NUCLEAR/RADIATION PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-461 Radiation Physics. (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-462 Solid State Nuclear Track Detection (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-464 Radiation Detection & Measurement Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-469 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-470 Thesis (6 Cr. Hours)
OPTION-F (MATERIALS SCIENCE) (9 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-471 Thermodynamics and Thermal Properties (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-472 Ceramics, Polymers & Composite Materials (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-473 Mechanical Properties and Strength of Materials-I (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-474 Mechanical Properties and Strength of Materials-II (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-475 Solid State Reactions and Materials Technology (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-476 Material Science Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-477 Amorphous and Polycrystalline Materials (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-478 Physics of Magnetic Oxides (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-479 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-480 Thesis (6 Cr. Hours)
 7

OPTION-G (MEDICAL PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-481 Medical Physics-I (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-482 Medical Physics-II (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-484 Medical Physics Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-489 Project (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-490 Thesis (6 Cr. Hours)

OPTION-H (INSTRUMENTATION) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-491 Instrumentation-I (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-492 Instrumentation-II (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-494 Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)
OR
PHYS-499 Project (3 Cr. Hours)

LIST OF ADDITIONAL ELECTIVE COURSES

PHYS-411 Plasma Physics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-412 Surface Physics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-413 Fluid Dynamics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-414 Methods of Experimental Physics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-408 Environmental Physics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-415 Introduction to Quantum Computing (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-416 Particle Physics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-417 Computer Simulation (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-409 Experimental Nuclear Physics (3 Cr. Hours)
PHYS-418 Relativity and Cosmology (3 Cr. Hours)

LIST OF LANGUAGES
Any one language from option A,B and C can be selected in consultation with the course coordinator
subject to the availability of experts.
Option-A (Foreign)

ARAB-xxx Arabic (3 Cr. Hours)

XXXX-xxx Persian (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Hindi (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx French (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx German (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Chinese (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Japanese (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Russian (3 Cr. Hours)
Option-B (National)
Only for foreign students.
URDU -xxx Urdu (3 Cr. Hours)
Option-C (Regional)
Any one Regional Languages of Pakistan other than mother tongue.
XXXX-xxx Punjabi (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Pushto (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Sindhi (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Balochi (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Kashmiri (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Brohi (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Siraiki (3 Cr. Hours)
XXXX-xxx Hindkoh (3 Cr. Hours)
 8

COURSE OUTLINE

OF

COMPULSORY COURSES

FOR

BS – 4 YEARS PROGRAM

IN PHYSICS
 9

Course Title: English – I (Functional English) Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: ENGL – 101 Course Type: Compulsory-1
Objectives:
 Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
Course Contents:
Basics of Grammar, Parts of speech and use of articles, Sentence structure, active and passive voice,
Practice in unified sentence, Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure, Transitive and
intransitive verbs, Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension:
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the discretion of the teacher
keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject teachers
Translation skills:
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
1) Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford
University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492
2) Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford
University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506
3) Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
4) Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third
Impression
5) 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2
__________________________________________________________________________________
Course Title: Pakistan Studies Credit Hours: 02
Course Code: PAKS – 101 Course Type: Compulsory-2
Objectives
 Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan,
ideological background of Pakistan.
 Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the modern age and
posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
Historical Perspective: (a) Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. (b) Factors leading to Muslim
separatism. (c) People and Land, (i) Indus Civilization, (ii) Muslim advent (iii) Location and geo-
physical features.
Government and Politics in Pakistan: Political and constitutional phases: (a) 1947-58, (b) 1958-71 (c)
1971-77 (d) 1977-88 (e) 1988-99(f) 1999 onward
Contemporary Pakistan: (a) Economic institutions and issues, (b) Society and social structure, (c)
Ethnicity, (d) Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges, (e) Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Books Recommended
1) Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1980.
2) Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3) S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 1993
4) Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
 10

5) Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of

Public Policy Research, 1972.
6) Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd.
7) Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies,
Islamabad.
8) Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9) Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
10) Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of
Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11) Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
12) Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural
Research, 1976.
13) Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
14) Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
________________________________________________________________________________
Course Title: Introduction to Computers Credit Hours: 03
Course Code: COMP – 101 Course Type: Compulsory-3
Objectives

Course Contents:
Computer (Definition), Function of computer in different fields, what is Soft copy and what is Hard
copy. Types of Computers, processing cycle of computer, definition of Hardwar and Software, Input
and output Devices of computer, system of software, application of software & Customized software,
MS-Word: Word processing, Assignment making, MS-Power Point, Presentation making.
Laboratory:
General introduction of Computer, Downloading of Software, MS-Power Point and MS-Word student
were assigned to write their C.V. using MS-Word. Spreadsheet, Database applications, Multimedia
applications, Business applications, Tools of Statistical analyzing using computer, Lab: Spreadsheet
Description, Quiz and students were assigned to the presentations. Presentation Topic 1: Internet,
history of Internet ARPA’S Net, topic 2: Internet Explorer, Different Web browser E-mail, topic3:
Payroll, payroll in Finance, topic 4: Payroll in HR, topic 5: Virus (Computer), types of virus, topic 6:
production and Accounts, topic 7: Multimedia applications, topic 8: power point, topic 9: Business
applications topic, 10: Market planning, topic 11: application Software, Quiz of presentations, review of
the whole course

Course Title: Calculus - I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: MATH – 101 Course Type: Compulsory-4
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics at intermediate level
Objectives:
This is the first course of the basic sequence, Calculus I-III, serving as the foundation of advanced
subjects in all areas of mathematics. The sequence, equally, emphasizes basic concepts and skills
needed for mathematical manipulation. Calculus I & II focus on the study of functions of a single
variable.
Course Outline:
Limits and continuity; derivative of a function and its applications; optimization problems; mean value
theorem (Taylor’s theorem and the infinite Taylor series with applications) and curve sketching; anti-
derivative and integral; definite integral and applications; the fundamental theorem of calculus; inverse
functions (Chapters 1-6 of the text)
Recommended Books:
1. Anton H, Bevens I, Davis S, Calculus: A New Horizon (8th edition), 2005, John Wiley, New York
2. Stewart J, Calculus (3rd edition), 1995, Brooks/Cole (suggested text)
3. Thomas GB, Finney AR, Calculus (11th edition), 2005, Addison-Wesley, Reading,Ma, USA
_______________________________________________________________________________
 11

Course Title: English – II (Communication Skills) Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: ENGL – 102 Course Type: Compulsory-5
Objectives:
 Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills, Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and précis writing and
comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review
Recommended books:
1) Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford
University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.
2) Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
3) Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression
1992. ISBN 019 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations,
descriptive and argumentative writing).
4) Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third
Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
5) Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
6) Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.
________________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Islamic Studies Credit Hours: 02

Course Code: ISLS – 101 Course Type: Compulsory-6

Objectives
 This course is aimed at:
 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life.
Introduction to Quranic Studies: Basic Concepts of Quran, History of Quran, Uloom-ul –Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran:Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-
286), Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18), Verses of Surah Al-
Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11), Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to
Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77), Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Sellected Text of Holly Quran: Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.), Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment,
Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I: Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood), Life of
Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah, Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II: Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina, Important Events of
Life Holy Prophet in Madina, Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
 12

Introduction To Sunnah: Basic Concepts of Hadith, History of Hadith, Kinds of Hadith, Uloom –ul-
Hadith, Sunnah & Hadith, Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence: Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence,
History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence, Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence,
Nature of Differences in Islamic Law, Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization: Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization, Historical
Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization, Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization,
Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science: Basic Concepts of Islam & Science, Contributions of Muslims in the Development of
Science, Quranic & Science
Islamic Economic System: Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System, Means of Distribution of
wealth in Islamic Economics, Islamic Concept of Riba, Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam:
Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System, Islamic Concept of Sovereignty, Basic Institutions of Govt.
in Islam
Islamic History: Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida, Period of Ummayyads, Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam: Basic Concepts Of Social System Of Islam, Elements Of Family, Ethical
Values Of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI, Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf Publication Islamabad,
Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research Institute, International
Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes” Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep Publications New Delhi
(1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama Iqbal Open University,
Islamabad (2001)

Course Title: Calculus – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: MATH – 102 Course Type: Compulsory-7
Prerequisite(s): Calculus I
Objectives:
This is the second course of the basic sequence Calculus I-III serving as the foundation of advanced
subjects in all areas of mathematics. The sequence, equally, emphasizes basic concepts and skills
needed for mathematical manipulation. As continuation of Calculus I, it focuses on the study of
functions of a single variable.
Course Outline:
Continuation of Calculus I: Techniques of integration; further applications of integration; parametric
equations and polar coordinates; sequences and series; power series representation of functions
(Chapters 7-10 of the text)
Recommended Books:
1. Anton H, Bevens I, Davis S, Calculus: A New Horizon (8th edition), 2005, John Wiley, New
York
2. Stewart J, Calculus (3rd edition), 1995, Brooks/Cole (suggested text)
3. Thomas GB, Finney AR, Calculus (11th edition), 2005, Addison-Wesley, Reading,Ma, USA
 13

Course Title: English – III (Technical Writing & Presentation Skills) Credit Hours: 03
Course Code: ENGL – 201 Course Type: Compulsory-8
Objectives:
 Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents:
Presentation skills
Essay writing: Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative, Academic writing: How to write a
proposal for research paper/term paper, How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style,
content, language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing, Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
1) Technical Writing and Presentation Skills, Essay Writing and Academic Writing
2) Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing).
3) College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc-Graw Hill Higher Education. 2004.
4) Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St.
Martin’s Press.
5) Presentation Skills, Reading
6) The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by norther Illinois University. General
Editiors: Janice
7) Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A reader which will give
students exposure to the best of twentieth century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering
students)
________________________________________________________________________________
Course Title:English – IV/ University Option/Language(Foreign/National/Regional) Credit Hours: 03
Course Code: XXX – xxx Course Type:Compulsory-9
 14

COURSE OUTLINE

OF

GENERAL COURSES

FOR

BS – 4 YEARS PROGRAM

IN PHYSICS
 15

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: CHEM – 151 Course Type: General-1
Objectives
The program is aimed that the student should learn:
 The Development of periodic law and properties of elements in a systematic way
 The principal of chemical bonding
 Chemistry of acid and bases
 Chemistry of p-block Elements
The Periodic Law and Periodicity: Development of Periodic Table; Classification of elements based
on s, p, d and f orbitals, group trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block elements, i.e., atomic
radii, ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinities, electronagetivities and redox potential.
Principles of Chemical Bonding: Types of chemical bonding; ionic bonding; the localized bond
approach: VB theory, hybridization and resonance; the delocalized approach to bonding: molecular
orbital theory as applied to diatomic and polyatomic molecules, three center bonds, bonding theory of
metals and intermetallic compounds; conductors, insulators and semiconductors; bonding in electron
deficient compounds; hydrogen bonding.
Acids and Bases: Concepts of acids and bases including SHAB concept, relative strength of acids and
bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions. Theory of Indicators, solubility, solubility
product, common ion effect and their industrial applications
Chemistry of p-block Elements: Chemistry and structure of p-block elements; main emphasis on the
chemistry and structure of noble gases and their compounds, chemistry and structure of interhalogens,
pseudohalogens and
polyhalides. Prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR model and hybridization
PRACTICALS (CHEM-151, 1-Credit Hour)
Laboratory Ethics and safety measures:
Awareness about the toxic nature of chemicals and their handling, cleaning of glassware, safe
laboratory operations
Qualitative analysis:
Analysis of four ions (two anions and two cations) from mixture of salts
Quantitative analysis:
Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the lecture of
Recommended Books:
1. Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity”, 4th Ed., Harper and Row, New York, 2001
2. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G. and Gaus, P. L., “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, 3 rd Ed., Wiley, New
York, 1995
3. Clyde Day, M. & Selbin, J., “Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry”, 2 nd Ed., Van Nustrand Reinhold,
1969
4. Lee, J.D., “Concise Inorganic Chemistry”, Chapman and Hall, 5th Edition,1996
5. Shriver, D. F., Atkins, P. W. and Langford, C. H., “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, 2nd Edition, 1994
6. Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society, 4 th
Edition, 1981
7. Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman
Green & Co. 1995
_______________________________________________________________________________
Course Title: Organic Chemistry Credit Hours: 03+1
Course Code: CHEM – 160 Course Type: General-2
Objectives
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Organic chemistry-the chemistry of carbon compounds; the
nature of organic chemistry-a historical perspective.
Chemical Bonding and Properties of Organic Molecules: Localized and delocalized chemical
bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond angles, bond lengths, bond energies and shape of
 16

organic molecules; dipole moment; inductive and field effects; resonance; aromaticity; tautomerism;
hyperconjugation; hydrogen bonding; acids and bases; factors affecting the strengths of acids and bases.
Classes and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: Classification of organic compounds;
development of systematic nomenclature of organic compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons
and heteroatom functional groups.
Functional Group Chemistry: A brief introduction to the chemistry of hydrocarbons, alkyl halides,
alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, amines, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
Recommended Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University
Press, New York.
2. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York
3. Sorrell, T. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Viva Books Private Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 1, Pearson Education, Delhi.
5. Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
6. Ahluwalia, V. K. and Goyal, M., “A Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi
7. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
8. Bansal, R. K., “Organic Reaction Mechanisms”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
New Delhi.
9. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
10. Bailey Jr., P. S. and Bailey, C. A., “Organic Chemistry-A Brief Survey of Concepts and
Applications”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Supplementary Literature
(Latest available editions of the following books)
1. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and
Mechanisms”, Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers, New York.
3. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
4. Hand, C. W. and Blewitt, H. L., “Acid-Base Chemistry”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York.
5. McMurry, J., “Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California.
6. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
7. Panico, R., Powell, W. H. and Richer, J. C., “A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic
Compounds”, Jain-Interscience Press,Delhi.
8. Streitwieser Jr., A. and Heathcock, C.H., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”, Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York.
9. Fox, M. A. and Whitesell, J. K., “Organic Chemistry”, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London.

PRACTICAL (CHEM-16,11-Credit Hour)

Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the lecture of Chem-161
______________________________________________________________________________

CHEM-101 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 3 Cr.H.

BASIC CONCEPTS
Atom, Molecule, Ion, Molecular ion, Relative atomic mass, Isotopes, Analysisofa compound - empirical
andmolecular formulas, Concept of mole, Stoichiometry, Limiting reactant, Yield.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUESIN CHEMISTRY

Filtration, Crystallization, Sublimation, Solvent extraction, Chromatography.

STATES OF MATTER-I
Properties of gases, Properties of solids, Properties of liquids,Gas laws(Charles' Law, Boyle's Law),
General gas equation, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Diffusion and Effusion,
 17

Kineticmoleculartheory of gases, Kinetic interpretation oftemperature, Liquefaction of gas, Non-Ideal

behaviourof gases, Plasma state.

STATES OF MATTER-II
Intermolecular forces (Dipole-dipole Forces, Ion-dipole forces, Dipole-induced dipole forces, London
dispersion forces), Hydrogen bonding, Evaporation, Liquid crystals, Types of solids, Properties of
crystalline solids, Crystallattice, Crystals and theirclassification, Classification of solids, Determination
of Avogadro's number.

CHEMICAL BONDING
Chemical bond, Atomic sizes, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and electronegativity, Types of
bonds, Bond energy, Bond length and Dipolemoment, The effect of bonding on the properties
ofcompounds.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Oxidation state and balancing of Redoxequations, Electrolytic conduction, Electrode potential,
Theelectrochemical series, Modern batteries andfuel cells.

Recommended Books:-

1. Chemistry: Concepts and Problems, Richard Post, Chad Snyder, Clifford C. HoukJossey-Bass;
second edition
2. General Chemistry: Linus Pauling, Dover Publications; 3rd Revisededition
3. Chemistry: The Central Science, Theodore Brown, H. LeMay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Murphy,
Patrick Woodward, Matthew Stoltzfus, Pearson; 14th edition
4. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Karen Timberlake,
Pearson; 13th edition

Course Title: Physical Chemistry Credit Hours: 03+1

Course Code: CHEM – 271 Course Type: General-4

Physical States of Matter:

Ideal and real gases, equations of state, critical phenomenon and critical constants. Molecules in motion:
collision diameter and mean free path. Physical properties of liquids: surface tension, viscosity,
refractive index etc. and their applications. Brief account of interactions among the molecules in liquids.
Packing of atoms in solids. Unit cells and crystal systems. Method of crystal structure analysis. Brief
account of polymers and composite materials with special emphasis on superconductors, semi-
conductors etc. Introduction to plasma

Chemical Thermodynamics:
Laws of thermodynamics and their applications. Thermodynamic functions: internal energy, enthalpy,
entropy and free energy. Relation between thermodynamic functions. van’t Hoff’s equation. Heat
capacities, concept of entropy and probability.

Chemical Kinetics:
Rate of reaction. Rate law, order and molecularity of the reactions. Zero, first and second order
reactions. Determination of reaction order and its rate constant. Effect of temperature on the reaction
rate. Concepts of chemical equilibrium. Le-Chatelier’s principle and its applications. Elementary
concepts underlying complex and fast reactions.

Solution Chemistry:
Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Raoult’s and Henery’s laws and their applications. Molecular interactions
in solutions. Colligative properties. Distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture.

Surface Chemistry:
 18

Concept of interfaces. Adsorption and adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption
isotherms. Catalysis, colloids emulsion and their industrial applications.

Electrochemistry:
Basic concepts of electrochemistry. Ions in solution. Measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s
law. Debye-Hueckel theory and activity coefficient. Application of conductance measurement.
Electrode potential. Electrochemical cell. Application of electrode potential

Practicals (Chem-171) (1-Cr. Hr.)

• Determination of viscosity and parachor values of liquids.
• Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions viscometrically.
• Determination of refractive index and molar refractivity.
• Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions by refractive index measurements.
• Determination of molecular weight of a compound by elevation of boiling point (ebullioscopic
method).
• Determination of molecular weight of a compound by lowering of freezing point (cryoscopic method).
• Determination of heat of solution by solubility method.
• Determination of heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.
• Kinetic study of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.
• Determination of partition coefficient of a substance between two immiscible liquids.

Books Recommended (Theory)

1. Alberty R. “Physical Chemistry” 17th ed., John Wiley and Sons (1987).
2. Atkins, P.W. “Physical Chemistry” 6th ed., W.H. Freeman and Co. New York (1998).
3. Laidler K.J. “The World of Physical Chemistry” 1st ed., Oxford University Press (1993).
4. Laidler K.J., John H.M. and Bryan C.S. “Physical Chemistry” 4 th ed., Houghton Mifflin
Publishing Company Inc.(2003).
5. Peter P.A. “Chemical Thermodynamics” Oxford University Press (1983).
6. Brain S.E. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 4th ed., E.L.B.S. Publishers (1990).
7. Barrow G.M. “Physical Chemistry” 5th ed., McGraw Hill (1992).
Books Recommended (Practicals)
1. Jaffar M. “Experimental Physical Chemistry” University Grants Commission (1989).
2. Levitt B.P. “Findlay’s Practical Physical Chemistry” 9th ed., Longman Group Limited (1978).
3. Shoemaker D. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5th ed., McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Limited (1989).
Course Title: Calculus – III Credit Hours: 03
Course Code: MATH – 201 Course Type: General-3
Prerequisite(s): Calculus II
Objectives:
This is the third course of the basic sequence Calculus I-III serving as the foundation of advanced
subjects in all areas of mathematics.
Course Outline:
This course covers vectors and analytic geometry of 2 and 3 dimensional spaces; vector- valued
functions and space curves; functions of several variables; limits and continuity; partial derivatives; the
chain rule; double and triple integrals with applications; line integrals; the Green theorem; surface area
and surface integrals; the Green, the divergence and the Stokes theorems with applications (Chapters
11-14 of the text)
Recommended Books:
1. Anton H, Bevens I, Davis S, Calculus: A New Horizon (8th edition), 2005, John Wiley, New
York
2. Stewart J, Calculus (3rd edition), 1995, Brooks/Cole (suggested text)
3. Thomas GB, Finney AR, Calculus (11th edition), 2005, Addison-Wesley, Reading,Ma, USA
 19

Course Title: Teaching & Learning Strategies Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: EDUC – 111 Course Type: General-5
Objectives:
After studying this course, the students will be able to:
 Examine the role of teacher
 Generate awareness of the different classroom teaching-learning strategies
 Use various teaching learning strategies for effective classroom learning
 Develop appropriate lesson plan according to the nature of the subject matter
 Use various teaching aids for effective teaching learning activities
 Assess students learning in the class and improve his/her teaching in the light of feedback
Course Contents:
Teacher’s Role in Conducive Learning Environment:
Facilitator, Guide/Counselor, Instructor, Leader
Approaches to Teaching:
Teacher – led Approaches, Lecture, Demonstration, Lecture – cum – Demonstration, Child-centered
approaches, Group Work/Discussion, Inquiry (Problem solving, discovery), Use of ICT, Questioning
Planning and Managing Teaching:
Need for Planning, Daily, Weekly and yearly plans, Lesson planning, Effective lesson presentation
strategies
Use of Teaching Aids:
Role of teaching aids in classroom teaching-learning process, Selection and use of appropriate teaching
aids, Kinds of teaching aids, Electronic (Radio, TV, Projectors, and Computers), Non-Electronic
(Boards, Charts, Models, Posters, etc.), Print (Books, Journals, Newspapers and Magazines, etc.)
Techniques of Assessing Students Learning:
Classroom observations (Checklist/Rating scales), Portfolio, Anecdotal record
Recommended Books:
1. Ornstein A.C. “Strategies for effective teaching” (1990) Harper Collins
2. Child-Centered Curriculum (Unit III), Children Resources International (2004) Islamabad
3. Assessing Children’s Development through Observations (Chapter II), Children Resources
International (2004) Islamabad
_______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Credit Hours: 02+0

Course Code: CHEM – 210 Course Type: General-6
Objectives
Course Goals
This course will introduce you to the vocabulary and concepts used in basic Analytical Chemistry.
You will learn the details of steps involved in the preparation and analysis of a sample, the chemical
basis and various techniques of analysis.
You will also learn and use statistical methods to determine the precision and accuracy of experimental
results.
Graded assignments, quizzes, class tests and a final exam will test your understanding of the material
dealing with these goals.
To develop skills needed to solve analytical problems in a quantitative manner, particularly with the aid
of the spreadsheet tools.
Teaching laboratory skills that will give students confidence in their ability to obtain high-quality
analytical data.
Course Description
• Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
• Measuring Apparatus
• Expression of Quantities and Concentrations
• Basic Approach to Equilibrium
• Errors in Chemical Analyses and Quality of Results
• Chemicals and reagents
• Use and handling of standards
 20

• Sampling
• Errors
• Precision, Accuracy, Signal-to-noise ratio, Limits of detection and
• Statistical Evaluation of Data
• Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Course Title: Human Resource Management Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: MNGT – 111 Course Type: General – 7
Objectives:
 To aid the students in having a clear understanding about the concepts, methods and techniques
and issues involved in managing human resource
 To facilitate employing maintaining and promoting a motivated force in an organization
Course Contents:
Basics of Human Resource Management, Features of HRM, HRM and personal Management,
Management and present field, Personal function, Job design and analysis, Human resource planning,
Recruitment and selection, Testing interviewing and assessment, Performance appraisal and
management by objectives, Career development, Training people and motivation, Quality of working
life leadership, Participative management, Discipline, union and management, Collective bargaining,
Grievance and arbitration, Compensation administration, Health and safety, Employees rights.
Recommended Books:
1. “Managing Human Resources” (Gary Dessler 7th ed., Prentice Hall).
__________________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Entrepreneurship Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: MNGT – 112 Course Type: General – 8
Objective:
Entrepreneurship is an important component in the process of economic development. The purpose of
this course is to analyze the theories of entrepreneurship and to go for case studies of successful
entrepreneurs.
Introduction:
The concept of entrepreneurship, Economist view of entrepreneurship, Sociologist view, Behavioral
approach, Entrepreneurship and Management
The Practice of Entrepreneurship:
The process of entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Management, The entrepreneurial business,
Entrepreneurship in service institutions, new venture
Entrepreneurship and Innovation:
The innovation concepts, Importance of innovation for entrepreneurship, Sources of innovative
opportunities, The innovation process, Risks involved in innovation.
Developing Entrepreneur:
Entrepreneurial profile, Trait approach to understanding entrepreneurship, Factors influencing
entrepreneurship, the environment, Socio cultural factors, support systems.
Entrepreneurship Organization:
Team work, Networking organization, Motivation and compensation, Value system, Entrepreneurship
and SMES: Defining SMEs, Scope of SMEs, Entrepreneurial, managers of SME, Financial and
marketing problems of SMEs.
Entrepreneurial Marketing:
Framework for developing entrepreneurial marketing, Devising entrepreneurial marketing plan,
Entrepreneurial marketing strategies, Product quality and design
Entrepreneurship and Economic Development:
Role of entrepreneur in the economic development generation of services, Employment creation and
training, Ideas, knowledge and skill development, The Japanese experience
Case Studies of Successful Entrepreneurs:
 21

Text Books:
1. Paul Burns and Jim Dew Hurst: Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
2. P.N. Singh: Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth.
3. Peter F. Drucker: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Peter F. Drucker.
4. John B. Miner: Entrepreneurial Success.

MATH –202 LINERA ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 3 Cr. H.

Prerequisite(s): Calculus I & II
Objective:
This is the optional course of Mathematics for the students of Physics, serving as the of advanced
subjects in all areas of mathematics.
Course Contents:
Matrices, Determinants and System of Linear Equations
 Definition of matrix, various types of matrices
 Algebra of matrices
 Determinant of square matrix, cofactors and minors
 Adjoint and inverses of matrices
 Rank of a matrix
 Introduction to systems of linear equations
 Cramer’s rule, Gaussian elimination and Gauss Jordan method
 Solution of homogenous and non-homogenous linear equations Linear independence and linear
dependence, basis and dimension, row space, Column space and Null space Linear Transformations
 Introduction to linear transformation
Introduction to Differential Equations
 Historical background and motivation
 Classification of differential equations
 Formation of differential equation First Order Differential Equations
 Singular solution
 Ricatti Equation
Second Order Differential Equations
 Homogenous equations
 Homogenous equations with constant coefficients
 Fundamental solutions of linear homogenous equations
 Operator method, Method of undetermined coefficients
 Cauchy Euler’s equation
 Linear independence and the Wronskian
 Variation of parameters, reduction of order
 Applications to mechanical and electrical systems Higher Order Linear Differential

Recommended Books:
1. Mathematical Methods; S.MYousouf, Abdul Majeed and Muhammad Amin. Ilmi Kitab Khana.
2006 Howard Anton and Chris Rorres, Elementary Linear Algebra Applications Version, John
Wiley and Sons Inc. 9th Edition, 2005.
2. 2. Bernard Kolman, David R. Hill, Introduction Linear Algebra with Applications, Prentice Hall
International, Inc. 7th Edition, 2001.
3. Seymour Lipschutz, Theory and Problems of Beginning Linear Algebra, Schaum’s Outline
Series, Mc-Graw Hill Company, New York, 1997.
4. W.E. Boyce and Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2005.
5. Erwin, Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
6. Dennis G.Zill& Michael R. Cullen, Differential Equation With Boundary Value Problems, PWS
Publihing Company, 2000
 22

MATH-203 GROUP THEORY & METRIC SPACES 3 credit hours

(Syllabi and Courses of Reading) Mathematical Methods, Group Theory and Metric Spaces

Group Theory
· Binary operations
· Definition, Examples and formation of groups
· Subgroups
· Order of group, Order of an element
· Abelian groups
· Cyclic groups, Cosets, Lagrange’s theorem
· Permutation, Even and odd permutations
· Symmetric groups
· Introduction to rings and fields

Metric Spaces
· Definition and various examples of metric spaces
· Holder’s inequality, Cauchy-Schwarz and Minkowski’s inequality
· Open ball (or open sphere) and closed balls
· Diameter of a set
· Distance between two sets
· Neighborhoods

Complex Numbers
· Complex Numbers and their properties
· Polar form, argand diagram, separating into real and imaginary parts
· De Moivre’s theorem and its applications
· Elementary functions: circular, logarithmic, hyperbolic, exponential functions
· Series solution by using complex numbers Functions of Several Variables Functions of two variables,
Graphs of functions of two variables
· Limit and continuity of a function of two variables
· The partial derivative, Computing partial derivatives algebraically
· The second-order partial derivative, Local linearity and the differential
· Tangent planes and normal lines
 23

· Open and closed sets

· Interior, Exterior and boundary points
· Closure of a set
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 2005
2. H.Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, In. 2005
3. Micheal, O. Searcoid, Metric Spaces, Springer, 2007
4. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley and Sons, 1978
5. Erwin, Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 2004
6. l.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Xerox Publishing Company, 1964
7. Adler, Andrew, Coury, John E. The Theory of Numbers, Jones and Barttlet Publishers, Boston, 1995.
8. Burton, D.M. Elementary Number Theory McGraw Hill, 2000.
9. Mathematical Methods Ilmi Kitab Khana, S.M. Yousaf 2015.

STAT-101 INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS FOR PHYSICISTS 3 Credit Hours

Introduction to Statistics: Nature and scope of Statistics in Physics; Variables and their types; Data
and sources; Scales of measurements; Tabulation and classification of data; Graphs and Charts;
Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion.

Probability Concepts: Experiment, outcome and sample space; Calculating Probability; Basic concepts
of calculating probabilities (including union, intersection and independence of events), marginal and
joint probabilities, conditional probability and independence, Bayes’ Rules.

Random Variables: Basic concepts; discrete random variable and its probability distribution,
continuous random variable and its probability density function;

Mathematical Expectation: Expectation of random variable, mean and variance of random variables;
Bernoulli trials.

Probability Distributions: Applications of binomial, Poisson and hyper geometric distributions;

Application of normal and exponential distributions; Fermi-Dirac distribution, Bose-Einstein’s
distribution.

Estimation: Concepts of point estimation, concept of confidence coefficient and interval estimator,
confidence intervals for population mean and proportion.

Hypothesis Testing: Null and alternative hypothesis, types of testing errors, one & two-tailed tests;
Testing of hypothesis for population mean, difference between population means, difference between
means for paired data, and population proportion.

Correlation and regression analysis: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, introduction to simple and
multiple linear regression models.

Recommended Books:
1. Chatfield, C (2018), Statistics for A Course in Applied Statistics, Routledge.
2. Clark, G.M. and Cooke, D. (1998) A Basic Course in Statistics 4e. Arnold, London.
3. Cox, D.R. (2018) Applied Statistics-principles and Examples, Routledge.
4. Huang, K. (2009), Introduction to Statistical Physics, CRC Press.
5. Mann, P.S. (2010), Introductory Statistics 10e. Wiley.
 24

6. Sullivan, M. (2011) Fundamentals of Statistics 3e. Prentice Hall.

7. Walpole, R.E., Myers, R.H. and Myers, S.L. (1998), Probability and Statistics for Engineers and
Scientists 6e. Prentice Hall, NY.
8. Weiss, N.A. (1997), Introductory Statistics 4e. Addison-Wesley.

MNGT-109 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING 3 Cr.H

Course Introduction/Objective

This course provides an introduction to all aspects of marketing, including

strategic marketing planning, marketing research, product planning and
development, promotion planning, distribution and pricing. It provides an
understanding of the theories of the marketing mix variables, and a practical
application in the context of the marketing management cycle processes of
research, planning, organization, implementation and control. The latter part of
the program examines the process of marketing management in different sectors
of Pakistan’s economy.

Learning Outcomes

After successful completion of this course, students are expected to have

knowledge about:
 Fundamental marketing concepts and marketing strategies
 Various types of markets and customer purchase behaviours
 Marketing mix elements
 Marketing channels and their types
 Social responsibility and ethics in marketing

Course Contents

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING
 The Concept of Marketing
 The Marketing Manager's Job
 The basics of marketing: what it is, why it is important, the importance of a
customer/competitor orientation
CREATING & CAPTURING COSTUMER VALUE
 Understanding how and why consumers (individuals) make purchasing
decisions
THE CHANGING MARKETING LANDSACPE
 Market segmentation
 Secondary sources of information useful for segmentation
COMPANY & MARKETING STRATEGY
 A Strategic Framework
Marketing Research
Consumer Behaviour and Analysis
MARKETING MIX
 Communications and Advertising Strategy
 Channels of Distribution
 The Personal Sales Channel
 Pricing
 Sales Promotion
DESIGNING BUSINESS PORTFOLIO
 Organizational Buying Behaviour
CONSUMER AND MARKET BUYING
 25

 The differences between consumer and organizational (business-to-

business) buying behaviour
ANALYSING THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT: THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL MARKETING, SUSTAINABLE MARKETING RELATIONSHIP MARKETING
 Customer Relationship Management
 Strategies for Service Markets
MASS CUSTOMIZATION
 Global Marketing Strategies
 New Product Development
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY & ETHICS, MARKETING STRATEGIES, GROWTH
STRATEGIES
NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT & PLC STRATEGIES, PRICING STRATEGIES
 The product life cycle, and product line management
MARKETING CHANNELS, RETAILING & WHOLE SELLING AND PERSONAL SELLING
 Channel structure and management.
 Using the Internet as a channel, multi-level marketing, direct marketing, and
current issues in supermarket retailing
EVOLUTION MARKETING, GE MULTI FACTORIAL ANALYSIS, GREY MARKETING
 Communications and Advertising Strategy
 It covers the basic communications model and emphasizes how it is
changing due to the Internet and the Web
OFFENSIVE DEFENSIVE FLANKING, COUNTER ATTACK MARKETING, GUERRILLA
MARKETING
SALES PROMOTION CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
 The Personal Sales Channel
 Personal selling as a mixture of communications and distribution

Recommended Books/Reading Material

Philip T. Kotler &Gary Armstrong (2016). Principles of Marketing, 16 th edition,

Pearson Education Inc.

Course Evaluation

Midterm exam: 30 marks

Final exam: 50 marks
Sessional 20 marks (Quizzes/Assignments/Class Participation: 05 marks,
Project Report and Oral Presentation: 15 marks)
Total: 100 marks

MNGT-110 INDUSTRIAL MARKETING 3 Cr. H.

Course Introduction/Objective

The aim of the course is to develop a deeper understanding of the industrial Marketing. The student will
lean to critically analyze the firm specific industrial marketing issues, industrial marketing environment,
technological impact on industrial selling etc.

Learning Outcomes

The student who completes the course successfully will be able to:
 Outline and list the factors affecting marketing strategies in a typical B-2-B scenario
 Identify the strategies to stay relevant in the market place
 Recognize the impact of traditional consumer behavior theories and decision making processes in a B-2-
B organization as compared to a B-2-C organization, in better way
 26

Course Contents

INDUSTRIAL MARKETING: INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

 Industrial Marketing
 Differences between Industrial and consumer Marketing, Raw Material; Components and part,
Capital Items, Nontraditional Items
INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMER AND INDUSTRIAL DEMAND
 Manufacture, User, OEM, Overlapping Categories, Derived Demand, Joint Demand,
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
 Internal and External Environment Forces
 Internal EnvironmentImpact
NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL BUYING
 Organizational Buying Activities
 Objectives in Organizational Buying
 The Buying Model, Buying Centre and Multiple Buying Influences
 Model for Composition of Industrial Buying Centre
 Product Analysis for Information Need for Key Influences
 Buying behavior Models; Influences
SUPPLIER BUYER
 Organizational Buying Activities
RELATIONSHIP AND INTERACTION
 Organizational Buying
 The Buying Model
 Buying Centre and Multiple Buying Influences
 Model for Composition of Industrial Buying Centre
 Product Analysis for Information Need for Key Influences
PAKISTANI INDUSTRIES
 Major Pakistani Industries, Textiles; Sports, Pharmaceuticals, Sugar etc.
 Industrial Portfolios
 Characteristics of Industrial Clusters
 Opportunities for Pakistani Industries
ASSESSING MARKETING OPPORTUNITY
 Marketing Information System
 Difference between Industrial and Consumer Research
 Components of Marketing Intelligence System
 Research Process
 Data Collection
 Analytics
INDUSTRIAL MARKETING STRATEGY
 Vision, Mission, Objectives
 Tactics Focus Area for Strategy
 Buying Situation/Phase Based Strategies Environment Based Strategies
 Customer Based Strategies
 Market Based Strategies
 Strategy Document
INDUSTRIAL MARKET SEGMENTATION, TARGET MARKETING AND POSITION
 Segmentation
 Benefits Macro factors
 Micro factor
 Evaluation of Potential Segments
 Decision Support System
MARKET POSITIONING AND TARGETING
 Target Marketing
 Undifferentiated
 Differentiated Concentrated
 27

 Niche Positioning
 Marketing Program
 Industrial Marketing Control
PRODUCT STRATEGY
 Industrial Product, Core, Enhanced, Augmented
 PLC position and Strategies
NEW PRODUCT
 New Product Development Process
 Innovation Management
 New Product Needs Champion
 Consumer Product Managers vs.Industrial Product Managers
INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION
 Promotion
 Difference between Industrial and Consumer Promotion
 Types of Industrial Promotion
 Advertising
 Publicity
 Sales Promotion
 Personal Selling
 Personal Selling Process
 Trade Shows
 Catalogues
 Use of IT for Promotion
 Sale Force Management

INDUSTRIAL PRICING
 Pricing
 Importance of Pricing in Industrial Product Management
 Pricing Methods
 Cost based pricing
 Demand based
 Competitive
 Geographical
PRICING STRATEGIES
 Price Discrimination
 Price Lease Flexible Pricing System
 List or Net Pricing
 Rebates; Allowances; Discounts
 Pricing Licensing
 BE Analysis; If...then analysis
INDUSTRIAL CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
 Difference between Consumer and Industrial Channel
 Types of Channel Members
 Role and Responsibilities of Industrial Channel members
 Channel Agreement
 Channel Conflicts
 Channel Repercussions
NATIONAL POLICIES AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIIATION
 National Policy about industrialization
 Policies affecting industrialization
 Impact of industrialization on an economy
 Strategy of a Country
 Strategy of an Industry
 Strategy of an Organization
NATIONAL POLICY
 National Industrialization Strategy for Next 20 Years
 28

INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION STRATEGY

 Collaboration; Reasons for going Solo
 Advantage of Collaboration
 Types of Collaboration
 Collaboration Process

Recommended Books/Reading Material

1. Reeder, R. R. (2003). Industrial Marketing: Analysis, Planning and Control. PHI

2. Zimerman, A. and Blythe, J. (2013). Business to Business Marketing: A Global Perspective;
Routledge,
3. Glynn, M. S., Woodside, A. G. (2012). Business to Business Marketing Management:
Strategies, Cases and Solutions. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, UK
4. Hutt D. M., Speh, T. W. (2006). Business Marketing Management: B2B .

Course Evaluation

Midterm exam: 30 marks

Final exam: 50 marks
Sessionals: 20 marks (Quizzes and Assignments: 10 marks, Term Report : 10 marks)
Total: 100 marks
 29

COURSE OUTLINE

OF

FOUNDATION COURSES

FOR

BS – 4 YEARS PROGRAM

IN PHYSICS
 30

Course Title: Mechanics – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 101 Course Type: Foundation-1
Pre-requisite: A Level Physics and F.Sc. (Physics + Math)
Objectives:
 To give concept of vector and their various properties.
 To give basic understanding of laws of motion and their applications is daily life.
 To give mathematical concept and expressions of various physical parameters used in
mechanics.
Vector Analysis:
Review of Vector in 3 dimensions and fundamental Operations, Direction, Cosines, Spherical polar
coordinates, Cylindrical Coordinates. Vector and scalar triple products, gradient of a scalar, Divergence
and curl of a vector, Physical significance of each type, Divergence of a vector, flux, curl and line
integral (mutual relation).Vector identities, Divergence Theorem, Stokes Theorem and their derivation,
physical importance and applications to specific cases.
Particle Dynamics:
Dynamics of uniform, circular motion, the banked curve, Equations of motion, Deriving kinetic
equations for x(t), v(t) via integration, Constant and variable forces, normal forces and contact forces,
special examples, Time dependent forces, Obtaining x(t), v(t) for this case using integration method,
Effect of drag forces on motion, Applying Newton’s Laws to obtain v(t) for the case of motion with
time dependent (Integration approach) drag (viscous) forces, terminal velocity, Projectile motion with
and without air resistance, Non inertial frames and Pseudo forces, Qualitative discussion to develop
understanding, Calculation of pseudo forces for simple cases (linearly accelerated reference frames),
Centrifugal force as an example of pseudo force, Coriolis force.
Work, Power and Energy:
Work done by a constant force, work done by a variable force (1-2dimension), (Essentially a review of
grade-XII concepts via integration technique to calculate work done (e.g. in vibration of a spring
obeying Hooke’s Law), Obtaining general expression for work done (2-dimensional case) and applying
to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the end of a fixed string against gravity, Work energy theorem,
General proof of work energy theorem: Qualitative review of work energy theorem, Derivation using
integral calculus, Basic formulae and applications, Power, Energy changes with respect to observers in
different inertial frames, Conservation of Energy in 1, 2, and 3 dimensional conservative systems,
Conservative and non conservative forces: Conservation of energy in a system of particles, Law of
conservation of total energy of an isolated system.
Systems of Particles:
Two particle systems and generalization to many particle systems, Centre of mass, Position, velocity
and equation of motion, Centre of mass of solid objects, Calculation of Centre of Mass of solid objects
using integral calculus, Calculating C.M. of Uniform Rod, Cylinder and Sphere, Momentum Changes in
a system of variable mass, Derivation of basic equation, application to motion of a rocket
(determination of its mass as a function of time).
Collisions:
Elastic Collisions, Conservation of momentum during collision in one and two dimensions, Inelastic
collision, Collisions in centre of Mass reference frame (One and two dimensions), Simple applications,
obtaining velocities in C.M. frame.
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999
2. D. Kleppner and R. Kolenkow, An Introduction to Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1978
3. M. R. Speigel, Vector Analysis and an Introduction to Tensor Analysis, Mc-Graw Hill, 1959
 31

Course Title: Laboratory – I Credit Hours: 01

Course Code: PHYS – 103 Course Type: Foundation-2
Pre-requisite: Intermediate with Physics and Math or A level Physics
Objectives
To develop the experimental capability of students in understanding the concept of Mechanics;
1. Modulus of Rigidity by Static & Dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle, Barton’s Apparatus).
2. To study the damping features of an oscillating system using simple pendulum of variable mass.
3. Measurement of viscosity of liquid by Stoke’s / Poiseulli’s method.
4. Surface tension of water by capillary tube method.
5. To determine the value of “g” by compound pendulum / Kater’s Pendulum.
6. To study the dependence of Centripetal force on mass, radius, and angular velocity of a body in
circular motion.
7. Investigation of phase change with position in traveling wave and measurement of the velocity of
sound by CRO.
8. Determination of moment of inertia of a solid/hollow cylinder and a sphere etc.
9. To study the conservation of energy (Hook’s law).
Recommended Books:
1. D. H. Marrow, Selected Experiments in Physical Sciences, Longman.
2. Nelkon and Ogborn, Advanced Level Practical Physics, Heimann Educational Books
3. Nolan and Bigliani, Experiments in Physics, Surjeet Pub Ind.
4. C. K. Bhattacharya, University Practical Physics, CBS Publishing
Note: At least five experiments to be performed and Universities may opt. for other experiments
according to the available facilities

Course Title: Mechanics – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 102 Course Type: Foundation-3
Pre-requisite: A Level Physics and F.Sc. (Physics + Math)
Objectives:
 To give the basic concept of rotational motion, law of gravitation, physical properties of matter
and relativistic mechanics
 Uses of above concepts in daily life in a scientific way
Rotational Dynamics:
Relationships between linear & angular variables, scalar and vector form. Kinetic energy of rotation,
Moment of Inertia, Parallel axis and Perpendicular axis theorems, Proof and Illustration, application to
simple cases, Determination of moment of inertia of various shapes i.e. for disc, bar and solid sphere,
Rotational dynamics of rigid bodies, Equations of rotational motion and effects of application of
torques, Combined rotational and translational motion, Rolling without slipping.
Angular Momentum:
Angular Velocity, Conservation of angular momentum, effects of Torque and its relation with angular
momentum, Stability of spinning objects, Discussion with examples, The spinning Top, Effects of
torque on the angular momentum, precessional motion.
Gravitation:
Gravitational effect of a spherical mass distribution, its mathematical treatment, Gravitational Potential
Energy (develop using integration techniques), calculation of escape velocity, Gravitational field &
Potential, Universal Gravitational Law. Radial and transversal velocity and acceleration, Motion of
Planets and Keplers' Laws (Derivation & explanation) Motion of Satellites, Energy considerations in
planetary and satellite motion, Qualitative discussion on application of gravitational law to the Galaxy.
Bulk Properties of Matters:
Elastic Properties of Matter, Physical basis of elasticity, Tension, Compression & shearing, Elastic
Modulus, Elastic limit. Poisson’s ratio, Relation between three types of elasticity, Fluid Statics,
Variation of
Pressure in fluid at rest and with height in the atmosphere, Surface Tension, Physical basis; role in
formation of drops and bubbles, Viscosity, Physical basis, obtaining the Coefficient of viscosity,
practical example of viscosity; fluid flow through a cylindrical pipe (Poiseulle's law).
 32

Special Theory of Relativity:

Inertial and non inertial frame, Postulates of Relativity, The Lorentz Transformation, Derivation,
Assumptions on which inverse transformation is derived, Consequences of Lorentz transformation,
Relativity of time, Relativity of length, Relativity of mass, Transformation of velocity, variation of mass
with velocity, mass energy relation and its importance, relativistic momentum and Relativistic energy,
(Lorentz invariants) E2=c2 p2+mo2c4
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999
2. D. Kleppner and R. Kolenkow, An Introduction to Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1978
3. M. R. Speigel, Vector Analysis and an Introduction to Tensor Analysis, Mc-Graw Hill, 1959
________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Waves & Oscillations Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 104 Course Type: Foundation-4
Pre-requisite: A Level Physics and F.Sc. (Physics + Math)
Objective:
 To understand the basics of waves, mechanism of wave production, propagation and interaction
with other waves.
 Use of basic concept of waves in their application in daily life.
Harmonic Oscillations:
Simple harmonic motion (SHM), Obtaining and solving the basic equations of motion x(t), v(t), a(t),
Longitudinal and transverse Oscillations, Energy considerations in SHM. Application of SHM,
Torsional oscillator, Physical pendulum, simple pendulum, SHM and uniform circular motion,
Combinations of harmonic motions, Lissajous patterns, Damped harmonic motion, Equation of damped
harmonic motion, Quality factor, discussion of its solution, Forced oscillations and resonances,
Equation of forced oscillation, Discussion of its solution, Natural frequency, Resonance, Examples of
resonance.
Waves in Physical Media:
Mechanical waves, Travelling waves, Phase velocity of traveling waves, Sinusoidal waves, Group
speed and dispersion, Waves speed, Mechanical analysis, Wave equation, Discussion of solution, Power
and intensity in wave motion, Derivation & discussion, Principle of superposition (basic ideas),
Interference of waves, Standing waves.
Phase changes on reflection.
Sound:
Beats Phenomenon, Analytical treatment
Coupled Oscillators and Normal modes:
Two coupled pendulums, General methods of finding normal modes, Beats in coupled oscillations, Two
coupled masses, Two coupled LC circuits, Energy relations in coupled oscillations, Forced oscillations
of two coupled oscillators, Many coupled oscillator.
Normal Modes of Continuous systems:
Transverse vibration of a string, Longitudinal vibrations of a rod, Vibrations of air columns, Normal
modes, Fourier methods of analyzing general motion of a continuous system, Atomic vibrations.
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999
2. N.K. Bajaj, The Physics of Waves & Oscillations, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company
Limited, 1986.
3. H. J. Pain, The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, 5th Edition 1999.
 33

Course Title: Laboratory – II Credit Hours: 01

Course Code: PHYS – 106 Course Type: Foundation-5
Pre-requisite: Intermediate with Physics and Math or A level Physics
Objectives
 To develop the understanding of students in measuring the thermal and optical parameters and to
remove the fear of students to use various gadgets in laboratory
List of Experiments:
1. To determine thermal emf and plot temperature diagram.
2. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a given wire.
3. Determination of “J” by Callender – Barnis method.
4. The determination of Stefan’s constant.
5. Calibration of thermocouple by potentiometer.
6. To determine frequency of AC supply by CRO.
7. To determine Horizontal/Vertical distance by Sextant.
8. The determination of wavelength of Sodium –D lines by Newton’s Ring.
9. The determination of wavelength of light/laser by Diffraction grating.
10. Determination of wavelength of sodium light by Fresnel’s biprism.
11. The determination of resolving power of a diffraction grating.
12. Measurement of specific rotation of sugar by Polarimeter & determination of concentration in a
given solution.
13. To study the combinations of harmonic motion (Lissajous figures).
14. To study the parameters of waves (Beats phenomenon).
15. To determine the Thermal conductivity of good and bad conductors using Lee’s and Searl’s
apparatus.
16. To study the laws of vibration of stretched string using sonometer.
17. To determine the stopping potential by photo cell.
Recommended Books:
1. D. H. Marrow, Selected Experiments in Physical Sciences, Longman.
2. Nelkon and Ogborn, Advanced Level Practical Physics, Heimann Educational Books
3. Nolan and Bigliani, Experiments in Physics, Surjeet Pub Ind.
4. C. K. Bhattacharya, University Practical Physics, CBS Publishing

Note: At least nine experiments to be performed and Universities may opt for other experiments
according to the available facilities
______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Electricity & Magnetism – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 201 Course Type: Foundation-6
Pre-requisite: A Level Physics and F.Sc. (Physics + Math)
Objectives
 To give the concept of electric field, electrical potential and dielectrics
 To understand the DC circuits
 To know the effect of magnetic field and basic magnetic properties of materials
Electric Field:
Field due to a point charge: due to several point charges. Electric dipole, Electric field of continuous
charge distribution e.g. Ring of charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge. Point charge in an electric
field. Dipole in an electric field, Torque and energy of a dipole in uniform field, Electric flux: Gauss's
law; (Integral and differential forms) and its application, Charge in isolated conductors, conductor with
a cavity, field near a charged conducting sheet. Field of infinite line of charge, field of infinite sheet of
charge, field of spherical shell and field of spherical charge distribution
Electric Potential:
Potential due to point charge, potential due to collection of point charges, potential due to dipole.
Electric potential of continuous charge distribution, Poisson’s and Laplace equation without solution,
Field as the gradient or derivative of potential, Potential and field inside and outside an isolated
conductor
 34

Capacitors and dielectrics:

Capacitance, calculating the electric field in a capacitor, Capacitors of various shapes, cylindrical,
spherical etc and calculation of their capacitance, Energy stored in an electric field, Energy per unit
volume, Capacitor with dielectric, Electric field of dielectric. An atomic view, Application of Gauss's
Law to capacitor with dielectric
D C Circuits:
Electric Current, current density J, resistance, resistivity, ρ, and conductivity, σ, Ohm’s Law energy
transfer in an electric circuit. Equation of continuity. Calculating the current in a single loop, multiple
loops, voltages at various elements of a loop. Use of Kirchhoff's Ist & 2 nd law, Thevenin theorem,
Norton theorem and Superposition theorem,
Growth and Decay of current in an RC circuit and their analytical treatment.
Magnetic Field Effects and Magnetic Properties of Matter:
Magnetic force on a charged particle, magnetic force on a current, Recall the previous results. Do not
derive. Torque on a current loop. Magnetic dipole: Energy of magnetic dipole in field. Discuss
quantitatively, Lorentz Force with its applications in CRO. Biot-Savart Law: Analytical treatment and
applications to a current loop, force on two parallel current changing conductors. Ampere's Law,
Integral and differential forms, applications to solenoids and toroids. (Integral form), Gauss's Law for
Magnetism: Discuss and develop the concepts of conservation of magnetic flux, Differential form of
Gauss’s Law. Origin of Atomic and Nuclear magnetism, Basic ideas.Bohr Magneton. Magnetization,
Defining M, B, μ. Magnetic Materials, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism - Discussion.
Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic materials.
Recommended Books:
1. F. J. Keller, W. E. Gettys, M. J. Skove Physics Classical and Modern (2nd ed), McGraw-Hill,
Inc., 1993
2. A. F. Kip Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism (2nd Ed.), McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1969.
3. D. Halliday, R. Resnick, K. S. Krane Physics (Vol-II), John Willey & sons, Inc., 1992.
4. D. N. Vasudeva Magnetism and Electricity, S. Chand & Co., 1959.
5. J A Edminister Schaum’s Outline Series; Theory & Problems of Electromagnetism, McGraw-
Hill Book Co. 1986
______________________________________________________________________________
Course Title: Laboratory – III Credit Hours: 01
Course Code: PHYS – 203 Course Type: Foundation-7
Pre-requisite: F.Sc. level Physics and Electricity and Magnetism – I
Objectives:
 To know the electrical circuit elements, their experimental measurement and to give
understanding of electrical circuits and use of CRO
List of Experiments
1. Measurement of resistance using a Neon flash bulb and condenser
2. Conversion of a galvanometer into Voltmeter & an Ammeter
3. To study the characteristics of Photo emission and determination of Plank’s constant using a Photo
cell
4. Calibration of an Ammeter and a Voltmeter by potentiometer
5. Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer
6. Comparison of capacities by ballistic galvanometer.
7. To study the B.H. curve & measure the magnetic parameters.
8. Measurement of low resistance coil by a Carey Foster Bridge.
9. Resonance frequency of an acceptor circuit
10. Resonance frequency of a Rejecter Circuit.
11. Study of the parameter of wave i.e. amplitude, phase and time period of a complex signal by CRO.
12. Measurement of self/mutual inductance.
13. Study of electric circuits by black box.
14. To study the network theorems (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton).
15. To study the application of Lorentz force by CRO.
Note: At least eight experiments to be performed and Universities may opt for other experiments
according to the available facilities.
 35

Recommended Books:
1. G L Squires, Practical Physics, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press
2. Nolan and Bigliani, Experiments in Physics, Surjeet Pub Ind.
3. C K Bhattacharya, University Practical Physics, CBS Publishing.

Note: At least five experiments to be performed and Universities may opt for other experiments
according to the available facilities.
_______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Heat & Thermodynamics Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 204 Course Type: Foundation-8
Pre-requisite: A Level Physics and F.Sc. (Physics + Math)
Objectives
 To give the concept of heat and temperature
 To give the concept of classical distribution function
 To understand the laws of thermodynamics and their application
Statistical Mechanics:
Statistical distribution and mean values, Mean free path and microscopic calculations of mean free path.
Distribution of molecular speeds, Distribution of energies, Maxwell distribution, Maxwell-Boltzmann
energy distribution, Internal energy of an ideal gas. Brownian motion, Qualitative description.
Diffusion, Conduction and viscosity.
Heat and Temperature:
Temperature, Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, Work done on an ideal gas, Review of previous concepts.
Internal energy of an ideal gas: Equipartition of energy. Intermolecular forces. Qualitative discussion.
Van der Waals equation of state.
Thermodynamics:
Review of previous concepts. First law of thermo-dynamics and its applications to adiabatic, isothermal,
cyclic and free expansion. Reversible and irreversible processes, Second Law of thermodynamics,
Carnot theorem, Carnot engines. Heat engine. Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines.
Thermodynamic temperature scale:
Absolute zero: Entropy, Entropy in reversible process, Entropy in irreversible process. Entropy &
second law. Entropy & probability. Thermodynamic functions: Thermodynamic functions (Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Gibb’s functions, Entropy, Helmholtz functions) Maxwell’s relations, TdS equations,
Energy equations and their applications. Low Temperature Physics, Liquification of gases, Joule-
Thomson effect and its equations. Thermoelectricity,Thermocouple, Seabeck’s effect, Peltier’s effect,
Thomson effect
Recommended Books:
1. J. F. Lee and F. W. Sears, Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley 1954.
2. A. J. Pointon, Introduction to Statistical Physics, Longman 1967.
3. M. W. Zemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1951.
4. Reif, Statistical Physics, Berkley Physics series, McGraw Hill 1965.
5. M. M. Abbott, Schaum's Outline of Thermodynamics, McGraw- Hill Professional Book Group,
1995.
________________________________________________________________________________
 36

Course Title: Electricity & Magnetism – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 206 Course Type: Foundation-9
Pre-requisite: F.Sc. level Physics and Electricity and Magnetism I
Objectives:
 To understand the laws of electromagnetic induction
 To understand the AC circuits
 To know the generation and propagation of Electromagnetic waves
Inductance:
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Review of emf, Faraday Law and Lenz’s Law, Induced
electric fields, Calculation and application using differential and integral form, Inductance, “Basic
definition”. Inductance of a Solenoid; Toroid. LR Circuits, Growth and Decay of current, analytical
treatment. Energy stored in a magnetic field, Derive. Energy density and the magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Oscillation, Qualitative discussion. Quantitative analysis using differential equatins.
Forced electromagnetic oscillations and resonance
Alternating Current Circuits:
Alternating current, AC current in resistive, inductive and capacitative elements. Single loop RLC
circuit, Series and parallel circuits i.e. acceptor and rejector, Analytical expression for time dependent
solution. Graphical analysis, phase angles. Power in A.C circuits: phase angles, RMS values, power
factor.
Electro-Magnetic Waves (Maxwell's Equations):
Summarizing the electro- magnetic equations, (Gauss's law for electromagnetism, Faraday Law,
Ampere's Law). Induced magnetic fields & displacement current. Development of concepts,
applications. Maxwell's equations, (Integral & Differential forms) Discussion and implications.
Generating an electro- magnetic wave. Travelling waves and Maxwell's equations. Analytical treatment;
obtaining differential form of Maxwell's equations, obtaining the velocity of light from Maxwell's
equations. Energy transport and the Poynting Vector. Analytical treatment and discussion of physical
concepts.
Recommended Books:
1. F. J. Keller, W. E. Gettys, M. J. Skove Physics Classical and Modern (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill,
Inc., 1993.
2. A. F. Kip Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism (2nd Ed.), McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1969.
3. D. Halliday, R. Resnick, K. S. Krane Physics (Vol-II), John Willey & sons, Inc., 1992.
4. D. N. Vasudeva Magnetism and Electricity, S. Chand & Co., 1959.
5. JA Edminister Schaum’s Outline Series; Theory &Problems of Electromagnetism, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1986.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Course Title: Electronics & Modern Physics Credit Hours: 03
Course Code: PHYS – 208 Course Type: Foundation-10
Pre-requisite: Intermediate with Physics and Math or A level Physics
Objectives:
 To give the concept of modern physics
 To know the nuclear structure and radioactivity
 To know some nuclear reactions and production of nuclear energy
 To give basic understanding of Plasma and LASER
Electronics:
Basic crystal structure, free electron model, energy band in solid and energy gaps, p-type, n-type
semiconductor materials, p-n junction diode, its structure. characteristics and application as rectifiers.
Transistor, its basic structure and operation, transistor biasing for amplifiers, characteristics of common
base, common emitter, common collector, load line, operating point, hybrid parameters (common
emitter), Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter mode), Positive & negative feed back R.C.
Oscillators, Monostable multi- vibrator (basic), Logic gates OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and their
basic applications.
Origin of Quantum Theory: Black body radiation, Stefan Boltzmann-, Wiens- and Planck’s law,
consequences. The quantization of energy, Photoelectric and Compton effect, Line spectra, Explanation
using quantum theory.
 37

Wave Nature of Matter: Wave behaviour of particle (wave function etc.) its definition and relation to
probability of particle, d’Broglie hypothesis and its testing, Davisson- Germer Experiment and J.P.
Thomson Experiment, Wave packets and particles, localizing a wave in space and time.
Atomic Physics: Bohr’s theory (review), Frank-Hertz experiment, energy levels of electron, Atomic
spectrum, Angular momentum of electrons, Vector atom model, Orbital angular momentum. Spin
quantization, Bohr’s Magnetron. X-ray spectrum (continuous and discrete) Moseley’s law, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and its use in developing the periodic table.
Recommended Books:
1. Robert M Eisberg, Fundamentals of Modern Physics, John Wiley & Sons 1961
2. Sanjiv Puri, Modern Physics, Narosa Publishing House, 2004.
3. Paul A. Tipler and Ralph A. Llewellyn, Modern Physics 3 rd edition, W H Freeman and Company
2000.
4. Arthur Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics (fifth edition) McGraw-Hill 1995.
5. Robert M. Eisberg and Robert Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, molecules, Solids, Nuclei
and Particles, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
6. D. Halliday, R. Resnick, K. S. Krane, Physics, John Willey & sons, Inc., 1992.
____________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Laboratory – IV Credit Hours: 01

Course Code: PHYS – 210 Course Type: Foundation-11
Pre-requisite: F.Sc. level Physics and Electricity and Magnetism – I
Objectives:
 To develop understanding and uses of electronic devises including GATS, Transistors.
 To understand the behavior of nuclear radiation including beta and gamma radiation.
List of Experiments
1. Determination of e/m of an electron.
2. Determination of ionization potential of mercury.
3. Characteristics of a semiconductor diode (Compare Si with Ge diode)
4. Setting up of half & full wave rectifier & study of following factors
a. Smoothing effect of a capacitor
b. Ripple factor & its variation with load.
c. Study of regulation of output voltage with load.
5. To set up a single stage amplifier & measure its voltage gain and bandwidth.
6. To set up transistor oscillator circuit and measure its frequency by an oscilloscope.
7. To set up and study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND etc) using diode and to develop their
truth table.
8. To set up an electronic switching circuit using transistor LDR and demonstrate its use as
a NOT Gate.
9. Characteristics of a transistor.
10. To study the characteristic curves of a GM counter & use it to determine the absorption co-
efficient of β-particle in Aluminum.
11. Determination of range of α particles.
12. Mass absorption coefficient of lead for γ-rays using G.M counter.
13. Use of computer in the learning of knowledge of GATE and other experiments.
Recommended Books:
1. G L Squires, Practical Physics, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press
2. Nolan and Bigliani, Experiments in Physics, Surjeet Pub Ind.
3. C K Bhattacharya, University Practical Physics, CBS Publishing.
Note: At least five experiments to be performed and Universities may opt for other experiments
according to the available facilities.
______________________________________________________________________________
Course Title: Optics Credit Hours: 03
Course Code: PHYS – 308 Course Type: Foundation – 12
Pre-requisite: Intermediate with Physics and Math or A level Physics
Objectives:
 38

 To understand the concept of reflections, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization

 To develop understanding about the optical devices
Propagation of Light:
Introduction, The laws of reflection and refraction, The electromagnetic approach, Familiar aspects of
the interaction of light and matters, The Stok’s treatment of reflection and refraction, Photons and the
laws of reflection and refraction.
Geometric Optics – Paraxial Theory:
Introductory remarks, Lenses, Stops, Mirrors, Prisms, Fiber Optics, Optical systems, Thick lenses and
lens systems, Analytical ray tracing, Aberrations.
Polarization:
The nature of polarized light, Polarizers, Dichroism, Birefringence, Scattering and polarization,
Polarization by reflection, Retarders, Circular polarizers, Polarization of polychromatic light, Optical
activity, Induced optical effects – optical modulators, A mathematical description of polarization.
Interference & Diffraction:
General considerations, Conditions for interference, Wave front-splitting interferometers, Amplitude-
splitting interferometers, Dielectric films-double-beam interference, Types and localizations of
interference fringes, Multiple-beam interference, The Fabry-Perot interferometer, Applications of single
and multiplayer films, Application of interferometery, The rotating Sagnac interferometer, Preliminary
considerations, Fraunhofer diffraction, Fresnel diffraction, Kirchhoff’s scalar diffraction theory,
Boundry diffraction waves.
Sundry Topics from Contemporary Optics:
Imagery- the spatial distribution of optical information, Lasers and laser light, Holography, Nonlinear
optics
Recommended Books:
1. Eugene Hecht/Alfred Zajac, Optics, Addison Wesley Publishing Co.1980.
2. Francis A. Jenkins and Harvey E. White, Fundamental of Optics, 4 th edition, Kosaido Printing
Co. Ltd., Tokyo.
3. Helmut F. Wolf, Hand Book of Fiber Optics, Theory & Application, Granada 1979, USA.
_________________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Lasers Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 402 Course Type: Foundation – 13
Pre-requisite: Quantum Mechanics – I and Atomic Physic
Objectives:
 Develop fundamental concepts about lasers
 Learn the principles of spectroscopy of molecules and semiconductors
 Understand the optical resonators and laser system.
 Applications of lasers
Introductory Concepts:
Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, Stimulated Emission, Pumping Schemes, Absorption and
Stimulated Emission Rates, Absorption and Gain Coefficients, Resonance Energy Transfers, Properties
of Laser Beam, Monochromaticity, Coherence, Directionality, Brightness
Spectroscopy of Molecule and Semiconductors:
Electronic Energy Levels, Molecular Energy levels, Level Occupation at Thermal Equilibrium,
Stimulated Transition, Selection Rules, Radiative and Nonradiative Decay, Semiconductor
Optical Resonators:
Plane Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator, Concentric (Spherical) Resonator, Confocal, Resonator,
Generalized Spherical Resonator, Ring Resonator, Stable Resonators, Unstable Resonators, Matrix
Formulation of Geometrical Optics, Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Dielectric Interface,
Stability Condition Standing and Traveling Waves in a two Mirror Resonator, Longitudinal and
Transverse Modes in a Cavity, Multilayer Dielectric Coatings, Fabry-Perot Interferometer, Small Signal
Gain and Loop Gain.
Pumping Processes:
Optical pumping: Flash lamp and Laser, Threshold Pump Power, pumping efficiency, Electrical
Pumping: Longitudinal Configuration and Transverse Configuration, Gas Dynamics Pumping,
Chemical Pumping.
 39

Continuous Wave (CW) and pulsed lasers:

Rate Equations, Threshold Condition and output power, Optimum output coupling, Laser Tuning,
Oscillation and Pulsations in Lasers, Q-Switching and Mode-Locking Methods, Phase Velocity, Group
Velocity, and Group-Delay Dispersion, Line broadening.
Lasers Systems:
Solid State Lasers, Ruby Laser, Nd YAG & Nd Glass Lasers and Semiconductor Lasers, Homojunction
Lasers Double-Heterostructure lasers, Gas lasers, Helium Neon Laser, CO 2 laser Nitrogen Laser and
Excimer Lasers, Free-Electron and X-Ray Lasers
Laser Applications:
Material Processing, Surface Hardening, Cutting Drilling, Welding etc, Holography, Laser
Communication, Medicine, Defense Industry, Atmospheric Physics.

Recommended Books:
1. O. Svelto, Principles of Lasers, Plenum Press New York & London (1992).
2. J. Eberly and P. Milonni, Lasers, Wiley, New York (Latest Edition) Scully and Zubairy,
Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press (1997)
3. A.E. Siegman, Laser, University Science Books, Mill Valley, C.A. (1986).
4. H. Haken, Laser Theory, Springer, Berlin (Latest Edition).
5. W.T. Silfvast, Laser Fundamentals, latest edition.
 40

COURSE OUTLINE

OF

MAJOR COURSES

FOR

BS – 4 YEARS PROGRAM

IN PHYSICS
 41

Course Title: Mathematical Methods of Physics – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 301 Course Type: Major – 1
Pre-requisite: General Mathematics
Objectives
 To develop the mathematical background of student in vectors, tensors, matrices and some of
their uses in the world of physics
 To give basic understanding of group theory and complex variables used in physics
Vector Analysis:
Review of vectors Algebra, Vector differentiation and gradient, Divergence and Gauss’s theorem,
Vector integration, Green’s theorem in the plane, Curl and Stoke's theorem.
Curvilinear Coordinates and Tensors:
Curvilinear coordinate system, Gradient, Divergence and Curl in the curvilinear coordinates system,
Cartesian, Spherical and Cylinderical coordinate system, Covariant and contravariant tensors, Tensor
algebra, Quotient rule.
Matrices:
Linear vector spaces, Determinants, Matrices, Eigen values and eigenvectors of matrices, Orthogonal
matrices, Hermitian matrices, Similarity transformations, Diagonalization of matrices.
Group Theory:
Introduction to groups, Group representation, Invariant subgroups, Discret groups-Dihedral groups,
Continuous groups-O groups, SU(2) groups, Lie groups
Complex Variables:
Functions of a complex variable, Cauchy Riemann conditions and analytic functions, Cauchy integral
theorem and integral formula, Taylor and Laurent series, Calculus of residue, Complex integration.
Recommended Books:
1. G. Arfken, Mathematical Physics, 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1970.
2. E. Butkov, Mathematical Physics, Addison-Wesley 1968.
3. Pipes and Harvill, Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, McGraw Hill, 1971.
4. M. R. Speigel, Complex Variables Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw Hill 1979.
5. H. P. Hsu, Fourier analysis Simon Schuster Series, 1967.

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 303 Course Type: Major – 2
Pre-requisite: F.Sc with Physics and Modern Physics & Electronics
Objectives
 Understanding the behavior of quantum mechanical particle and development of Schrodinger
equation in one and three dimensions
 Introduction to Quantum mechanical operators and determination of angular momentum of a
quantum mechanical particle
Quantum Mechanics of One Dimensional Problem:
Review of concepts of classical mechanics, State of a system, Properties of one dimensional potential
functions, Functions and expectation values, Dirac notation, Hermitian operators, Solutions of
Schrodinger equation for free particles, The potential barrier problems, The linear harmonic oscillator,
Particle in a box.
Formalism of Quantum Mechanics:
The state of a system, Dynamical variables and operators, Commuting and non commuting operators,
Heisenberg uncertainty relations, Time evolution of a system, Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures,
Symmetry principles and conservation laws.
Angular Momentum:
Orbital angular momentum, Spin, The Eigen values and Eigen functions of L2 and Lz, Matrix
representation of angular momentum operators, Addition of angular momenta.
Schrodinger Equation in Three Dimensions:
Separation of Schrodinger equation in Cartesian coordinates, Central potentials, The free particle, Three
dimensional square well potential, The hydrogen atom, Three dimensional square well potential, The
hydrogen atom, Three dimensional isotopic oscillator.
Books Recommended:
 42

1. B.H. Bransden & C.J. Joachain, 'Introduction to Quantum Mechanics' Longman Scientific &
Technical London (1990)
2. J.S. Townsend, 'A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics', McGraw Hill Book Company,
Singapore (1992)
3. W. Greiner, 'Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction', Addison Wesley Publishing Company,
Reading Mass. (1980)
4. R.L. Liboff, 'Introductory Quantum mechanics', Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Reading
Mass. (1980)
5. Bialynicki-Birula, M. Cieplak & J. Kaminski, 'Theory of Quantua', Oxford University Press,
New York (1992)
6. W. Greiner, 'Relativistic Quantum Mechanics', Springer Verlag, Berlin (1990)
7. F. Schwable, 'Quantum Mechanics', Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (1992)
8. 8 David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, PRENTICE Hall, Int., Inc.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Classical Mechanics Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 305 Course Type: Major – 3
Pre-requisite: Mechanics I & II
Objectives:
 To develop the basic knowledge of classical world using the laws of Physics
 To develop the understanding of two bodies central force problems
 To give understanding of kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies
 Development of Hamiltonian equation and use of canonical transformation in classical physics
Elementary Principles:
Brief Survey of Newtonian mechanics of a system of particles, constraints, Alembert's principle,
Lagrange's equation and its applications, Virtual work
Variational Principles:
Calculus of variation and Hamilton's principle, Derivation of Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's
principle
Two Body Central Force Problems:
Low and least action, two body problem and its reduction to one body problem, Equation of motion and
solution for one body problem, Kepler's Laws Laboratory and centre of mass systems, Rutherford
scattering.
Kinematics of Rigid Body Motion:
Orthogonal transformations, Eulerian angles, Euler's theorem, The Coriolis force.
Rigid Body Equation of Motion:
Angular momentum, Tensors and dyadic’s, Moment of inertia, Rigid body problems and Euler's
equations.
Hamilton Equation of Motion:
Legendre transformation and Hamilton equations of motion, Conservation theorems
Canonical Transformations:
Examples of Canoical transformations, Lagrange and Poison brackets, Liouville's theorem
Books Recommended:
1. H. Goldstein, 'Classical Mechanics', 2nd. Ed. Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1980).
2. V.I. Arnold, Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics Springer verlag, New York (1980).
3. S.N. Rasband, 'Dynamics', John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983)
4. R.A. Matzner & L.C. Shepley, 'Classical Mechanics', Prentice Hall Inc., London (1991).
5. N.M.J. Woodhouse, 'Introduction to Analytical Dynamics', Oxford Science Publications, Oxford
(1987)
 43

Course Title: Computational Physics Credit Hours: 02+01

Course Code: PHYS – 307 Course Type: Major – 4
Pre-requisite: Undergraduate Level Physics and Elementary Mathematics and Linear Algebra,
Mathematical Methods, Basic Numerical Analysis and Analytical Tools for Numerical
Analysis, Computer and Programming Skills
Objectives:
 Introduction of computer languages
 To know the use of computer in numerical analysis
 Computer simulation and modeling
Computer Languages:
A brief introduction of the computer languages like Basic, C. Pascal etc and known software packages
of computation
Numerical Methods:
Numerical Solutions of equations, Regression and interpolation, Numerical integration and
differentiation, Error analysis and technique for elimination of systematic and random errors
Modeling & Simulations:
Conceptual models, Mathematical models, Random numbers and random walk, doing Physics with
random numbers, Computer simulation, Relationship of modeling and simulation, Some systems of
interest for physicists such as Motion of Falling objects, Kepler's problems, Oscillatory motion, Many
particle systems, Dynamic systems, Wave phenomena, Field of static charges and current, Diffusion,
Populations genetics etc.
Books Recommended:
1. M. L. De Jong, 'Introduction to Computational Physics', Addison Wesley Publishing Company
Inc., Massachusetts (1991)
2. S.T. Koonini, Computational Physics', The Benjamin/Coming Publishing Inc., California
(1986).
3. P.K. Macheown & D.J. Merman, Computational Techniques in Physics' Adm Hilger, Bristol
(1987).
4. H. Gould & J. Tobochnik, 'An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods', Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Rading Massachusetts(1988)
5. S.C. Chapra & R.P. Chanle, 'Numerical Methods for Engineers with Personal Computer
Applications, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York (1965
_________________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Analog Electronics – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 309 Course Type: Major – 5
Pre-requisite: Modern Physics & Electronics
Objectives:
 To develop the understanding of different electronic circuit elements and devices like diode,
transistors, amplifiers, oscillators and voltage regulators used in daily life alliances
 To understand the day to day electronic devices
Circuit Analysis:
Loop and Nodal Analysis, Principle of Superposition, Thevenin’s Theory, Norton’s Theorem, Principle
of Maximum Power Transfer
Semiconductor Diodes:
Introduction to Semiconductors, PN Junction, Biasing the junction, The Diode Characteristic Curves,
DC and Ac resistance, Transition and Diffusion Capacitance Reverse Recovery Time, Diode Models
Zener Diode, I.E.D. Photodiode, Optical Diode Varactors, Varistors, Thermistors, Current Regulator
Diodes, Schoktty Diodes, Step Recovery Diode, Tunnel Diode, Laser Diode.
Diode Applications:
Load line Analysis, Series Diode Configuration with DC Inputs, Series and Series, Parallel
configurations, Hall-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers, Filters Clippers Clampers, Voltage Multipliers,
Zener Diode as Voltage Reference and Voltage Regulator, LED Arrays.
Semiconductor Transistors:
 44

BJT, FET, Construction, Types, Characteristics and parameters, Transistor as an Amplifier and as a
Switch, VMOS, COMOS etc
Thyristors and other Devices:
Schottky Diode, SCR and its applications, SCS, Diac. Triac, UJT and it’s applications PUT.
Phototransistor, LASCR, Optical Couplers
Modulation and Demodulation:
Introduction, Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Modulation, Demodulation
Recommended Books:
1. T.L. Floyd, Electronics Devices, 5th edition Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A. 1999.
2. T.L. Floyd, Electronics Devices, 4th edition Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A. 1996.
3. R.L. Boylestad & L Nashelsky, Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory, 7 th Edition, Prentice Hall,
USA, 1999
4. Albert Paul, Malvino, Electronic Principles, 6th Edition, Glencoe, US 1993
5. J.D. Ryder & C.M. Thomson, Electronic Circuits & Systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA,
1976.
6. J. Millman & C. Halkias, Electronic Devices & Circuits, Mc Graw-Hill, International, 1968.

Course Title: Laboratory (Spectroscopy & Modern Physics) Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 311 Course Type: Major – 6
Pre-requisites: Laboratory I, II, III and IV
Objectives:
 To expose the students to advance level experimentation in Physics
 To make them familiar to such experiments who’s out come can be used in developing future
research capabilities and teaching skills
 To make the students confident in their studies by showing and measuring parameter which they
have used in theoretical work
List of Experiments
1. Determination of charge to mass (e/m) ratio of an electron using a narrow fine beam tube
2. Calculation of the velocity of light by using electronic modulation method
3. Determination of the value of Cauchy’s constant using a spectrometer
4. To measure the wavelength of sodium light in its wave length by using Michelson’s
Interferometer
5. To study the magnetic behavior of a magnetic material (B.H. curve)
6. To study the splitting in energy levels by the application of magnetic field (Zeeman Effect)
7. Study of the Splitting up of the central spectral lines of atoms within a magnetic field using a
Fabry-Perot interferometer (Zeeman Effect)
8. Determination of the g-factor of a DPPH (Diphenylpikry/hydrazyl) and the half width of the
absorption line using the ESR apparatus
9. Determination of crystal inter-planner spacing using x-rays diffraction.
10. Evaluation of dielectric constant of a given solid material by R.L.C. series circuit
11. Calculation of Planck’s constant by photo-emission technique (photo electric effect)
12. Evaluation of critical potential of mercury using Franck Hertz experiment
13. To work out carrier concentration of given semi-conductor by using Hall Effect
14. Establishing the statistical distribution for radioactivity as Poisson’s distribution
15. Evaluating the coefficient of linear absorption of a given material by G.M. Counter
16. Determination of the charge of electron by Faraday’s method

Note: At least five experiments to be performed and Universities may opt for other experiments
according to the available facilities.
_________________________________________________________________________________
 45

Course Title: Mathematical Methods of Physics – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 302 Course Type: Major – 7
Pre-requisite: General Mathematics and Mathematical Methods – I
Objectives:
To give the understanding of Differential equations and their uses in Physics
Introduction to special functions, Fourier series, Fourier Transforms
Solution of Boundary value problems and their uses
Differential Equations in Physics:
First and second order linear differential equations, Partial differential equations of theoretical physics,
Separation of variables, Homogeneous differential equations, Frobenius series solution of differential
equations, Second solution, Non-homogenous differential equations.
Special Functions:
Bessel functions and Hankel functions, Spherical Bessel functions, Legendre polynomials, Associated
Legendre polynomials, Spherical harmonics Laguerre polynomials, Hermite polynomials
Fourier series:
Definition and general properties, Fourier series of various physical functions, Uses and application of
Fourier series
Integral Transforms:
Integral transform, Fourier transform, Convolution theorem, Elementary Laplace transform and its
application.
Boundary Value Problems and Green's Functions:
Boundary value problems in Physics, Non-homogeneous boundary value problems and Green's
functions, Green's functions for one dimensional problem, Eigen function expansion of Green's
function, Construction of Green's functions in higher dimensions
Books Recommended:
1. G. Arfken, Mathematical Physics, 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1970.
2. R. Bronson, ‘Differential Equations’ Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw Hill, New York.
3. E. Butkov, ‘Mathematical Physics Addison-Weseley London .
4. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989)
5. C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Oxford University, Press, New York (1991)
6. Hassani, 'Foundations of Mathematical Physics', Prentice Hall International Inc., Singapore
(1991)
7. Chattopadhyay, 'Mathematical Physics', Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, (1990).
8. H. Cohen, 'Mathematics for Scientists & Engineers' Prentice Hall International Inc., New Jersey
(1992).

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 304 Course Type: Major – 8
Pre-requisite: Quantum Mechanics – I
Objectives:
 To understand the use of approximation in Quantum mechanics
 To understand the theory of scattering and interaction of quantum systems with radiation
 To understand the basics of relativistic quantum mechanics
Approximate Methods:
Time independent perturbation theory for non degenerate and degenerate levels, the variational method,
The WKB approximation, Time dependent perturbation theory
Identical Particles and Second Quantization:
Indistinguishability of identical particles, Systems of identical particles, Quantum dynamics of identical
particle systems, statistics, Symmetry of states, Fermions, Bosons.
Theory of Scattering:
Scattering experiments and cross sections, Potential scattering, The method of partial waves, The
Born’s approximation.
 46

The Interaction of Quantum Systems with Radiation:

Electromagnetic field and its interaction with one electron system, Transition rates, Spontaneous
emission, Selection rules for electric dipole transitions, The spin of photon and its helicity.
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics:
Schrodinger relativistic equation, Probability and current densities, Klein-Gordon equation and
hydrogen atom, Dirac relativistic equation
Books Recommended:
1. B.H. Bransden & C.J. Joachain, 'Introduction to Quantum Mechanics' Longman Scientific &
Technical London (1990)
2. J.S. Townsend, 'A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics', McGraw Hill Book Company,
Singapore (1992)
3. W. Greiner, 'Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction', Addison Wesley Publishing Company,
Reading Mass. (1980)
4. R.L. Liboff, 'Introductory Quantum mechanics', Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Reading
Mass. (1980)
5. Bialynicki-Birula, M. Cieplak & J. Kaminski, 'Theory of Quantua', Oxford University Press,
New York (1992)
6. W. Greiner, 'Relativistic Quantum Mechanics', Springer Verlag, Berlin (1990)
7. F. Schwable, 'Quantum Mechanics', Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (1992)
8. David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, PRENTICE Hall, Int., Inc.
9. S. Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore
______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Thermal & Statistical Physics Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 306 Course Type: Major – 9
Pre-requisite: F.Sc Physics and Heat and Thermodynamics
Objectives:
 To develop the understanding of thermal properties by using statistical means in
thermodynamics
 Development of various statistics like Boltzmann Statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics and Fermi-
Dirac Statistics
 To develop the understating of lattice dynamics in solid materials
Equilibrium Thermodynamics:
Basic postulates, fundamental equations and equations of state, response functions Maxwell's relation,
reduction of derivatives.
Elements of Probability Theory:
Probabilities, distribution functions, statistical interpretation of entropy, Boltzmann H-theorem
Formulation of Statistical Methods:
Ensembles, counting of states (in classical and quantum mechanical systems, examples) partition
function, Boltzmann distribution. Formation of Micro-canonical, canonical and grand canonical
partition function
Partition Function:
Relations of partition function with thermodynamic variables, examples (collection of simple harmonic
oscillators, Pauli and Van-Vleck Paramagnetic, Theorem of Equipartition of energy.
Statistical Systems:
Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac statistical systems, Examples of thermodynamics of
these systems; Black body radiations, Gas of electrons in solids.
Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Systems:
Lattice vibrations in solids; Van der Waals Gas: mean field calculation; Ferro-magnets in Mean Field
Approximation.
Advanced Topics:
Fluctuations, Bose-Einstein Condensation, Introduction to density matrix approach.
 47

Books Recommended:
1. F. Mandl, Statistical Physics, ELBS/John Willey, 2nd Ed. 1988.
2. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw Hill, 1965.
3. A.J. Pointon, Introduction to Statistical Physics, Longman 1967.
4. C. Kittel, Elements of Statistical Physics, John Wiley 1958.

Course Title: Analog Electronics – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 310 Course Type: Major – 10
Pre-requisite: Analog Electronics – I
Objectives:
 To develop the understanding of different electronic circuit elements and devices like diode,
transistors, amplifiers, oscillators and voltage regulators used in daily life alliances
 To understand the day to day electronic devices
Transistor Biasing:
Load Line, Q-Point and Various Biasing Circuits for BJI and FET stability Factor Stabilization against
Vm and  Bias compensation, Thermal Runway Stability
Transistor Equivalent Circuits & Models:
DC AC equivalent circuits, T & hybrid model, important parameters
Transistor Amplifier:
BJT & FET small and large signal amplifiers, Low and high frequency response, Compound
configurations, cascade connections, Darlington connections, CMOS Circuit, current source circuit,
differential amplifiers, BIFET, BIMOS & CMOS differential circuit amplifiers.
Introduction to Integrated Circuits:
Introduction, classification, production cycle, fabrication of resistors, diodes & transistors
Voltage Regulators:
Power supply characteristics, Series, Shunt & switching regulators, DC voltage regulators.
Operational Amplifier:
Introduction, modes of signal operators, operational amplifiers parameters, negative feedback and its
effects, frequency response, stability & compensation, OP-Amplifiers, active filters.
Oscillators & Multivibrators:
Concepts, Types, Oscillator Principles, Capital RC & RL-feedback circuits, Non-sinusoidal Oscillator,
Crystal Oscillator, Astable-, Bi-stable-, Mono-stable Multivibrators, Schmitt Trigger circuit
Recommended Books:
1. T. L. Floyd, Electronics Devices, 5th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1999.
2. T.L. Floyd, Electronic Devices, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1996
3. R.L. Boylestad & L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory, 7 th Ed., Prentice Hall,
USA, 1999
4. Albert Paul Malvino, Electronic Principles, 6th Edition, Glencoe, USA, 1993.
5. J.D. Ryder & C.M. Thomson, Electronic Circuits & Systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA,
1976.
6. J. Millman & C.C. Halkiasm Electronics Devices & Circuits, McGraw-Hill International, 1968.
_______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Laboratory (Analog Electronics) Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 312 Course Type: Major – 11
Pre-requisites: Laboratory IV and Analog Electronics – I & II
Objectives:
 To expose the students to advance level experimentation in Physics
 To make them familiar to such experiments whose out come can be used in developing future
research capabilities and teaching skills
 To make the students confident in their studies by showing and measuring parameter which they
have used in theoretical work
 48

List of Experiments:
1. Design and study of Full-wave and Bridge rectifier and measure the effect of filter elements on
the DC output and ripple
2. Design a voltage doubler supply and measure the Dc voltage at key points
3. Draw the input and output characteristic curves of a transistor in common emitter configuration
and determine the hybrid parameters
4. Wave shaping circuits by diodes
5. Design and study of the clapping circuits
6. Design and construct a variable voltage regulated power supply
7. Design and study of a C.E. transistor voltage amplifier
8. Design and study of transistor power amplifier
9. Design and study of class B push putt transistor power amplifier
10. Design and study of an emitter follower
11. Design and study of a transistor RC phase shift oscillator
12. Design of UTJ relaxation Oscillator
13. Design and study of AC voltage follower using Op-Amplifier
14. Design and study of AC inverting amplifier using Op-Amplifier
15. Design and study of AC non-inverting amplifier using Op-Amplifier
16. Design and study of transistor Astable Multivibrator
17. Design and study of Bistable multivibrator
18. Design and study of Monostable multivibrator

Note: At least ten experiments to be performed and Universities may opt for other experiments
according to the available facilities.
______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Nuclear Physics Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 401 Course Type: Major – 12
Pre-requisite: Modern Physics and Electronics
Objectives:
 To understand the nuclear structure using different nuclear models
 To understand the nature of nuclear forces
 To give understanding of radioactivity and nuclear reactions
History:
Starting from Bacqurel’s discovery of radioactivity to Chadwick’s neutron
Basic Properties of Nucleus:
Nuclear size, mass, binding energy, nuclear spin,magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moment,
parity and statistics.
Nuclear Forces:
Yukawa's theory of nuclear forces, Nucleon scattering, charge independence and spin dependence of
nuclear force, isotopic spin.
Nuclear Models:
Liquid drop model, Fermi gas model, Shell model, Collective model
Theories of Radioactive Decay:
Theory of Alpha decay and explanation of observed phenomena, measurement of Beta ray energies, the
magnetic
lens spectrometer, Fermi theory of Beta decay, Neutrino hypothesis, theory of Gamma decay,
multipolarity of Gamma rays, Nuclear isomerism.
Nuclear Reactions:
Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value and threshold energy of nuclear reaction, energy level
and level width, cross sections for nuclear reactions, compound nucleolus theory of nuclear reaction and
its limitations, direct reaction, resonance reactions, Breit-Wigner one level formula including the effect
of angular momentum.
 49

Books Recommended:
1. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977.
2. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics, Addison-Wisely, 1980.
3. Green, Nuclear Physics, McGraw Hill, 1995.
4. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
5. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999.
_______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Solid State Physics – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 403 Course Type: Major – 13
Pre-requisite: Quantum Mechanics, Electricity Magnetism I & II, Heat and Thermodynamics,
Statistical Physics
Objectives:
 To develop a basic knowledge of crystallography
 To understand the x-ray diffraction in crystal investigation
 To understand the binding forces in crystalline material
 To develop the understanding of lattice dynamics and its uses in derivation of theories of
specific heat
 To understand the behavior of free electrons in metals and Fermi Energy
Course Contents:
Simple crystal structure, Principles of X-ray diffraction with the concept of reciprocal lattice, Inter-
atomic forces and type of bonding, lattice vibrations: thermal, acoustic and optical properties. Free
electron theory of metals. Introductory band theory of solids, Simple Fermi surfaces
Recommended Books:
1. C.Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John Wiley
2. M.A. Omer, Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison-Weseley Pub. Co. 1974
3. S.O Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub. 2003.
______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Electromagnetic Theory – I Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 405 Course Type: Major – 14
Pre-requisite: Electricity & Magnetism I & II
Objectives:
 To give the basic understanding in static electromagnetic fields and time dependent
electromagnetic fields
 To develop knowledge of propagation, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves
 To develop the understanding of skin effect and wave guides

Electrostatics:
Electric Charge, Coulombs Law, Electric Field, Electrostatic Potential, Gauss’s Law, Applications of
Gauss’s Law, Electric Dipole, Multipole Expansion of Electric Fields.
Solution of Electrostatic Problems:
Poisson’s Equation, Laplace Eqution, Uniqueness Theorem, Laplace Equation in One independent
Variable, Solution to Laplace Equation in Spherical Coordinates (Zonal Harmonics), Laplace in
Rectangular Coordinates, Conduction Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field. Electrostatic Images, Point
Charge and conducting Sphere, Parallel Cylinders, Line Charges and Line Images.
The Electrostatic Field in Dielectric Media:
Polarization, Field Outside of a Dielectric Medium, Electric Field Inside a Dielectric, Gauss’s Law in a
Dielectic, The Electric Displacement, Electric Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant, Point charge in a
Dielectric Fluid, Boundary Conditions on the Field Vectors, Boundary Value Problems Involving
Dielectrics, Dielectric Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field.
Microscopic Theory of Dielectrics:
Molecular Field in a Dielectric, Clausius-Mossotti Equation, Induced Dipoles, A Simple Model, Polar
Molecules, The Langevin-Debye Formula, Permanent Polarization, Ferro-Electricity.
Electrostatic Energy:
 50

Potential Energy of a Group of Point Charges, Electrostatic Energy of a Charge Distribution, Energy
Density of an Electrostatic Field, Energy of a System of Charged Conductors-Coefficient of Potential,
Forces and Torques.
Electric Current:
Nature of the Current, Current Density, Equation of Continuity, Ohms Law, Conductivity, Steady
Currents in Continuous Media, Approach to Electro-static Equilibrium, Microscopic Theory of
Conduction, Joule Heating.
Text Books:
J.R. Reitz, F.J. Milford and R.W. Christy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory, 4 th Edition, Addison
Wesley Publishing Inc. Massachusetts, USA, 1993.
Munir H. Nayfesh and Morton K. Brussel, Electricity and Magnetism, 1 st Edition John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York, USA, 1985.
Recommended Books:
1. Roald K. Wangsness, Electromagnetic Fields, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Yourk, USA, 1979.
2. J.D. Jachson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA,
1975.
3. David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 1st Edition, Prentice-Hall UK, 1995.
______________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Solid State Physics – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 404 Course Type: Major – 15
Pre-requisite: Quantum Mechanics, Electricity Magnetism I & II, Heat and Thermodynamics,
Statistical Physics
Objectives:
 To develop a basic knowledge of crystallography
 To understand the x-ray diffraction in crystal investigation
 To understand the binding forces in crystalline material
 To develop the understanding of lattice dynamics and its uses in derivation of theories of
specific heat
 To understand the behavior of free electrons in metals and Fermi Energy
Course Contents:
Transport properties of solids. Boltzmann equation, Point defects and dislocations in solids, Dielectrics,
Dia, Para and Ferro-magnetism, Magnetic relaxation and resonance phenomena, Superconductivity and
devices,
Introduction to superconductivity with applications
Books Recommended:
1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John Wiley.
2. S.O.Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub, 2003
3. W.T. Read Jr. Dislocations in crystals, McGraw Hill, 1991.
4. C.M. Kachaava, Solid State Physics, Tata McGraw Hill. Co. New Delhi, 1989
5. J.R. Christman, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988
6. H.E. Hall, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
7. A. Guinier & R. Jullien, The Solid State, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989
_____________________________________________________________________________

Course Title: Electromagnetic Theory – II Credit Hours: 03

Course Code: PHYS – 406 Course Type: Major – 16
Pre-requisite: Electromagnetic Theory – I
Objectives:
 To give the basic understanding in static electromagnetic fields and time dependent
electromagnetic fields
 To develop knowledge of propagation, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves
 To develop the understanding of skin effect and wave guides
Magnetic Field of Steady Currents:
 51

The Definition of Magnetic Induction, Forces on Current Carrying Conductors, The Law of Biot and
Savart, elementary Applications of Biot-Savart’s Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law, The Magnetic Vector
Potential, The Magnetic Field of Distance Circuit, The magnetic Scalar Potential, Magnetic Flux.
Magnetic Properties of Matter:
Magnetization, Magnetic Field Produced by Magnetized Material, Magnetic Scalar Potential and
Magnetic Pole Density, Sources of The Magnetic Field, Magnetic Intensity, The Field Equations,
magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability, Hysteresis, Boundary Conditions on Field Vectors,
Electromagnetic Induction, Self Induction, Matual induction, The Neumann Formula.
Maxwell’s Equations:
The Generalization of Ampere’s Law, Displacement Current, Maxwell’s Equations and the Empirical
Bases, Electromagnetic Energy, The Wave Equation, Boundary Conditions, Wave Equation with
Sources, Retarded Scaler and Vector Potentials, Lorentz Condition.
Applications of Maxwell’s Equations:
Plane Monochromatic Waves in Non-Conducting Media, Polarization, Energy Density and Flux, Plane
Monochromatic Waves in Conduction Media, Reflection and Refraction at the Boundary of Two Non-
conduction Media (Normal Incidence, Oblique incidence), Brewster’s Angle, Critical Angle, Complex
Fresnel’s Coefficients, Reflection From a Conducting Plane, Reflection and Transmission by a Thin
Layer, Interference, Propagation Between Parallel Conducting Plates, Waveguides, Cavity Resonators.
Optical Dispersion in Materials:
Drude Lorentz Harmonic oscillator model, Resonance absorption by bound charges, Cauchy’s relation,
The Drude Free electron theory, Kramers-Kroing relations
Radiation Emission:
Radiation from an oscillating dipole, Radiation from a half wave antenna.
Text Books:
J.R. Reitz, F.J. Milford and R.W. Christy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory, 4 th Edition, Addison
Wesley Publishing Inc. Massachusetts, USA, 1993.
Munir H. Nayfesh and Morton K. Brussel, Electricity and Magnetism, 1 st Edition, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York, USA, 1985.
Recommended Books:
1. Roald K. Wangsness, Electromagnetic Fields, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA, 1979
2. J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA,
1975
3. David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 1st Edition, Prentic-Hall, UK, 1981
 52

COURSE OUTLINE

OF

ELECTIVE COURSES

FOR

BS – 4 YEARS PROGRAM

IN PHYSICS
 53

OPTION-A (ADVANCED ELECTRONICS)

PHYS-421 Digital Electronics-I (3 Cr. Hours)

NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CODES

Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Numbers and their Conversions, Codes, BCD, GRAY, excess-3,
ASCII, EBCDIC, Even/Odd Parity Generator.

LOGIC GATES
Inverter, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Ex-OR and Ex-NOR logic gates, Universal property of NAND and
NOR gates, Combinational logic circuits.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION

Boolean Operations and Expressions, Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra, DeMorgan’s Theorem,
Simplification using Boolean Algebra, Karnaugh Map, Karnaugh Map SOP and POS Minimization.

FLIP-FLOPS AND RELATED DEVICES

Introduction to Flip-Flops, R-S F/F, J-K F/F, D-Type F/F, T-Type F/F, Master Slave J-K F/F, Flip Flop
Applications, One-Shots, 555 Timers.

COUNTERS
Asynchronous/Synchronous Counter operation, Up/Down Counter, Design of Synchronous Counters,
Cascaded Counters, Counter Applications.

Recommended Books
1. Digital Fundamentals, (7th Ed.) T.L. Floyd, Prentice Hall International Inc. (2000).
2. Digital Principles and Applications, (5th Ed.) D.P. Leach and A.P. Malvino,Glencoe/McGraw
Hill (1995).
3. Introduction to Digital Circuits, T.F. Bogart Jr., Glencoe/McGraw Hill (1992).
4. Digital Systems Principles and Applications, (6th Ed.) R.J.Tocci, Prentice Hall, Inc.(1995).
5. Digital Electronics, (4th Ed.), Bignell & Donovan, Delmar Thomson Learning.

PHYS-422 Digital Electronics-II (3 Cr. Hours)

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGIES.

TTL Subfamilies and Characteristics, CMOS Subfamilies and specifications, Interfacing TTL to
CMOS, Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL), Interfacing (ECL) to other Logic Families.
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
PLD Arrays and Classifications, Programmable Array Logic, Generic Array Logic, Sequential Logic
Applications of PLD’s
REGISTERS
Basic Shift Register Functions, Serial In/Serial Out, Parallel In/Serial Out, Parallel In/Parallel Out Shift
Registers, Bidirectional Shift Register, Shift Register Counters, Shift Register Applications.
DECODER, MULTIPLEXERS DEMULTIPLEXERS & DISPLAYS
Decoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Multiplexers and Demultiplexers ICs, Seven Segment Display,
Liquid Crystal Display, Making a 3-to-8 Decoder from the Programmable Logic Devices.

INTERFACING
Digital and Analog Interfacing D/A and A/D Conversion, Troubleshooting DAC’s and ADC’s

MEMORIES AND INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Microcomputer and its parts, Computer Memory, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Static RAM,
Dynamic RAM, Micro-controller.
 54

Recommended Books
1. Digital Fundamentals, (7th Ed.), T.L. Floyd, Prentice Hall International Inc. (2000).
2. Digital Principles and Applications, (5 th Ed.) D.P. Leach and A.P. Malvino, Glencoe/McGraw
Hill (1995).
3. Introduction to Digital Circuits, T.F. Bogart Jr., Glencoe/McGraw Hill (1992).
4. Digital Systems Principles and Applications (6th Ed.), R.J. Tocci, Prentice Hall, Inc.(1995).
5. Digital Electronics (4th Ed.), Bignell & Donovan, Delmar Thomson Learning.

PHYS-424 Digital Electronics Laboratory. (3 Cr. Hours)

List of Experiments
1. Design and study of logic circuits.
2. The conversion of Sr Flip-Flopinto D, T and J-K Flip Flops.
3. Half and full adder circuits.
4. Half and full subtractor circuits.
5. Parallel binary adders.
6. Parallel binary subtractor circuits.
7. Design and study of Up/Down counters.
8. Design and study of Decade Counter.
9. 7-Segment Decoder/Driver.
10. Synchronous Counters with Decoder/Driver.
11. Asynchronous Counters with Decoder/Driver.
12. Bi-directional shift registers.
13. Serial-in Serial-out shift register.
14. Serial-in Parallel-out shift register.
15. Parallel-in Serial out shift register.
16. Parallel-in Parallel-out shift register.
17. Combinational Logic using Multiplexer and Demultiplexer.
18. Digital to analog conversions.
19. Analog to digital conversion.
20. 555 Timer as Astable multivibrator.
21. 555 Timer as One-shot multivibrator.

OPTION-B (COMPUTER HARDWARE) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-431 Digital Computer Logic Design and Analysis-I (3 Cr. Hours)

1) INTRODUCTION
Computer, Basic components of computers system, Introduction to operating system,
Fundamental concept of Hardware and Software, Computer Language.

2) NUMBER SYSTEM AND INTERNATIONAL DATA REPRESENTATION

Binary Number system, Conversion to decimal number system and Viceversa, Octal Number
System, Hexadecimal number system and their conversion, Octal number system and their
conversion, One’s and two’s Complement method, Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication,
8421 BCD CODE, ASCII Code, EBSDIC code, Graycode, Fixed point, Floating point.

3) LOGIC DESIGN
Logic gates, Boolean Algebra, Flip-flops, Counters, Shift-Registers, Multiplexers,
Demultiplexers, Decoder/Drivers, Encoders, Adders, Multipliers, RAM, ROM.

4) MICRO PROCESSORS
Introduction to Microprocessor, A Brief Introduction to 8086/8088 Srial/Paralell I/O IEEE,
Introduction to Support Chips Interrupts.
 55

Reference Books
1. Digital Logic and computer Design by M. Morris Mano, 2 nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
2. Microcomputer systems the 8086/8088 Family, Architect programming and Design by Gibson,
1984 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.07632.

PHYS-432 Digital Computer Logic Design and Analysis-II (3 Cr. Hours)

++
1) PROGRAMMING (FORTRAN/C LANGUAGE)
Description of the Problem, Flow-Chart, Computer Programs, Constants, Variables, Symbols
I/O Statements, Format Specification, Control Statements, Arithmetic Operation, Builting
Mathematical Function, Function Subprogram and Subroutine Sub-Program, Files Type and
Organization Handling, Introduction to Data structure.

2) NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION

Solution of System of Linear Equations, Solution of 1st Order and 2nd Order Differential
Equations, Numerical Integration, Solution of Simultaneous Equations, Least Squre Fit of Data,
Computer Programs for Solving Problems

Reference Books
1. Fortran 77 for Engineers and Scientists by Horry Nyhoff Sanfor Lestma, Mc Million Publishing
Company 1985, New York.
2. Applied Numerical Analysis for digital computer by M.L. Games, G.M. Smith and J.C. Walford,
HARBER and Row, Publishers, New York.
3. Numerical Analysis with Fortran programming by Mc CRACKEN Daniel, Mc Graw Hill.

PHYS-434 DLD and Computer Laboratory. (3 Cr. Hours)

Section –A Hardware
1. To verify experimentally the characteristics of seven-segment LED array and to properly
connect a BCD-to-Seven segment decoder/driver to seven-segment display.
2. To learn 8421 BCD Code and to study the operation of 8421 BCD decoder.
3. To study the behaviour of OR, AND , NOR, NAND, XOR and to learn the significance of the
term threshold and to observe the essential points of transfer characteristics.
4. To study the characteristics of R-S, J.K and master-slave flip-flops and also design the Mod-12
Counter.
Section – B Software
1. At least 10 assignments relating to FORTRAN/C++ Language Programming.
2. VIVA-VOCE/SEMINAR/OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST OR “ART OF PROGRAMMING”
3. Practical Note Book
Reference Books
1. Fortran 77 for Engineers and Scientists by Horry Nyhoff Sanfor Lestma, Mc Million Publishing
Company 1985, New York.
2. Digital Logic and computer Design by M. Morris Mano, 2 nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs.
3. Fortran Computer Manual.
4. Applied Numerical Analysis for digital computer by M.L. Games, G.M. Smith and J.C. Walford,
HARBER and Row, Publishers, New York.
5. Microcomputer systems the 8086/8088 Family, Architect programming and Design by Gibson,
1984 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.07632.

OPTION-C (SOLID STATE PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-441 Special Solid State Physics-I (3 Cr. Hours)
1. Elastic Constants and Elastic Waves
Elastic Waves, Analysis of elastic strains, Elastic compliance and stiffness constants, Elastic
waves in cubic crystal, experimental determination of elastic constants.

2. Point Defects
 56

Types of imperfections, lattice vacancies, Diffusion, Colour Centres, F – Centres other Centres
in Alkali halites.

3. Surface and Interface Physics

Surface crystallography, Surface electronic structure, p-n Junctions

4. Dislocations
Dislocations and the Mechanical Strength of Metals, Burgers Vectors, Stress field of dislocation,
low angle grain boundaries, dislocation densities, radiation damage insolids.
Text Book:
Introduction to Solid State Physics by Charles Kittel.
4th & 7th Edition.
Recommended Books:
1. Elementary Solid State Physics by Ali Omar.

PHYS-442 Special Solid State Physics-II (3 Cr. Hours)

1. Diffraction I: Directions of Diffracted Beams
Diffraction, Bragg law, X-ray spectroscopy, Diffraction directions, Diffraction methods

2. Diffraction II: Intensities of Diffracted Beams

Scattering by an electron, Scattering by an atom, Scattering by a unit cell, Structure-factor
calculations, Application to powder method, Multiplicity factor, Examples of intensity
calculations.

3. Determination of Crystal Structure

Preliminary treatment of data, Indexing patterns of cubic crystals, Indexing patterns of noncubic
crystals, Determination of the number of atoms in a unit cell, Determination of atom positions,
Examples of structure determination.
Text Books:
1. Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, by B.D.Cullity.
PHYS-444 SPECIAL SOLID STATE PHYSICS- III 3 Cr. H.
Simple metals, review of free electron model, electrostatic energy, the empty core pseudopotential, free
electron energy, density and bulk modulus, cohesion, electronic structure of metals, pseudopotential in
the perfect lattice, electron diffraction by pseudopotential, nearly free electron bands and Fermi
surfaces, scattering by defects, screening, mechanical properties, band structure energy, phonon
spectrum, electron phonon interaction.

Text Book:
1. Electronic structure and the properties of solids by Walter A. Harrison,Freeman(1980).

Recommended Books:
1. Solid State Physics by Ashcroft and Mermin, Saunders College(1976).
2. Elementary Solid State Physics by M.Ali Omar, Addisson Weseley(1996).
3. Introduction to solid state physics by Charles Kittel 7th edition, John Wiley (1996).
4. Solid State Physics by Ibach and Luth, Springer(1996).

PHYS-448 Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)

Note:- Experiments related to Paper C-I,II & III shall be performed during this course.

OPTION-D (LASER PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-451 Opto-Electronics and Lasers. (3 Cr. Hours)
1) FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Complex function formalism, Consideration of energy and power in Electromagnetic fields,
wave propagation in isotropic medium wave propagation in crystals.

2) THE PROPAGATION OF RAYS AND BEAMS

 57

Lens waveguide, propagation of rays between mirrors, Rays in lenslike media, wave equation in
quadratic index media, Gaussian Beams in Homogenous medium, Gaussian Beam in a lenslike
Medium, ABCD law, High Order Gaussian Beam Modes in a Homogeneous Medium. High
Order Gaussian Beam Modes in Quadratic Index Media.

3) OPTICAL RESONATORS.
Febry-Perot Etalon, Optical spectrum analyzers, optical reasonators with spherical mirrors,
mode stability criteria, modes in a generalized resonator, resonance frequencies of optical
resonators, losses in optical resonator, Unstable optical resonators.

4) INTERACTION OF RADIATION AND ATOMIC SYSTEMS.

Spontaneous transitions between atomic levels, Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening,
induced transition absorption and amplification, the electron oscillator model of an atomic
transition, atomic susceptibility gain saturation in homogeneous laser laser media;
inhomogeneous media.

5) THEORY OF LASERS OSCILLATOR

Fabry Perot laser, Oscillation frequency, three and four level lasers, power in laser oscillators,
optimum output coupling in laser oscillators, Multi mode laser oscillation and mode locking,
relaxation oscillation in lasers.
6) SOME SPECIFIC LASER SYSTEMS.
Pumping and laser efficiency, Ruby laser, Nd-YaG laser, Neodymium-Glass laser, He-Ne laser,
carbon dioxide laser, Excimer laser.

7) SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS.
General consideration, Semiconductor materials, stimulated emission, wave guiding, far filled
pattern, threshold current density, laser operating characteristics, device structure light output
and spectral distribution turn on delay, laser degradation.
Text Book
1. Optical Electronics by Amnon Yariv, CBS College Publishing USA, 1985.
2. Principles of lasers, O.Svelto, Plenum Press USA.
3. Optoelectronics, an introduction, by J.A. vilson and F.B. Hawkes, Printice Hall.
4. Laser by B.A. Lengyel, Wiley Interscience USA.
5. Physics of Semiconductor devices, S.M. Sze, Willy Interscience USA.
6. Heterostructure Lasers, H.C. CASEY and M.B. Panish, Academic Press USA.
7. Optical processes in semiconductors, J.I. Pankove, Dover publications USA.

PHYS-452 Semiconductor Laser Devices (3 Cr. Hours)

1) CRYSTAL STRUCTURE.
Bonding and Band Structure, Dopants; Low Concentrations, High Concentrations, Band Tail
States, Electron Distribution and Density of States, Electron Hole Pair Formation and
Recombination, Direct and Indirect Band Gap Materials and Internal Quantum Efficiency,
Recombination Viva Centres in the Forbidden Energy Gap, Minority Process other than Band to
Band, Free to Bound Carrier Recombination, Exciktonic Effects, Iso-Electronic Impurity Effects
on Luminescence, Donor-Acceptor Pair, Radiation, Non-Radiative RecombinationProcess,
Multiphonon Emission, Non-Radiative Process Involving the Auger Effect.

2) P-N JUNATIONS AND HETEROJUNCTIONS

Current Voltage Characteristics, Ideal Junctions, Non-Ideal Junctions, Junction Capacitance,
Heterojunctions, General Considerations, Heterojunction Band Diagram, Current Voltage
Characteristics, Light Current Relationship in Spontaneous Emission, Diode Frequency
Response as Limited by Carrier Life Time.

3) STIMULATED EMISSION AND GAIN.

 58

Optical Gain in Two level Atomic System, Optical Gain in a Direct Band Gap Semiconductor,
The Fabry Perot Cavity and Threshold condition, Laser Transitions, Pure Materials, Effect of
Dopants on the Emission Wavelength.

4) RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LASER

DIODES.
Carrier Confinement and injected Carrier Utilization, Interfacial Recombindation and Carrier
Utilization, Threshold Current Density and Differential Quantum Efficiency, Temperature
Dependence of Threshold Current Density, Optical Anomalies and Radiation Confinement, Loss
in Asymmetrical Heterojunction Lasers.

5) TYPE OF LASERS
Homo-Structure Lasers, Single Hetero-Structure Lasers, Double Hetero-Structure Lasers, Stripe
Geometry.
TEXT BOOK
Semiconductor Lasers and Heterojunction LED’s, by Henry Kressel and J.K. Butler, Academic
Press.

Recommended Books
1. Physics of Semiconductor devices, G.H.B. Thompson, John Wiley,
2. Gallium Arsenide Laser, C.H. Gooch, John Wiley.
3. Physics of Semiconductor devices, S.M. SZE, John Wiley.

PHYS-454 Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)

Note:- Experiments related to Paper D-I&II shall be performed during this course.

OPTION-E (NUCLEAR/RADIATION PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-461 Radiation Physics. (3 Cr. Hours)

1) RADIOBIOLOGY
Radiation Chemistry, Radiation Effects on Biologically Important Molecules, Biological Effects of
Radiations, Modification of Radiation Injury.

2) RADIOTHERAPY
Clinical Treatment Planning and Calibration of Radiotherapy Equipment using Co-60 Unit and
Linear Accelerator For Rotational, Interstitial and Intracavitory Radiation Treatment.

3) ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Introduction to the Human Anatomy and Medical Terminology Useful for Diagnosis and
Treatment with Radiation Sources.

4) RADIATION DOSIMETRY
Calculation of Doses for Poin, Line, Disc and Cylindrical Sources, Area and Personnel Monitoring,
Calculation of Doses from Internally Deposited Radioisotopes, Bioassays, Invivo Coonnting,
Thyroid, Brain, Liver and Lung Scanning.

5) NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Diagnostic Studies, Scanning Procedures in Nuclear Medicine,
Calibration of Instruments, Phe-Gamma Camera and Computer System in Nuclear Medicine.
 59

6) RADIATION PROTECTION
History of radiation Damage, Radiation Units, Effect of Radiation on Body, Genetic and
Somatic Effects, Target Theory and its applications, Sources of Radiation, Maximum
Permissible Exposure Values, Transport of Radioactive Materials, Contamination and
Decontamination Procedures.

7) DIAGNOSTIC X-RAYS
X-Rays and its production, Measurement of X-Rays, Interaction of X-Rays in Diagnosis, Concept of
Beam Modulation in Producing System Contrast, Exposure Control to Patient, Routine
Measurement in X-Ray Suits.
TEXT BOOK
1. Kaplan, I. “Nuclear Physics”, Addison Wilsley Publishing Co. 1972.
Faiz M. Khan, “The Physics of Radiation Therapy, 2 nd Edition, Williams & Wilkins, USA,
1993.

PHYS-462 Solid State Nuclear Track Detection (3 Cr. Hours)

1) Introduction to Nuclear Track Detectors
Cloud, Bubble and Spark Chambers, Nuclear Collision Losses, Silver Halide Crystals, Etchable
Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, (SSNTDs).

2) Interactions of Charged Particles with Matter

Nuclear Collision Losses, Electronic Energy Losses, Direct Production of Atomic
Displacements, Secondary Electrons, Range-Energy Relations.

3) The Nature of Charged-Particle Tracks and Some Possible Track Formation Mechanisms
in Insulting Solids
Radiation Damage in Solids, Track-storing Materials, Track-forming Particles: Criteria for
Track Formation, Experimental Studies on the Size and Structure of Latent-Damage Trails,
Critical Appraisal of Track Formation Models.

4. Track Etching: Methodology and Geometry

Track Etching Recipes, Track Etching Geometry, Some Special Techniques for Track Parameter
Measurements, Environmental Effects on Track Etching.

5) Thermal Fading of Latent Damage Trails

The Nature of the Annealing Process, The Effects of Pre-annealing on the Etched Tracks,
Typical Annealing Temperatures for Fission Tracks in Various Materials, Closing
Temperatures, Annealing Correction Methods, Track Seasoning.

6) The Use of Dielectric Track Recorders in Particle Identification

Calibration, Charge Assignment, Low-energy Particles, charge and Mass Resolution, Some
Applications of Particle Identification Techniques, The Ancient Cosmic Rays.

7) Radiation Dosimetry and SSNTD Instrumentation

Neutron Dosimetry, Alpha Particle Dosimetry and Radon Measurements, Charged Particle other
than alphas, SSNTD Instrumentation Automatic Evaluation and Methods.

8) Fission Track Dating

Radioactive Dating, The Fission Track Age Equation, Practical Steps in obtaining a Fission
Track Age, The Interpretation of Fission Track Ages, Neutron Dosimetry, Fission Decay
Constant of 238U, and Age Standards, Annealing Corrections, Fission Track Dating of Lunar
Samples and Meteorites, Fission Track Dating in Archaeology, Errors in Fission Track Dating.

9) Further Applications of Track Detectors and Some Directions for the Future
Applications to Nuclear Physics, Elemental Distributions and Biological Applications,
Extraterrestrial Samples, Particles in Stopping media.
 60

TEXT BOOK
1. Solid State Nuclear Track Detection S.A. Durani and R.K. Bull, Pergamon Press (1987).
2. Nuclear Tracks in Solids Fleischer Robert L., Price P. Buford, walker Robert M., University of
California Press (1975).

PHYS-464 Radiation Detection & Measurement Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)

The students will perform experiments on applied Health Physics and radiation detection. The use of the
following equipment will be demonstrated during these experiments. Pocket Dosimeters, Beta-Gamma
and Neutron Survey Meters, G.M. Detectors, Scintillation Detectors, Solid State Detectors and Neutron
Detectors.

OPTION-F (MATERIALS SCIENCE) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-471 Thermodynamics and Thermal Properties (3 Cr. Hours)
1) THERMODYNAMICS OF CRYSTALS
Introduction, The Effect of Temperature on Metal Crystals, Heat Content, Entropy and Free Energy,
The Variation of Free Energy with Temperature, Thermodynamics of Lattice Defects, The Phase
Rule, The Lever Rule, The Free Energy-Composition Diagrams, The Binary Phase Diagram, Iron-
Carbon Phase Diagram, Constituents of Iron and Steel, Micro structural changes During Cooling.

2) DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS
Fick’s Laws of Diffusion, Solution of Fiek’s Second Law Applications Based on Second Law
Solution, The Atomic Model of Diffusion, Other Diffusion Processes.

3) PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
nucleation and Growth: The Nucleation Kinetics, The Growth and over all Transformation
Kinetics, Martensitic Transformation, Applications; Transformations in Iron and Steel and
Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram, Precipitation Processes, Solidification and
Crystallization, Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth.

4) THERMAL PROPERTIES
Introduction, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Thermoelectricity;
Thermoelectric Power, Seebeck Effect, Thomson Effect, Peltier Effect, Thermal Radiation, Thermal
Stresses, Thermal Shock Resistance.

5) THERMAL ENERGY
Introduction, Activation Energy, Maxwell-Boltzmann Law, Arrhenius Rate Law, Chemical
Reactions, Thermionic Emission.

6) HEAT TREATMENTS OF IRON AND STEEL

Introduction, Purpose of Heat Treatment, Annealing, Normalizing, Spheroidizing, Hardening,
Tempering, Austempering and Martempering, Case Hardening: Carburizing, Nitriding, Flame
Hardening, Induction Hardening, Cyaniding, and Quenching.

Text books;
1. Physical Properties of Materials, by M.C. Lovell, A.J. Avery and M.W. Vernon, Van
Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd. 1984
2. Science of Engineering Materials, Vol.3, by Manas Chanda, The Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980.
3. Materials Science & Engineering by V.Raghavan, 2nd Edition, 1984.
4. Modern Physical Metallurgy by R.E. Smallman, 3rd Edition, Butterworth and Co.Ltd. 1980.
5. Refreshers Materials Science by R.B. Gupta and B.K. Gupta, 4 th Edition, Satya Prakashan,
New Dehli, 1992.
6. An Introduction to Metallurgy, by Alan Cottrell, 2nd Edition, Edward Aarnold (Pub.) Ltd.
London, 1975.

PHYS-472 Ceramics, Polymers & Composite Materials (3 Cr. Hours)

 61

1) POTTERY
Clays, Primary Minerals, Secondary minerals, Characteristics of the Raw Materials Employed
for the Manufacture of Whitewares. The Processing of Whitewares (Slip Casting, Plastic
Forming, Powder Pressing and Firing).
2) CERAMICS
Performance and Properties of Materials for High Temperature, Refractories Such as Silica,
Alumino – Silicates, Magnesia, Dolomite etc. Fabrication and Properties of Oxides, Carbide and
Nitride Ceramics.

3) GLASSES
Crystals and Glasses, the process of Glass Formation, Nature of Glass Transition, The Glass
Transition Temperature.

4) POLYMERS
Glassification of Polymers, Plymer Structure, Molecular Weight, Chemical Structure and
Thermal Transitions, The Synthesis of High Polymers, Polymerization Techniques. The Solid
State Properties of Polymers: The Amorphous & Crystalline State, Thermal Transitions and
Properties, Electrical & Mechanical Properties.

5) COMPOSITES
Classification and Definition of Composite Materials, The Properties of Fibers, Matrices and the
Interfaces, Structural Geometry of Reinforcing Materials Formation and Testing of Composites,
Properties and Analysis of Composite Materials.

Tex Book
1. Chemistry and Physics of Clays by R.W. Grimshaw, 4 th Edition John Wiley & Cons, New York,
1980.
2. Science of Engineering Materials by ManasChanda, Vol.2, Mc Millan Ltd. India, 1979.
3. The Physics Properties of Glasses by D.G. Holloway, Wykeham Publishing Ltd. London, 1973
4. Polymer Science and Technology by Joel R. Fried, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Dehli
(2000).
5. Polymer Science by V.R. Gowarikar, N.V. Vishwanathan, J. Screedhar, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
1986.
6. Text Book of Polymer Science by F.W. Billmeyer Jr., 2nd Edition Wiley Interscience, New York,
1971.
7. Composite Materials by L. Holliday, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1966.
8. Fiber Composite Hybrid Materials N.L. Hancox, Mc Millan, 1981.

PHYS-473 Mechanical Properties and Strength of Materials-I (3 Cr. Hours)

General Different Tests to Evaluate the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Hardness and its
Measurements, Tensile, Compressive and Shear Tests, Sheet Metal Tests, Notch Impact Tests, The
Structure-Dependent Properties of Materials, Atomic Model of Elastic Behavior, Resolved Shear Stress,
The Law of Critical Resolved Shear Stress, The Relation Between Work-Hardening and Slip, Effect of
Alloying on Elastic and Plastic Behavior, Point Defects, Line Defects, Dislocations, Types of
Dislocations, Energy of Dislocations, Interaction Between Dislocations, Planar Defects: Stacking
Faults, Twinning, Grain Boundaries, Grain Size, Tilt Boundaries.

Recommended books:
1. Modern Physical Metallurgy, By R.E. Smallman, 3rd Edition,
Published By Butterworths and Co. Ltd. London, (1980).
2. Materials Science and Engineering, By V. Raghavan, 2nd Edition,
Prentice-Hall International Inc., (1984).
2. Testing of Materials, By Vernon John
Published By The Macmillan Press Ltd., Hong Kong, (1992).
4. The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol III. Mechanical Behaviou, 4th Edition
 62

By H. W. Hayden and T. Wulff, John Wiley & Sons Inc. London, (1984).
5. The Science of Engineering Materials Vol 1: Structure of Matter, By Manas Chanda, Published
By The Macmillan Press Ltd., (1979).
6. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, By R. A. Flinn. 2nd Edition,
Houghton Mifllin Company, U.S.A. (1981).

PHYS-474 Mechanical Properties and Strength of Materials-II (3 Cr. Hours)

1. STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS
Introduction, Cold Working and Annealing, Solute Hardening, Precipitation or Second Phase
Hardening, Strengthening Mechanisms, Diffusion Hardening etc.

2. PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF MATERIALS

Introduction, Stress-Strain Curves, Work-Hardening, Three Stages of Work Hardening, Work-
Hardening in Polycrystals, Ideal Plastic Behavior, Strain-Hardening, Stain Ageing, Strain Rate and
Temperature.

3. FRACTURE, CREEP AND FATIGUE

Introduction, Concept of Fracture Mechanics, Ductile Fracture, Brittle Fracture, Temperature Effects
and the Ductile-Brittle Transition, Fracture Toughness and its determination, Crack Opening
Displacement Testing, Creep, Creep Mechanisms, Creep Resistance Materials, Stress-Rupture Testing,
Relaxation Testing, Fatigue, Factors Affecting Fatigue, Fatigue Testing, Fatigue Fracture.

Recommended books:
1. Modern Physical Metallurgy, By R.E. Smallman, 3rd Edition,
Published By Butterworths and Co. Ltd. London, (1980).
2. Materials Science and Engineering, By V. Raghavan, 2nd Edition,
Prentice-Hall International Inc., (1984).
3. Testing of Materials, By Vernon John
Published By The Macmillan Press Ltd., Hong Kong, (1992).
4. The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol III. Mechanical Behaviou, 4th Edition
By H. W. Hayden and T. Wulff, John Wiley & Sons Inc. London, (1984).
5. The Science of Engineering Materials Vol 1: Structure of Matter, By Manas Chanda, Published
By The Macmillan Press Ltd., (1979).
6. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, By R. A. Flinn. 2nd Edition,
Houghton Mifllin Company, U.S.A. (1981).

PHYS-475 Solid State Reactions and Materials Technology (3 Cr. Hours)

1. Preparation and Characterization of an Oxide Material.
2. Preparation and Characterization of a Binary Alloy.
3. Preparation and Characterization of a Ferromagnetic Material.
4. Preparation and Characterization of a Metallic Magnetic Alloy.
5. Determination of Crystal Orientation by Laue Method.
6. Determination of Crystal Symmetry with the Help of Weissenberg Method.
7. X-Ray Diffraction study of a Powder Sample using Debye-Sherrer/Diffractometer and Guinier
Techniques.
8. Revealing of Magnetic Domains of Magnetic Materials by Bitter and Kerr Effects.
9. Preparation and Receptivity Measurements of a Flat Oxide Sample in the Temperature Range of
4  to  80K.
10. Measurement of Magnetic Properties of Oxide and Metallic Magnetic Materials.
11. Constitution of a Binary Metallic System.
12. Constitution of Quasi-Binary Oxide System.

Text Book
1. X-ray Crystallography, by Buerger.
 63

Reference Books
1. Practical X-ray Spectrometry, by R. Jenkins and L. Deny.

PHYS-476 Material Science Laboratory (3 Cr. Hours)

1. Preparation and Characterization of an Oxide Material.
2. Preparation and Characterization of a Binary Alloy.
3. Preparation and Characterization of a Ferromagnetic Material.
4. Preparation and Characterization of a Metallic Magnetic Alloy.
5. Determination of Crystal Orientation by Laue Method.
6. Determination of Crystal Symmetry with the Help of Weissenberg Method.
7. X-Ray Diffraction study of a Powder Sample using Debye-Sherrer/Diffractometer and Guinier
Techniques.
8. Revealing of Magnetic Domains of Magnetic Materials by Bitter and Kerr Effects.
9. Preparation and Receptivity Measurements of a Flat Oxide Sample in the Temperature Range of
4  to  80K.
10. Measurement of Magnetic Properties of Oxide and Metallic Magnetic Materials.
11. Constitution of a Binary Metallic System.
12. Constitution of Quasi-Binary Oxide System.

Text Book
1. X-ray Crystallography, by Buerger.

Reference Books
1. Practical X-ray Spectrometry, by R. Jenkins and L. Deny.

PHYS-477 AMORPHOUS AND POLYCRYSTALLINE (3 Cr. Hours)

MATERIALS

1. Preparation Of Materials
Introduction, Definition, Preparation of Amorphous Materials, Thermal Evaporation, Sputtering,
Glow Discharge Decomposition, Chemical Vapour Deposition, Melt Quenching, Electrolytic
Deposition, Cheimcal Reaction.

2. Structure Of Materials
Microscopic Structure, Experimental Techniques and Short-Range Order Scattering, Extended X-ray
Absorption Fine Structure, Macroscopic Sturucture: Experimental Techniques Microscopy, Small
Angle.

3. Opto Electronic Properties Of Materials

Introduction, The Kubo-Greenwood Formula, Anderson Localization, Photon Activated Hopping,
Hopping and Variable Range Hopping, The Anderson Transition, Mobility Edges, Semimetals and
Pseudogapes, Thermopower.Optical Properties

Recommended Books
1. Physics of Amorphous Materials By S.R. Elliot
2. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Solids, by N.F.Mott And E.A.Davis.
3. Polycrystalline And Amorphous Thin Films And Devices, by L.L. Kazmerski.
4. Fundamental of thin films by K.L Chopra

PHYS-478 PHYSICS OF MAGNETIC OXIDES (3 Cr. Hours)

1. Introduction
Crystal structure of ferrites, Types of spinels, Spinel solid solutions, Distorted spinels, magnetite and
maghemite, Garnets, The garnet structure, Cation substitutions, Hexagonal ferrites,Crystal structure and
Cation substitutions in Hexagonal ferrites, Microstructure of ferrites.
 64

2. Fabrication Techniques
Introduction, Powder preparation, Co-precipitation, Precursor methods, Sol-gel methods, Spray drying,
Combustion Synthesis, Green body forming, Compaction, Pressing, Casting, Solid state reactions,
Densification, Hot pressing, Microwave sintering, Preparation of ferrite thin films, Liquid phase
epitaxy, Sputtering techniques, Preparation of single crystals.

3. Magnetic Properties Of Ferrites

Origin of magnetic moments, Electronic structure, Bonding, Magnetic order, Diamagnetism and
Paramagnetism, Exchange, Molecular Field Theory, Ferrimagnets, Anisotropy and magnetostriction,
Domains and domain walls, Domain Structure, Magnetization processes and hysteresis.

4. Soft And Hard Ferrites

Soft ferrites, Initial permeability, Disaccomodation and magnetic annealing, Hard ferrites,
Magnetization rotation, The BH-product, Magnetization dynamics, Domain wall dynamics,
Ferromagnetic resonance.

Recommended Books
1. Raul Valenzuela” Magnetic Ceramics” Cambridge University Press, 1994.
2. J.Smit and H.P.J. Wijn “Ferrites” N.V. Gloeilampenfabrieken Eindhoven (Holland) 1959.
3. Allan H. Morrish “ The Physical Principles of Magnetism” John Wiley & Sons Inc.1965.
4. Alex Goldman, “Modern Ferrite Technology” Van Nosttrand Reinhold New York 1990.
5. R.W. Cahn, P. Haasen, E.J Kramer,“Materials Science and Technology” Vol. 3B,VCH
publishers Inc., New York, NY (USA) & Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim (Federal
Republic of Germany), (1994).

OPTION-G (MEDICAL PHYSICS) (9 Cr. Hours)

PHYS-481 Medical Physics-I (3 Cr. Hours)

1) Radiation Interaction
Atomic and Nuclear structure, Radioactivity (natural and artificial), Radioactive decay &
Radiation sources, Nuclear reactions, Interaction with matter: Attenuation & Absorption,
Detection: (Detectors, Dosimeters and Cameras).

2) Radiology
Production and properties of X-rays Tubes, Beam modification and quality, Diagnostic
Radiology, Mammography, Ultrasound in medicine, Computed tomography, Medical Imaging,
Radiographic Films, Computed, Quality assurance.

3) Radiotherapy
Basic Objects in radiotherapy Photon Beam Therapy Electron beam therapy Brachytherapy,
Cobalt-60 teletherapy, Linear accelerators (LINAC) Measurements and calculation of absorbed
dose, Dosimetry and Calibration, Radiotherapy Simulation, Treatment Planning, Dose
distribution, Treatment techniques, Beam modification Treatment verification, Quality
assurance.

Recommended Books
1. Kaplan, I. “Nuclear Physics”, Addison Wilsley Publishing company, 1972.
2. Sorenson, J.A. and Phelps, M.E. “Physics in Nuclear Medicine” Grune and Stratton, 1980.
3. Knoll G.F., Radionuclide Detection & Measurements, 2nd edition john Wiley, 1990.
4. S. Webb, “The Physics of Medical Imaging”, Institute of Physics Publishing 91OP), 1988.
5. Bushberg JT, Seibert JA etal, “The essential Physics of Medical Imaging”, Williams and Wilkins,
1994.
6. W.R. Hendee and E.R. Ritensor, “Medical Imaging Physics,” Mosby Yearbook, 1992.
7. Faiz M. Khan, “The Physics of Radiation Therapy, 2nd Edition, Williams & Walkins, USA 1993.
 65

8. William R. Hendee Geoffrey S. Ibbort, Radiation Therapy Physics, 2 nd Edition Mosby Yearbook,
Inc.1996.
9. D. Green, “Linear Accelarators for Radiation Therapy, Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP), 1985.

PHYS-482 Medical Physics-II (3 Cr. Hours)

1) Nuclear Medicine
Introduction, Radiopharmaceuticals, Raioisotope Generator, Dose Calibration, Gammas
Cameras and its components, SPECT, Quality assurance and maintenance.

2) Radiation Protection
Radiation Quantities and Units, Intervention levels and standards, Regulation & Licensing,
Radiation contamination, Radiation exposures, Dosimetry, Administration of Iodine therapy,
Radiation protection protocols, Radiation accidents managements, Radioactive waste
managements.
3) Radiation Biology
Basic Anatomy & Physiology, Medical terminology as applied in radiation biology and
radiotherapy, Cell structure and Tissues, Systems (Circulatory, Lymphatic, respiratory,
reproduction etc.), Effect of radiation on normal tissue and tumor, Cell surbival studies, Late
effects of radiation.

Recommended Books
1. Rober E. Henkin et al., “Nuclear Medicine, Vol.I & II, Mosby Publishing Co, 1996.
2. Donald R. Bernier et al., “Nuclear Medicine Technology and Techniques” Mosby Publishing Co,
1997.
3. Martine A. and Harbison, S.A., An instruction to Radiation protection”,(4 th ed.), Chapman and Hill,
1996.
4. Shapiro, J., “Radiation Protection”, Harvardd University Press, 1981.
5. Icrp Publication No.26, “Recommendations of international Commission on Radiological
Protection” Pergamon Press 1977.
6. A.W. rogers, text book of Anotomy, Chruchill Livingstone Publishers, 1992.
7. John R. Cameron and James g. Skofronick, “Medical Physics, John Wiely & Sons, 1978.

PHYS-484 Medical Physics Laboratory

OPTION-H (INSTRUMENTATION)

PHYS-491 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM-I 3 Cr. H.

Digital Fundamentals
Number Systems, Codes, Logic gates, Combinational logic circuits, Boolean Algebra and K-Map
Simplification, Flip flops and their applications D/A and A/D Converters.

Errors And Measurements

Introduction to measurements and errors, Significant figures, Random, systematic and gross errors,
Accuracies and tolerance, Instrument errors.

Noise Grounding And Shielding

Thermal, Shot, Flicker and Burst noise, Signal noise ratios and noise figures, Electrically, Magnetically
and electro-magnetically coupled interference, AC power line, ground faults and instrument ground,
Inductive and Capacitive coupling noise.

Ac/Dc Meters And Bridges

PMMC meter construction, Motion damping, Balancing moving coil support system and Arsonoval
response, Sensitivity and coil resistance, Temperature compensation, Galvanometer, DC ammeters and
voltmeters, Internal meter resistance, Meter calibration, Rectifier instrument (AC), Iron-vane meter,
 66

Thermo-coupled meter, Electrostatic Voltmeters, Single and poly phase power meters, Energy
measurement analogy, Digital multi-meter, Potentiometer chart recorders, AC bridge resistance
capacitance and inductance, Commercial RLC bridges.

Signal Conditioning And Acquisition

Analog signal level charges, Linearization, Conversion, Filtering and impedance matching, Op-
amplifier circuits in instrumentation, SCR, TRIAC, Specialized IC’’s digital filtering fundamentals,
ADC and DAC data acquisition systems, Micro-computers/Micro-controllers, Interfacing data
converters for computers.

Recommended Books
1. Digital Fundamentals, (7th Ed.) T.L. Floyd, Prentice Hall International Inc.(200).
2. Digital Principles and Applications (5th Ed.) D.P. Leach and A.P. Malvino,
Glencoe/McGraw Hill (1995).
3. Process Control Instrumentation Technology (3 rd Ed.), C.D. Johnson, John-Wiley & Sons
Inc. (1998).
4. Electronics of Measuring Systems, Tran Tien Lang, John-Wiley & Sons Inc. (1987).
5. Electronics Instrumentation (3rd Ed.) J.Disfenderfer, Holt-Saunder (1985).
6. Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation, B.M. Oliver, McGraw-Hill Book Company
(1975).
7. Transducer Interfacing, R.G. Seippel, Prentice Hall Inc. (1998).
8. Electronic Instruments and Measurements, L.D. Jones and A.F. Cghin, John-Wiley & Sons
Inc. (1983).

PHYS-492 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM-II 3 Cr. H.

Thermal, mechanical and optical transducers.

Metal resistance versus temperatures, Principle and devices, Thermo resistors, Thermo couplers,
Bimetallic strips, Gas vapor pressure and liquid expansion thermometers, Displacement, location and
position transducers, Strain transducers, Motion, pressure and flow transducers, Electromagnetic
radiations, Photo-detectors, Pyrometers, Conventional and laser olight sources, Label inspection,
Turbidity and ranging.

Signal Generating & Measuring Devices

Waveform generators and analyzers, High, low and very low frequencies generators, Pulse generators,
Frequency synthesizers/generators, Spectrum, Fourier wave, Disturbance and audio analyzers,
Oscilloscopes, Logic analyzers, RF voltmeters, RF power measurements, Fiber optics test equipment,
Noise figure meters.

Control System
Control fundamentals, Open loop and closed loop systems, transfer function, signal flow graph, gain
formula, Mathematical modeling of linear electrical and mechanical systems, state variables, state
equations and state diagrams, Analysis and design, Stability, controllability and observe-ability of
systems, state transition matrix, transient and steady state response, root locus method, Nyquist
criterion, PID Controllers, Lead-Lag Compensators, Pole-Zero Cancellations, Analog and
microprocessor based control systems, design examples.

Recommended Books
1. Digital Fundamentals (7th Ed.) T.L. Floyd, Prentice Hall International Inc. (2000).
2. Digital Principles and Applications (5th Ed.) D.P. Leach and A.P. Malvino, Glencoe/McGraw
Hill (1995).
3. Process Control Instrumentation Technology (3rd Ed.), C.D. Johnson, John-Wiley & Sons Inc.
(1988).
4. Electronics of Measuring Systems, Tran Tien Lang, John-Wiley & Sons Inc. (1987).
5. Electronics Instrumentation (3rd Ed.), J. Disfenderfer, Holt-Saunder (1985).
 67

6. Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation, B.M. Oliver, McGraw-Hill Book Company

(1975).
7. Transducer Interfacing, R.G. Seippel, Prentice Hall Inc. (1988).
8. Electronic Instruments and Measurements, L.D. Jones and A.F. Cghin, John-Wiley & Sons Inc.
(1983).
9. B.C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems (Prentice-Hall 1987).
10. J.J.D’Azzo and C.H. Houpis, Linear Control Systems: Analysis and Design (Prentice-Hall
1985).
11. B.C. Kuo, Digital Control Systems (Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1980).

PHYS-494 Laboratory 3 (Cr. H.)

Instrumentation Laboratory
1. Introduction to Oscilloscope.
2. Design and study of logic circuits.
3. The conversion of SR Flip-Flop into D, T and J-K Flip Flops
4. Half and Full adder circuits.
5. Half and Full subtractor circuits.
6. Design and study of Up/Down counters with Decoder/Driver.
7. Bi-directional Shift Registers.
8. Multiplexer and Demultiplexer.
9. D/A and A/D conversions.
10. 555 Timer as One-shot and Astable multivibrator.
11. Measurement of Impedance using RLC bridge circuit.
12. Design of various filters using Op-AMP.

Note:- 10 experiments will be the minimum requirement.

 68

COURSE OUTLINE

OF

ADDITIONAL ELECTIVE COURSES

FOR

BS – 4 YEARS PROGRAM

IN PHYSICS
 69

PHYS-411 Plasma Physics (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite:
Electrodynamics, Waves and Oscillations

Objectives:
1. To learn about the importance of the plasma alongwith the basic concept of plasma.
2. To know fluid description of the plasma.

Introduction, Occurance of plasma. Concept of temperature. Debye shielding. The plasma parameter.
Criteria for plasma. Applications of plasma physics. Single particle motion in electromegnatic field.
Unifrom and nonuniform E and B fields. Time-variant E and B fields. Fluid description of plasma.
Wave propagation in plasma. Derivation of dispersion relations for simple electrostatic and
electromagnetic modes. Introduction to controlled fusion, Basic nucler fusion reactions. Reaction rates
and power density, radiation losses from plasma, operational conditions.

Recommended Books:
1. F.F. Chen, Introduction to plasma Physics, 2nd ed. (plenum).
2. N.A. Krall and A.W. Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics, 1973 (McGraw Hill)
3. S. Glasstone and R.H. Lovberg, Controller Thermonuclear Reactions, 1960 (D.Van
Nestrand).

PHYS-412 Surface Physics (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite:
Solid State Physics

Objectives:
1. To know about the surface physics and its applications.
2. Learn about the interaction of surface with the ions, electrons etc.

An Introduction to Surfaces
What is a surface? The energetics and thermodynamics of creting a surface. An introduction to surface
Physics. Surface energies and the Wulff Theorem.

Studying Surfaces
What is UHV? Do we need UGV to study surfaces? The kinetic theory of gases, concept of vacuum and
standard vacuum hardware components. Comparison of different types of pumps with measurement of
vacuum pressure. Preparing a clean surface.

Surface Structures and Reconstructions:

Lattice concept. 3 D crystal structures, 2D surface structures. Specific types of surface, fcc, hecp, bcc
and stepped surfaces and a discussion of their relative energies. More complex ceconstruction, stability,
growth mechanisms, adsorption, Desorption and experimental probes of surface structure such a LEED
and RHEED. The structure of semi-conductor surfaces. The surface structures of very small metal
particles.

Adsorption, Desorption Bonding, Catalysis and Growth Process:

Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics chemisorption vs. physiorption, the kinetics of adsorption,
potential energy curves and adsorption energetics Adsorption mechanisms and knetics for low
coverages Langmuir Isotherms, derivation, adsorbate phase diagrams and phase transitions.
 70

The Structure of Adsorbate Layers:

Experimental probes of surface structure such as LEED and RHEED. Growth processes, vibrational
spectroscopy, catalysis, Desorption.

The Electronics and Magnetic Structure of Surfaces:

Band theory, Free electron theories and the work function, The electronic structure of semiconductor
surfaces, Electron emission processes, Magnetic processes at surfaces.

Electron-Surface Interactions:
Electron diffraction and quasi – elastic scattering, comparison of particle scattering techniques, Electron
spectroscopes, Discussion of the merits of different types of electron energy analysers and electron
deterctors. Signal processing and spectral analysis. Theory and practice of Auger electron Spectroscopy,
Quantification of Auger spectra, Auger depth Profiling.

Atom/ion surface interactions:

Comparison of particle scattering techniques, An Introduction to the theory and practice of SIMS, SIMS
imaging and depth profiling, Auger depth profiling, theory and practice of Rutherford. Back scattering.

Surface Microscopy:
Classification of microscopy techniques, Basic concepts in surface imaging and localized spectroscopy,
Imaging XPS, Optical microscopy, STEM. SEM. SPM. An introduction to the theory and practice of
scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Scanning probe microscopy techniques, Atomic Force Microscopy.

Recommended Books:
3. John A. Venables, Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes Cambridge University
Press (2000).

PHYS-413 Fluid Dynamics (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite
Classical Mechanics, Electrodynamics

Objectives:
1. to know the fundamentals of Fluid Mechanic and its applications.
2. To learn about the computational aspect for solving diffusion equation.

Basic Fluid Mechanics:

Fundamentals of Continuum mechanics, Kinematics of the flow field, the continuity equation,
governing equations of fluid motion, Incompressible flows, Compressible flows, Thin aerofoil.

Boundary Layer Theory:

Laminar Boundary layer, Turbulent Boundary layer. Reynold’s number.

Computational Fluid Dynamics-I:

Introduction to numerical computation, Introduction to numerical solution of Ordinary Differential
equation’s using multi-step methods, Boundary value problems, Introduction to solution of Partial
Differential Equation’s using finite difference methods Advanced Techniques.

Computational Fluid Dynamics-II

 71

Governing equations in integral and differential form, Reduced forms of governing equations, The finite
volume methods, Incompressible and compressible flow & their methods, Discrete methods for the
steady state and time dependent adection diffusion equation, The pressure correction method on
staggered and unstaggered grids, Time marching schemes, Incorporation of turbulence models,
Schemes for solving large algebraic systems, Use of a commercial code for the predication off complex
flows.

Experimental Methods:
Introduction to laboratory techniques, Laboratory sessions (preceded by lectures): water waves, air flow
past a cylinder aero foils, hydraulic jumps, vortex shedding and vibrations, turbulent jets and plumes.

Recommended Books:
1. H. Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Doer, 6th edition 1993.
2. White, F.M. Viscous fluid flow (2nd edition), McGraw Hill, 1991.
3. P.J. Roache, “Computational Fluid Dynamics”, Albuquerque, N.M.,Hemosa Publishers.
4. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere, 1980.
5. K.A. Hoffmann and S.T. Chiang. Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Vol.1 &11,
1993.

PHYS-414 Methods of Experimental Physics (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisites
Experimental labs and techniques used in these labs.

Objectives:
1. To learn about the vacuum techniques.
2. To learn the detection techniques about radiation, temperature.
3. to learn about the measuring techniques along with data analysis.

Vacuum Techniques:
Gas Transport: Throughout, Pumping Speed, Pump down time Ultimate pressure. Fore-Vacuum Pumps:
Rotary Oil Pumps; sorption pumps, Diffusion pumps, sorption pumps (High Vacuum), Production of
ultrahigh vacuum; Fundamental concepts; guttering pumps; Ion pumps; Cryogenic pumps, turbo
molecular pumps. Measurement of total pressure in vacuums systems; Units pressure ranges;
Manometers; Perini gauges; The McLoad gauges; Mass spectrometer for partial measurement of
pressure. Design of high Vacuum system; Surface to Volume ratio; Pump Choice; pumping system
design. Vacuum Components; Vacuum valves; vacuum Flanges; Liquid Nitrogen trap; Mechanical feed
throughs & Electrical feed throughs Leak detection; Basic consideration; leak detection equipment;
Special Techniques and problems; Repair Techniques.

Radiation Detection and Measurement:

GM tubes, scintillation detector, channeltron, photo multipliers, neutron detectors, alpha/beta detectors,
x-rays/gamma detectors, cosmic rays detectors, Spectrographs and interferometers.

Sensor Technology:
Sensors for temperature, pressure displacement, rotation, flow, level, speed, rotation position, phase,
current voltage, power magnetic field, tilt, metal, explosive and heat.

Electronics and Electronic Instruments:

Operational amplifiers, summing amplifiers, difference amplifiers, Differentiators, Integrators,
Logarithmic amplifiers, current to voltage converter, Spectroscopy amplifiers, charge sensitive pre-
 72

amplifiers, Coincidence circuits, Isolators, Ramp Generators, and single channel analyzer. Power
supplies, signal Generators, Counters, Multichannel analyzer, Lock in Amplifiers, Boxcar averages.

Computer Introduction:
Introduction to computers, GPIB Interface, RS 232. Interfacing, DA/AD conversion, Visual c/visual
Basic.

Data Analysis:
Evaluation of measurement; Systematric Errors, Accuracy; Accidental Errors, Precision, Statistical
Methods; Mean Value and Variance; statistical Control of Measurements; Errors of Direct
measurements, Rejection of dta; Significance of results; Propahgation of errors; preliminary Estimation;
Errors of Computation; Least squares fit to a polynomial. Nonlinear functions. Data manipulation,
smoothing interpolation and extrapolation, linear and parabolic interpolation.

PHYS-408 Environmental Physics (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite: Physics (F.Sc)

Objective:
 To become familiar with the essentials of environment and Global climate
 To learn to use spectroscopy for environments
Introduction to the Essentials of Environmental Physics:
The economic system, living in green house, enjoying the sun, Transport of matter, Energy and
momentum, the social and political context
Basic Environmental Spectroscopy:
Black body radiation, The emission spectrum of sun, The transition electric dipole moment, The
Einstein Coefficients, Lambert – Beer’s law, The spectroscopy of bi-molecules, Solar UV and life, The
ozone filter.
The Global Climate:
The energy Balance, (Zero-dimensional Greenhouse Model), elements of weather and climate, climate
variations and modeling
Transport of Pollutants:
Diffusion, flow in reverse, ground water. Flow equations of fluid Dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulence
Diffusion, Gaussian plumes in air, Turbulent jets and planes.
Noise:
Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and noise criteria, reducing the transmission of sound, active
control of sound
Radiation:
General laws of Radiation, Natural radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation and plants,
utilization of photo synthetically active radiation
Atmosphere and Climate:
Structure of the atmosphere, vertical profiles in the lower layers of the atmosphere, Lateral movement in
the atmosphere, Atmospheric Circulation, cloud and Precipitation, The atmospheric greenhouse effect
Topo Climates and Micro Climates:
Effects of surface elements in flat and widely un-dulling areas, Dynamic action of Selig, Thermal action
of selief
Climatology and Measurements of Climate Factor:
Data collection and organization, statistical analysis of climatic data, climatic indices, General
characteristics of measuring equipments. Measurement of temperature, air humidity, surface wind
velocity, Radiation balance, precipitation, Atmospheric Pressure, automatic weather stations.
Books Recommended:
1. Egbert Booker and Rienk Van Gron Belle, Environmental Physics, 2nd ed. John Wiley and sons.
1999.
2. Physics of Environmental and Climate, Guyot Praxis Publication. 1998.
 73

PHYS-415 Introduction to Quantum Computing (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite:
Quantum Mechanics and Computation Physics

Objectives
1. To be familiar with the quantum computing.
2. To learn about the Quantum circuits and cryptography.

Computer technology and historical background; Basic principles and postulates of quantum mechanics;
quantum states, evolution, quantum measurement, superposition, quantization from bits to qubits,
operator function, density matrix, Schrodinger equation, Schmidt decomposition, EPR and Bell’s
inquality; quantum Computation; quantum Circuits, Single qubit operation, controlled operations,
Measurement, Universal quantum gates, Single qubit and CNOT gates; Breaking unbreakable codes;
Code making, Trapdoor function, One time pad, RSA cryptography, Code breaking on classical and
quantum computers, Schor’s algorithm; Quantum Cryptography; Uncertainty principle, Polarization and
Spin basis, BB84, BB90, and Ekert protocols, Quantum cryptography with and without eavesdropping,
Experimental realization; Quantum Search Algorithm.

Recommended Books:
1. Quantum Computation and quantum Information by M.a. Nielson and I.L. Chuange,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000.
2. Exploration in Quantum Computation by C.P. Williams and S.H. Clearwater, Springer
Verlag (997).
3. The Physics of quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation,
Quantum Computation by P. Bouwmester, a. Ekert, and A. Zeilinger, Springer Verlag,
Berlin, Heidelberg (2000).
4. Mathematics of Quantum Computation by A.K. Brylinsky and G. Chen, Chapman &
Hall/CRC (2000).

PHYS-416 Particle Physics (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite
Quantum Physics

Objectives
1. To know the particles and their classification.
2. To learn about the interaction of these particles.
3. To learn about the Quark models.

Particle Classification:
Quantum numbers, leptons, hadrons, baryons, mesons, quarks.

The Fundamental Interactions:

The elecrtromagnetic coupling, the strong coupling, the weak coupling.

Symmetry Transformation and Conservation Laws:

Translation in space, rotation in space, the group SU (2), systems of identical particles, parity, iso-spin
charge conjugation, time reversal, G parity, CPT theorem.
 74

The Electromagnetic Field:

Gauge invariance and Maxwell’s equations, polarization and photon spin, angular momentum, parity
and C parity of photon.
Hadron Spectroscopy:
Formation experiment, partial wave formalism and the optical theorem, the Breit-Wigner resonance
formula, baryon resonances, phase space considerations, production experiments.

The Quark Model:

The group SU (3), quarks, hadrons baryons, mesons in quark model, heave meson spectroscopy, the
quarkonium model.

The Standard Model (qualitative treatment only):

Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions Glashow-Salam-Weinberg Model.

Recommended Books:
1. Relatvistic Quantum Mechanics by Bjorken, J.D. and Drell, S.D., McGraw Hill (1995).
2. Quarks and Leptons by Halzen, F. and Martin, A.D., John-Wiley and Sons. (1984).
3. Quantum Mechanics by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin, World Scientific (1990).
4. Introduction to Elementary Particles by Griffiths, D., John-Wiley and Sons, (1987).

PHYS-417 COMPUTER SIMULATION (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisites
Mathematical Physics
Objectives;
1. Learn techniques to understand and develop computer simulations.
2. To use numerical techniques to sove the differential equations.
3. To understand the simulation in classical physics and Quantum Physics.

Introduction:
Importance of computers in physics, nature of computer simulation, computer graphics and
programming languages, Techniques and class of computer simulation, Accuracy and stability
of numerical techniques, External points and strings, principles of vector computing in
Cartesian, spherical and cylindrical coordinates.
Numerical Approaches:
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, initial (boundary) and eigen value problems,
numerical integrations, special functions and Gaussian quadrarure, matrix operation, partial
differential equations (elliptic and parabolic types)
Simulation in Classical Physics:
Motion of Falling Objects, One Dimensional Dynamics (Accelerating cars and objects on
springs), Energy and Center of Mass, Electric Fields and Potentials, LRC Circuits, Driven LRC
Circuits (Time varying), Wave phenomena (Fourier analysis, Coupled oscillator), Interference,
Diffraction and Polarization, Geometrical Optics (Ray Tracing and Principle of Least Time),
Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Waves.
Random Precess and Quantum Physics:
Random Number and their uses, Random-walk problem, percolation theory, radio-activity and
radioactive decay series, Noise and Signal, Guassian Distribution, Distribution Functions in
Statistical Physics, Molecular Dynamics and Solids, Approaches to Equilibruim, Monte-Carlo
Simulation, Canonical and Micro-Cononical Ensembles, Numerical Solution of time-
independent), Schrodinger Wave Equation, Particle in Bound and Free States.
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Computational Methods for Continuous Medium:

Fluid equations, Governing equation in integral and differential forms, Reduce forms of the
governing equation, finite volume method, compressible and incompressible flow and their
methods, discrete methods for the steady state and time dependent diffusion equation. The
pressure-correction method on staggered and unstaggered grids. Time marching schems,
incorporation of furbulence model, schemes for solving large algebraic system, use of
commercial code for kprediction of off complex flow, Raynold averaging and its applications to
Navier stokes equations. Mean and Turbulant kinetic energy equation, Magnetohydrodynamics,
Modelling ideal (MHD), resistive and viseus flow of plasmas, thermal conduction and heat
transport.
Books Recommended:
1. Hillar, Johnston and Styer, Quantum Mechanics Simulation. (A Series of the Consortium for
upper level Physics software). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 1995.
2. P.J. Roache, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Albyuquerque, N.M. Hemosa Pulishers. 1993.
3. Marvin L. De Jong, Introduction to Computational Physics, Addison Weslay Publishing
Company, Inc. New York, 1991.
4. Computer Simultation and Computer Algebra (Lectures for Beginers), Springer-Verlage
Berlin, New York, 1988.
5. Simulation Methods” Part-I & II, Addision Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., New York.
1988.

PHYS-409 EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisite
Nuclear Physics
Objective
1. To learn the nuclear detection system and techniques from their measurements.
2. To learn about the charged particles accelerator and nuclear reactor.
3. To develop understanding of neutrons physics.
Nuclear Radiation Detection and Measurements:
Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter; photographic emulsions; Gas-filled detectors;
Scintillation counters and solid-state detectors; Cloud chambers; Bubble chambers.
Charged Particle Accelerators:
Linear and orbital accelarators Van de Graaff, Cyclotron; Betatron; Synchrocyclotron; Electron-
Synchrotron; Alternating-gradient Synchrotron.
Neutron Physics:
Neutron Sources, Radioactive sources, Photo neutron sources Charged particle sources, Reactor
as a neutron source, slow neutron detectors, fast neutron detectors, Measurement of neutron
cross-sections as a function of energy, slowing down of neutrons, Nuclear fission, Description of
fission reaction, Mass distribution of fission energy, Average number of neutrons released,
Theory of fission and spontaneous fission, Nuclear chain reaction and applications.

Elementary Reactor Physic:

Controlled fission reactions, Types of nuclear reactors (Power and Research), Detailed study of
PWR and CANDU type reactors.
Books Recommended:
1. Glenn. F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley, 1989.
2. William, R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Spinger, 1994.
3. Philips Berington and D. Keith, Data Detection and Error analysis for kphysical sciences,
2002.
4. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977.
5. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
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6. B. Povh, K. Rith. C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999.

PHYS-418 RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY (3 Cr. Hours)

Pre-requisites
Mechanics, F.Sc Physics
Objective
1. To learn about the Special theory of relativity
2. To learn the basics of relativistic mechanics and develop understanding about the General
theory

Special Relativity:
Galilean relativity, concept of ether, Michelson-Morley experiment, Einstein’s postulates of
special relativity, Lorentz transformations, structure of space-time, Minkowski space time
ensors, the light-cone, line element, four-vectors, relativity of simultaneity, time dilation, proper
time, length contraction time paradox, velocity transformation and velocity addition.
Relativistic Mechanics:
Force equation in relativity, rest mass, kinetic and total energy, conservation of energy and
momentum.
Elements of Tensor Calculus:
Manifolds and coordinates, curves and surfaces, tensor fields, Lie derivative geodesics, Riemann
tensor, metric tensor.
General Relativity:
Principles of general relativity, equation of geodesics deviation, Einstein’s field equations.
Cosmology:
Newtonian cosmology, cosmological re-shift, Hubble’s law, microwave background, the Big
Bang expansion rate, matter and radiation domination, history of the universe.
Books Recommended:
1. W.D. Mc Comb, Dynamics and Relativity, Oxford University Press, 1999.
2. J.V. Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
3. R.D. D’ Inverno, Introducing Einstein’s Relativity, Oxford University Press, 1992.
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MATH –202 LINERA ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 3 Cr. H.

Prerequisite(s): Calculus I & II
Objective:
This is the optional course of Mathematics for the students of Physics, serving as the of advanced
subjects in all areas of mathematics.
Course Contents:
Matrices, Determinants and System of Linear Equations
 Definition of matrix, various types of matrices
 Algebra of matrices
 Determinant of square matrix, cofactors and minors
 Adjoint and inverses of matrices
 Rank of a matrix
 Introduction to systems of linear equations
 Cramer’s rule, Gaussian elimination and Gauss Jordan method
 Solution of homogenous and non-homogenous linear equations Linear independence and linear
dependence, basis and dimension, row space, Column space and Null space Linear Transformations
 Introduction to linear transformation
Introduction to Differential Equations
 Historical background and motivation
 Classification of differential equations
 Formation of differential equation First Order Differential Equations
 Singular solution
 Ricatti Equation
Second Order Differential Equations
 Homogenous equations
 Homogenous equations with constant coefficients
 Fundamental solutions of linear homogenous equations
 Operator method, Method of undetermined coefficients
 Cauchy Euler’s equation
 Linear independence and the Wronskian
 Variation of parameters, reduction of order
 Applications to mechanical and electrical systems Higher Order Linear Differential

Recommended Books:
7. Mathematical Methods; S.MYousouf, Abdul Majeed and Muhammad Amin. Ilmi Kitab Khana.
2006 Howard Anton and Chris Rorres, Elementary Linear Algebra Applications Version, John
Wiley and Sons Inc. 9th Edition, 2005.
8. 2. Bernard Kolman, David R. Hill, Introduction Linear Algebra with Applications, Prentice Hall
International, Inc. 7th Edition, 2001.
9. Seymour Lipschutz, Theory and Problems of Beginning Linear Algebra, Schaum’s Outline
Series, Mc-Graw Hill Company, New York, 1997.
10. W.E. Boyce and Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2005.
11. Erwin, Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
12. Dennis G.Zill& Michael R. Cullen, Differential Equation With Boundary Value Problems, PWS
Publihing Company, 2000
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