CHEM 124  such as polymers (including rubber and nylon),

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS  ceramics (such as cookware),

 liquid crystals (like those in electronic displays)

 adhesives (used in “post-it” notes for example),

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION
 coatings (paints, varnish , etc)
Chemistry - is defined as the study of matter

and the changes that matter undergoes.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
- an ancient science, also, it is
Biotechnology to grow larger and better crops,
considered the central science because a
prevent insects from reproduction
basic knowledge of chemistry is essential for
Fertilizers that are less harmful to the
the study of biology, physics, geology, ecology environment

and many other science disciplines. Production of substances that kill weeds that are
environmental friendly.
CHEMISTRY H AS GREAT I MPACT TO

THE SOCIETYAND TO OUR WAY OF

TOPIC 2: THE MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC
LIFE IN DIFFERENT AREAS:
PERSPECTIVE IN THE OF CHEMISTRY
Health and medicine - major advances in
Chemistry enable to prevent and treat diseases
MACROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE
 establishing sanitation systems
- focus on the things about substances that can be
 surgery with anesthesia
touch, see and measure directly
 introduction of vaccines and antibiotics
MICROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE
 Gene Therapy
- “particulates” ; the unseen, the world of atoms
 pharmaceutical companies are researching and molecules, to interpret the events considering
potent drugs with few or no side effects to treat the smallest unit of the system
cancer, AIDS, other diseases and the mechanism
OTHER EXAMPLES:
of aging.
macroscopic properties include:

 Pressure
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
 Volume
Energy - is produced as a product or by-product
 temperature
of many chemical processes and the demand

of energy continue to increase both in

TOPIC 3: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
developed and developing countries.
The scientific method is a systematic approach to
Energy sources are the fossil fuels -
research
petroleum, coal and natural gas and
Steps using the scientific method in doing a
alternative energy sources - solar, wind, scientific research:

geothermal, etc. 1. The first step is to define the problem

2. The next step is performing experiments,

observe and gathering of data.
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
The data obtained in a research study maybe be
Chemical researches provided new material that quantitative and qualitative.
have improved quality of life and helped to
advance technology. Quantitative data consists of numbers obtained
from various measurements of the system.
BSCE 1B- YANA, CHRISHEL ANN LINGO
Qualitative data consists of general observations [ The big-bang theory of the universe is derived
about the system. from Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity
and the idea that the universe expanded from a
3. Interpretation – the scientist attempts to explain miniscule dense collection of energy called a
the observed phenomenon. Based on the data singularity. There was no bang, just a vast
gathered, the researcher attempts to formulate a expansion of extremely condensed material.]
hypothesis
DISCOVERIES THAT SUPPORT THE BIG BANG
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a set of THEORY
Observations.
 Edwin Hubble, using the world’s largest
After a large amount of data has been collected, telescope at Mt. Wilson in California, had shown
the information is summarized in a concise way as that the distant galaxies all appeared to be
a law receding from us at speeds proportional to their
What is a law? distances

In science, a law is a concise verbal or  Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson had discovered
mathematical statement of a relationship between the cosmic microwave background radiation, the
phenomena that is always the same under the most important observational evidence in support
same conditions of the Big Bang.

What is a Theory?  The discovery of primordial Helium and as to the

formation of the light elements hydrogen and
Theories may evolve from hypothesis that helium in the expanding, cooling conditions in the
survived many experimental tests. A Theory is a aftermath of the Big Bang.
unifying principle that explains a body of facts
and/or from those laws that are based on them TOPIC 4: CLASSIFICATION MATTER

What is Matter?

DEMOCRITUS Matter is anything that occupies space and has

mass.
 Greek Philosopher, 400 BC
 Matter includes things we see and touch (such
 Named the smallest piece of matter ‘atomos’ as water, earth, trees, people) and things we
meaning ‘not to be cut’ cannot see (such as air).
 Atoms are:  Thus, everything in the universe has a “chemical
connection”.
 small,
A mixture is a combination of 2 or more
 hard particles,
substances in which the substance retain their
 made of the same materialbut were different distinct identities.
shapes and sizes
 Mixtures do not have constant composition.
 Infinite in numbers, always moving but capable
 Mixtures are either homogeneous and
of joining together
heterogeneous.
GEORGES LEMAÎTRE
 Any mixture (solid, liquid or gas) whether
 a Belgian cosmologist and Catholic priest homogeneous or heterogeneous can be made or
separated by physical means into pure
 Father of the Big Bang Theory components without changing the identities of the
BANG THEORY components

 the expansion of the observable universe began Types of mixture:

with the explosion of a single particle at a definite A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in
point in time which the composition is uniform throughout, only
 the physical universe was initially a single one phase can be seen.
particle—the ‘primeval atom’ as he called it — A heterogeneous mixture is a type mixture in
which disintegrated in an explosion, giving rise to which the composition is not uniform, two or more
space and time and the expansion of the universe phases can be seen.
that continues to this day.

BSCE 1B- YANA, CHRISHEL ANN LINGO

A pure substance is a form of matter that has a o volume – defined as a length cubed
definite (constant) composition and distinct
properties. It can either be element or compound. o length

An element is a substance that cannot be  Intensive property. The measured value of an

separated into simpler substances. It is composed intensive property which does not depend on how
of one type of atom. much matter is being considered.

A compound is a substance which is composed of o density – defined as the mass of an object

atoms of 2 or more elements chemically combined divided by its volume
in fixed proportion, Compounds can be separated o Temperature
only by chemical means into their pure
components. o color

TOPIC 5: STATES OF MATTER 2. Chemical property is the property of matter that

can carry out a chemical change, can be
COMPARISON determined by observing how the substance
changes its identity
In solid state, the atoms or molecules held close in
an orderly fashion with little freedom of motion. Examples:
Atoms or molecules in liquid state are close
together but are not held so rigidly in position and  combustion,
can move past one another. In a gas state, atoms
 corrosion
or molecules are separated by distances that are
large compared with the size of the molecules. Changes in matter
The temperature at which the transition from solid 1. A physical change does not alter the
to liquid occurs is called the melting point. composition or identity of a substance
The temperature at which the transition from liquid o Ice melting
to gas occurs is called the boiling point.
o Sugar dissolving in water

2. A chemical change alters the composition or

TOPIC 6: PROPERTIES OF MATTER identity of the substance(s) involved

1.Physical property is the property of matter that

can be measured and observed without changing
the composition or identity of a substance TOPIC 7: MEASUREMENT

Examples :

 melting point SI Units

 boiling point  a revised metric system called the International

System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the
 freezing point French Systẻme Internationale d’ Unites).
 Mass  Proposed by the international authority on units
(General Conference of Weights and Measures) in
 Density
1960
 color
Mass and weight

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an

Categories of physical properties of matter object

 Extensive property. SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)

All measurable properties of matter. The measured 1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

value of an extensive property depends on how
Weight is a force that gravity exerts in an object
much matter is being considered
weight = c x mass ; c = a constant
o mass – is the quantity of matter in a given
on earth, c = 1
sample of a substance
on the moon, c < 1
BSCE 1B- YANA, CHRISHEL ANN LINGO
Volume

The SI unit for length is meter (m) and the SI

derived unit for volume is the cubic meter (m3).

Density is an intensive property. For a given

substance, density does not depend on the
quantity of mass present.

 The ratio of mass to volume is always the same,

V increases as m does.

 Density usually decreases with temperature.

kilogram per cubic meter (Kg/m3) is the SI-derived
unit for density. This unit is large for most
chemical applications. Therefore, equivalent units
are commonly used:

grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids

grams per milliliter (g/mL) liquids

Gas densities are often very low, it is expressed in

unit grams per Liter (g/L)

Temperature

3 temperature scales that are commonly used:

 The Kelvin (K) scale is the SI base unit for

temperature. It is the absolute temperature scale.
By absolute, it means that the zero on the Kelvin
scale, denoted by 0 K, is the lowest temperature
that can be attained theoretically. It should be
noted that the Kelvin scale has no degree sign and
temperatures expressed in Kelvin can never be
negative.

 The Fahrenheit ( oF) scale is the most commonly

used in the United States outside the laboratory
defines the freezing point of water at 32oF and
boiling point of water at 212oF.

 The Celsius ( oC) scale divides the range of the

freezing point (0oC) and boiling point (100oC) of
water into 100 degrees

BSCE 1B- YANA, CHRISHEL ANN LINGO