Faculty of Mathematical Sciences and Informatics

Fifth Year Information Technology

Subject: Basics of Multimedia
M541
Assignment #2

Complete the following tasks:

1. Discuss the variation between analog and digital audio?

The variation between analog and digital audio lies primarily in how sound is captured,
stored, and reproduced:

1. Nature of Signal:
- Analog Audio: Represents sound as continuous waves. The audio signal varies smoothly
and can capture subtle nuances of sound. For example, vinyl records and cassette tapes
are forms of analog audio.
- Digital Audio: Represents sound as discrete values, typically through a process called
sampling. The audio signal is converted into a series of binary numbers, which
approximates the original sound wave.

2. Sampling and Bit Depth:

- Analog: No sampling is involved; it captures the entire waveform continuously.
- Digital: Involves sampling the audio wave at specific intervals (sampling rate) and
quantifying the amplitude of the sound wave at each sample (bit depth). Common
sampling rates include 44.1 kHz for CDs, while bit depths might be 16-bit or 24-bit.

3. Sound Quality:
- Analog: Often characterized by a warmer, richer sound due to its continuous nature and
ability to capture harmonics. However, it can suVer from noise, distortion, and degradation
over time.
- Digital: Can provide high fidelity and clarity, especially at higher sampling rates and bit
depths. However, it can sound clinical or less warm compared to analog, and issues like
quantization noise can occur if the sampling isn't done adequately.

4. Storage and Durability:

- Analog: Formats like vinyl and tape are more susceptible to wear and environmental
factors. Quality can degrade over time.
 - Digital: Stored as files on hard drives, CDs, or other media, making it easier to replicate
without loss of quality. Digital files can also be compressed for storage eViciency.

5. Editing and Manipulation:

- Analog: Editing is more complex, often requiring physical splicing of tape or other
manual processes.
- Digital: OVers precise editing capabilities using software, allowing for easy manipulation
of sound, eVects, and mixing without loss of quality.

6. Playback Equipment:
- Analog: Requires specific playback equipment, like turntables or cassette players,
which can introduce their own sound characteristics.
- Digital: Can be played on a wide range of devices, from computers to smartphones, and
often includes digital-to-analog converters (DACs) to process the audio.

In summary, analog audio is continuous and can capture the richness of sound but is more
susceptible to degradation, while digital audio oVers precision, ease of editing, and
durability, albeit sometimes at the cost of warmth and depth.

2. What is the diVerences between analog and digital video? Mention the
standards of each?

The diVerences between analog and digital video can be summarized as follows:

1. Signal Format:
- Analog Video: Represents video as continuous electrical signals that vary over time,
capturing images in a smooth waveform. The signal directly correlates with brightness
levels through voltage changes.
- Digital Video : Represents video as discrete data, typically in binary form. It samples the
video at specific intervals, allowing for eVicient storage and processing.

2. Scanning Techniques :
- Analog Video : Utilizes scanning methods like interlaced scanning, where odd and even
lines are captured in separate fields to reduce flicker. Each frame is formed from two fields,
which can lead to motion blur in fast scenes.
- Digital Video : Can also use interlaced or progressive scanning, but the digital format
allows for more flexibility and easier adjustments during editing.
3. Editing and Processing :
- Analog Video : Editing is complex and often involves physical media, leading to quality
degradation with repeated recordings. Non-linear editing is challenging.
- Digital Video : Supports non-linear editing, allowing for easy manipulation and
integration with software tools without loss of quality. Repeated recordings maintain the
same quality.

4. Storage and Quality :

- Analog Video : Stored on physical media (like tapes) that can degrade over time,
resulting in loss of quality and fidelity.
- Digital Video : Stored as digital files, which can be duplicated without loss of quality and
are less susceptible to degradation.

5. Synchronization :
- Analog Video : Uses specific voltage levels in the signal for synchronization, with sync
signals taking up a significant portion (about 30%) of the total signal.
- Digital Video : Incorporates embedded synchronization information, making it more
eVicient and reliable for maintaining video integrity.

6. Chroma Subsampling :
- Analog Video : Does not employ chroma subsampling; all color information is captured
equally.
- Digital Video : Often uses chroma subsampling techniques (like 4:2:0 or 4:2:2) to reduce
the amount of color information transmitted, taking advantage of human perception that is
less sensitive to color detail compared to brightness.

7. Quality and Reliability :

- Analog Video : More prone to noise and distortion, which can aVect image quality.
- Digital Video : Provides better tolerance to noise, allows for encryption, and can
maintain consistent quality across various channels and formats.

In summary, analog video relies on continuous signals and physical media, while digital
video oVers discrete data representation, ease of editing, and higher reliability, resulting in
improved quality and eViciency.

The standards of each:

- Analog Video :
 1. The NTSC TV standard is mostly used in North America and Japan.
2. PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is a TV standard originally invented by German
scientists.
3. SECAM, whichwas invented by the French, is the third major broadcastTVstandard.

- Digital Video :

1. CCIR/ITU-R Standards :
a. CCIR-601 : An important standard for component digital video, adopted as
ITU-R Rec. 601 for professional applications.

2. Common Intermediate Format (CIF) :

b. A lower bitrate format similar to VHS quality, supporting progressive
(noninterlaced) scanning.

3. Quarter-CIF (QCIF) :
c. An even lower bitrate version of CIF.

4. High-Definition TV (HDTV) :
d. Various proposals and standards developed in North America, led by the
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC).

5. MPEG-2 :
e. The initial compression standard for HDTV video.

6. AC-3 :
f. The audio standard for HDTV, supporting 5.1 channel Dolby surround sound.

7. H.264 :
g. Adopted in 2008 for improved video compression in ATSC standards.

8. Ultra High Definition TV (UHDTV) :

h. Standards announced in 2012 for 4K (2160P) and 8K (4320P) video
resolutions.

3. The image resolution refers to the number of pixel in a digital image, and video resolution
is the number of pixels that can be seen on the video screen. Mention the common video
resolutions?
 1. Standard Definition (SD):
o 480p: 640 x 480 pixels
o 576p: 720 x 576 pixels
2. Enhanced Definition (ED):
o 480i: 720 x 480 pixels
3. High Definition (HD):
o 720p: 1280 x 720 pixels
o 1080i: 1920 x 1080 pixels
o 1080p: 1920 x 1080 pixels
4. Ultra High Definition (UHD):
o 4K (2160p): 3840 x 2160 pixels
o 8K (4320p): 7680 x 4320 pixels
These resolutions represent a range of options from lower-quality SD to high-quality UHD
formats.

4. What is the size of a 55 minutes long stereo sound clip with 32 bit depth and 33 KHz
sampling rate?

To calculate the size of a 55-minute long stereo sound clip with a 32-bit depth and a 33 kHz
sampling rate, you can use the following formula:
Size (in bytes)=Duration (in seconds)×Sampling Rate×Bit Depth×Number of Channels
1. Convert duration to seconds:
o 55 minutes = 55 × 60 = 3300 seconds
2. Parameters:
o Sampling Rate = 33,000 Hz (33 kHz)
o Bit Depth = 32 bits (which is 4 bytes)
o Number of Channels = 2 (stereo)
3. Calculate the size:
Size=3300 seconds × 33,000 Hz × 4 bytes×2
{Size} = 3300 × 33,000 × 4 × 2
Size = 3300seconds × 33,000Hz × 4bytes × 2 = 878,400,000bytes
4. Convert to megabytes (MB):
!"!,$%%,%%%&'()*
Size in MB = +,%,$×+,%,$
≈ 837.6MB
So, the size of the 55-minute long stereo sound clip is approximately 837.6 MB.
5. What is the file size of a video of 10 minutes length with frame resolution of 640x480
stored in 8 bit color and recorded at 18 fps.

To calculate the file size of a video, you can use the formula:
File Size=Duration (in seconds)×Frame Rate (fps)×Frame Size (in bytes)
Steps to Calculate:
1. Calculate the Duration in Seconds:
Duration=10 minutes×60=600 seconds
2. Calculate the Frame Size:
o Frame Resolution: 640×480 pixels
o Color Depth: 8 bits per pixel, which is 1 byte per pixel.
Frame Size=640×480×1 byte=307,200 bytes
3. Calculate the Total Number of Frames:
Total Frames=600 seconds×18 fps=10,800 frames
4. Calculate the Total File Size:
File Size=10,800 frames×307,200 bytes=3,318,912,000 bytes
5. Convert Bytes to Megabytes:
!"!,.,.+!,/+,,%%%
File Size in MB = +,%,$×+,%,$
≈ 3,157.5 MB

6. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers has defined the
time codes for video as (HH:MM:SS:FF). Considering this standard, how
many frames or picture in the video time code (01:24:36:12)?

To calculate the total number of frames in the video time code (01:24:36:12) (which
represents hours, minutes, seconds, and frames), you can use the following formula:

Total Frames = (Hours × 3600 + Minutes × 60 + Seconds) × Frame Rate + Frames

Assuming a common frame rate of (30) frames per second (you can adjust this based on
the actual frame rate if needed):

Given:
- Hours = 1
- Minutes = 24
- Seconds = 36
- Frames = 12
- Frame Rate = 30 fps
Calculation:
1. Convert hours, minutes, and seconds to total seconds:
Total Frames = (1 × 3600) + (24 × 60) + 36 = 3600+1440+36=5046 seconds

2. Convert total seconds to frames:

Frames from Seconds = 5046 seconds × 30 fps = 151380 frames

3. Add the additional frames:

Total Frames = 151380 + 12 = 151392 frames

Final Result:
The total number of frames in the video time code (01:24:36:12) is 151,392 frames .