Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture-10

Introduction to Bridge
Engineering
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department

UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics

 Introduction

 Bridge Components

 Types of Bridges

 Important Points for Bridge Design

 Example

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction

 Bridge is a structure having an opening not less

than 6000 mm that forms part of a highway or over,
or under which the highway passes.

 Structures < 6000 mm generally called culverts.

Bridge Culvert

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction

 Bridge is the key element in a Transportation

System:
 It controls the capacity of the system.

 It is the highest cost per mile of the system.

 If the bridge fails, the system fails.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridge Components
 A bridge consists of super structure and sub
structure.

Super structure: Structural parts of the bridge which provides the horizontal span.
Sub structure: Structural parts of the bridge which supports the horizontal span.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridge Components
Deck

Girder

Pier Cap Diaphragms

Pier

Pile Cap

Piles
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Bridges can be classified according to:
 Materials (concrete, steel or wood etc),

 Usage (pedestrian, highway, or railroad),

 Span (short, medium, or long),

 Structural form (slabs, girder, truss, arch, suspension, or

cable-stayed).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 It is however suitable to classify bridges according to
the location of the main structural elements relative to
the surface on which the user travels:
 Main structure Below the deck line,

 Main structure Above the deck line, or

 Main structure Coinciding with the deck line.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Below Deck line
 Arched, Truss-Arched Bridges, Masonry Arch, Concrete
Arch, the Steel-Truss Arch, and the Steel Deck Truss.

Masonry Arch Masonry Arch Steel Deck Truss Bridge

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Below Deck line

Steel Truss Arch

Concrete Arch

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Below Deck line
 With arch shape, gravity loads are transmitted to the
supports primarily by axial compressive forces.

 At the supports, both vertical and horizontal reactions must

be resisted.

Arch

Axial force Axial force

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Below Deck line
 Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
 The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments in the
superstructure.

 The most suitable site for this form of structure is a valley, with
the arch foundation located on dry rock slopes.

 The conventional curved arch rib may have high fabrication and
erection costs, although these may be controlled by skilled
labor.

 The classic arch form tends to favor concrete as a construction

material.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Below Deck line
 Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
 The arch rib is usually shaped to take dead load without
bending moments. This load is then called the form load.

 If the form load is large, the live load becomes essentially a

small disturbance applied to a compressed member.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line
 Suspension, Cable Stayed, and Through-Truss bridges are
included in this category.

Suspension: Deck is supported by two main cables through

secondary cables (hangers).
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line

Cable-stayed: Deck is supported by tower directly through cables.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line

Through Bridges

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line
 Salient features of Suspension Bridges
 The flexible cables of a suspension bridge is shaped and
supported to transfer the major loads to the towers and
anchorages by direct tension.

 The deck is hung from the cable by hangers constructed of high

strength wire ropes in tension.

 This use of high strength steel in tension leads to an

economical structure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line
 Salient features of Suspension Bridges
 The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening trusses
or by a system of girders at deck level.

 This stiffening system serves to:

a) Control aerodynamic movements,

b) Limit local angle changes in the deck.

Stiffening
trusses

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line
 Salient features of Cable Stayed bridges
 As compared with suspension bridges, the cables are straight
rather than curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater.

 Aerodynamics instability has not found to be a problem in such

structures.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Above Deck line
 Salient features of Through Bridges
 A bridge truss has two main structural advantages:
1. The primary member forces are axial loads;

2. The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth
(due to lesser dead load) than for an equivalent solid web girder.

 Both these factors lead to economy in material and a reduced

dead weight.

 The increased depth also leads to reduced deflection.

 Economical for medium spans, aesthetically pleasing.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line
 Girder bridges of all types are included in this category.
Examples are:
 Slab (solid and voided),

 T-beam,

 I-beam,

 Wide-flange beam,

 Concrete box girder,

 Steel box,
Concrete Box Girder Bridge
 Steel plate girder.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

Girder Bridge Under Construction

Box Girder Bridge

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
 Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Road Way Widths
 To avoid a sense of restriction requires that the roadway
width on the bridge be the same as that of the approaching
highway.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Loads
 Loads to be considered in bridge design can be divided into
two broad categories:
 Permanent loads,

 Transient loads.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Permanent Loads
 Self weight of girders and deck, wearing surface, curbs and
parapets and railings, utilities and luminaries and pressures
from earth retainments.

 Two important dead loads are:

 DC: Dead load of structural components and non structural
attachments.

 DW: Dead load of wearing surface.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Permanent Loads
 Material Properties for Pavement
 γbitumen = 2250 kg/m3 = 22.1 kN/m3 (140 lb/ f3)

 γconcrete = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.6 kN/m3 (150 lb/ f3)

 Load factors for Pavement Dead Loads

 The maximum load factor for DC = 1.25

 The maximum load factor for DW = 1.5

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Transient Loads
 Gravity (Live) loads due to vehicular, railway and pedestrian
traffic.

 The automobile is one of the most common vehicular live

load on most bridges; it is the truck that causes the critical
load effects.

 Lateral loads due to water, wind, earthquake and ship

collisions etc.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Transient Loads
 Following effects caused by Live load are also very
important and must be considered in the design of a bridge.
 Impact (dynamic effects),

 Braking forces,

 Centrifugal forces (if present) and

 The effects of other trucks simultaneously present.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 The AASHTO design loads model consists of three distinctly
different loads:
 Design Truck,

 Design Tandem,

 Design Lane.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 Design Truck
 Previously HS20 was used as Design truck. The H denotes
highway and S denotes Semi tractor and 20 is the weight of
tractor in tons (USC units).

 The new vehicle combination as described in AASHTO (1994)

LRFD Bridge specifications are designated as HL-93 for
Highway Loading accepted in 1993.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads

145 kN 145 kN
35 kN (32 kips) (32 kips)
(8 kips) (14.5 tons) (14.5 tons)
(3.5 tons)

4.3 m 4.3 m to 9.0 m

(14 ft) (14 ft to 30 ft)

HL-93 Truck Load

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 Design Tandem

110 kN 110 kN
(24 kips) (24 kips)
(11 tons) (11 tons)

1.2 m
(4 ft)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 Design Lane Load
 The AASHTO design lane loading is like a caravan of trucks.
 It is 9.3 kN/m and is assumed to occupy a region of 3.0 m (10 ft).
 It is applied as 3.1 kN/m2 or 0.064 k/ft2 (64 lb/ft2) of pressure to a width of 3.0 m or 10 ft over the entire
length of bridge for FEM.

9.3 kN/m
(0.64 kip/ ft)

3.0 m (10 ft)

Bridge

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 In summary three design loads should be considered: the
design truck, design tandem, and the design lane.

 These loads are superimposed by two ways to yield the live

load effects, which are combined with the other load effects.

 The two ways of superposition are:

 Truck + lane,

 Tandem + lane,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Design Lanes
 The number of lanes a bridge may accommodate must be
established and is important design criterion. Two such
terms are used in the lane design of the bridge:
 Traffic lane,

 Design lane.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Design Lanes
 Traffic Lane
 It is the number of lanes of traffic that the traffic engineer plans to route
across the bridge. Lane width is associated with a traffic lane and is
typically 3600 mm = 3.6 m = 12 ft.

 Design Lane
 It is the lane designation used by the bridge engineer for live load
placement. The design lane width and location may or may not be the
same as that of the traffic lane.

Clear Roadway Width

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Design Lanes
 Design Lane Width
 While calculating truck/tandem (live load) moments, it is assumed that
axle load acts as a point load. However in reality the vehicle will occupy
some definite width, hence live load moment must be divided by design
lane width.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Design Lanes
 Design Lane Width
 For single lane loaded:

 E = 10.0 + 5.0 √ (L1W1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft

W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (Overall width of

bridge, W1) or 30 ft

W S

W1
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Design Lanes
 Design Lane Width
 For multilane loaded:

 E = 84 + 1.44√ (L1W1) ≤ W1/NL

L1 = Same as single lane loaded case = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft

W1 = Minimum of (overall width of bridge, W1) or 60 ft

NL = No. of design lanes= INT (W/12)

S
W

W1
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Multiple Presence Factor
 Multiple presence factors modify the vehicular live loads for the probability
that vehicular live loads occur together in a fully loaded state.

 These factors should be applied before analysis or design only when doing
three-dimensional modeling, working with substructures.

 A factor of 1.2 is also used in the line analysis of edge strip of a slab bridge.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Load Modifier
 A factor accounting for ductility, redundancy and the
operational importance of the bridge.

 It is taken as 1.05 for simply supported bridges and is

applied on already factored values of bending moments.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Minimum Slab Depth for Slab Bridge

 Minimum depth for R.C.C Slabs:
 Simple span = 1.2(S + 3000)/30

= 1.2(S + 10)/30 (in fps system)

 Where S = span of bridge.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

 Reinforcement Detail in Slab Bridge:

As per shrinkage and

temperature reinforcement
requirements

As, Main Transverse Bottom

reinforcement reinforcement
(to be designed) (least of 100/√L % or 50 %) of As
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Design Problem: Design of simply supported slab
bridge for HL-93 live load.
 Span length of 35 ft centre to centre of bearings.

 Roadway width is 44 ft curb to curb.

 Allow for a future wearing surface of 3 inch thick bituminous

overlay.

 Use fc′ = 4000 psi and fy = 60 ksi.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Design Pb: Simply supported slab bridge.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 1: Sizes.

 Span length of bridge (S or L) = 35 ft c/c

 Clear roadway width (W) = 44 ft (curb to curb)

 For a curb width of 15 inches, total width of the bridge (W1) =

44 + 2 × 15/12 = 46.5 ft

 Minimum thickness of bridge slab is given by formula:

hmin = 1.2(S + 10)/30 = 1.2 (35 + 10)/30 = 1.8 ft = 21.6″ ≈ 22″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 2: Loads.

 Slab load (wDC) = hγconc

= (22/12) × 0.15 = 0.275 ksf

 Wearing surface load (wDW) = hγwearing surface

= (3/12) × 0.14 = 0.035 ksf

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Dead load moments:

Slab moments (MDC) = wDCS2/8

= 0.275 × (352)/8 = 42 ft-kip/ft

Wearing surface moment (MDW) = wDWS2/8

= 0.035 × 352/8 = 5.3 ft-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Live load moments:

 Truck Load moments:

MTruck = 350 ft-kip

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Live load moments:

 Tandem moment:

Mtandem = 372 ft-kip

 Lane moment:

Mlane = 640 × 352/8 = 98000 ft-lb = 98 ft-kip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Live load moments:

 Mtandem > Mtruck, therefore we will use Mtandem

 MLL+IM (Including impact) = 1.33Mtandem + Mlane

= 1.33 × 372 + 98 = 593 ft-kip

 To convert MLL+IM to moment/ft, Divide MLL+IM by “E” design lane

width.
 The AASHTO code recommends separate calculation of E and
resulting bending moment “M” for an interior and edge strips of a RC
slab bridge. Hence next slides discusses interior and edge strips
separately.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Design Lane width “E” for interior strip:

 For single lane loaded:

 E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 √ (L1W1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S = 35 ft) and 60 ft = 35 ft

W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (W1 = 46.5 ft) or 30

ft = 30 ft

 Therefore, E = 10.00 + 5.0√ (35 × 30.00) = 172 in = 14.3 ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Design Lane width “E” for interior strip:

 For multilane loaded:

 E (inches) = 84 + 1.44√ (L1W1) ≤ W1/NL

L1 = 35 ft

W1 = Minimum of (W1 = 46.5 ft) or 60 ft = 46.5 ft

NL = No. of design lanes.= INT (W/12) =INT (44/12) = 3

 E = 84 + 1.44 √ (35 × 46.5) ≤ 46.5/3

= 142 inch or 11.84 ft ≤ 15.5

 Therefore, E = 11.84 ft (Least of all)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Interior Strip Moment (per foot)

 MLL +IM (Interior strip) per foot = 593/11.84 = 50 ft-kip/ft

Now,

 Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]

 Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 (1.25 × 42 + 1.5 × 5.33 + 1.75 × 50)

 Mu (interior strip) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Design lane width for edge strip: According to AASHTO LRFD

code A4.6.2.1.4,
 E = Barrier width at base + 1 ft + (1/2) strip width ≤ Full strip width
or 6 ft (whichever is less)

E = 1.25 ft + 1 ft + (1/2) × 11.84 ≤ 11.84 ft or 6ft

E = 8.17 ft > 6 ft

 Therefore E = 6 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Edge Strip Moment (per foot):

 Because the edge strip width is limited to 6′, one-lane loaded
(wheel line = ½ lane load) with a multiple presence factor, m of
1.2 will be critical. Hence edge strip moment per foot width is
equal to (Reference: chapter 4, Barker and Puckett) :

 MLL+IM (Edge strip) per foot = ½ × (593) × 1.2/6 = 59.3 ft-kip/ft

 Mu (edge strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]

Mu (edge strip) = 1.05 (1.25 × 42 + 1.5 × 5.33 + 1.75 × 59.3)

Mu (edge strip) = 172.48 ft-kip/ft = 2069.79 in-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (a) Design for Interior strip:

 Interior strip moment (Mu) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft

 Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h – cover – ½ × Dia of bar used

 Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken equal
to 1″.

 d = 22 – 1 – ½ × 1 = 20.5 inch

 Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2

 As = Mu/{Φfy (d – a/2)}

 After trials, As = 1.80 in2,(#8 @ 5 inches c/c)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (b) Distribution reinforcement for interior strip (bottom transverse

reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
 The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a
percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as
follows but not less than Shrinkage reinforcement:

 Atransverse = (100/√L or 50 %) of As (whichever is less)

100/√L = 100/√35 = 16.9 % < 50 %

 Therefore, Atransverse = 0.169 × 1.80 = 0.304 in2

 Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8

inches c/c)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (b) Distribution reinforcement for interior strip (bottom transverse

reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
 Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way
slab according to ACI 7.12.2.2 is minimum of:
 3hf =3 × 22 = 66″

 18″

 Therefore #5 @ 8 inches c/c is OK.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 60

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (c) Design for Edge strip:

 Edge strip moment (Mu) = 172.48 ft-kip/ft = 2069.79 in-kip/ft

 Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h – cover – ½ × Dia of bar used

 Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken equal to
1″.

 d = 22 – 1 – ½ × 1 = 20.5 inch

 Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2

 As = Mu/{Φfy (d – a/2)}; After trials As = 2.014 in2, (#8 @ 4.7 inches)

 Finally use #8 @ 4 inches c/c both for interior as well as edge strips
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (d) Distribution reinforcement for edge strip:

 Atransverse = 0.169 × 2.014 = 0.34 in2

 Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8

inches c/c)

 Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way

slab according to ACI 7.12.2.2 is minimum of:
 5hf = 3 × 22 = 66″

 18″

 Use #5 @ 8 inches c/c as bottom transvers reinforcement

everywhere.
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (e) Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in top face of slab

(long and transverse both): For grade 60 steel,
 Ast = 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8 inches c/c)

 Finally use #5 @ 8 inches c/c.

 Final Recommendation:
 Main steel (bottom) = #8 @ 4″ c/c for interior as well as exterior.

 Transverse bottom reinforcement = #5 @ 8″ c/c throughout.

 Top steel (long and transverse) = #5 @ 8″ c/c.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 5: Drafting

(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Shrinkage reinforcement)

(Bottom transverse reinforcement)

(Main reinforcement)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges

 Longest Bridge
 Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China (164800 m)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges

 Longest Span
 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Japan (1991 m)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges

 Highest Bridge
 Si Du River Bridge (472 m high)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Lansdowne Bridge, Sukkur

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 68

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Jamshoro Bridge, Jamshoro

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Attock Bridge, Attock

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Malir Bridge, Karachi
 Longest Bridge in Pakistan (5000 m)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Chiniot Railway Bridge
 Constructed in 1877.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Bridge on M2 Motorway
 One of the highest in Asia.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

References
 Design of Highway Bridges by Richard M. Barker.

 ACI 318

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

THE END

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