11

12
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A.C. generators (synchronous machine) (alternators)

P = total number of magnetic poles
N = rotative speed of the rotor in
r.p.m. f = frequency of generated
e.m.f. in Hz.

Magnetization curve

𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑻ɸ
RMS voltage
EA = =√𝟐𝝅𝒇Tɸ =4.44𝒇Tɸ
√𝟐
Vector Diagrams of a Loaded Alternato
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0
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Voltage Regulation

1- Synchronous Impedance or E.M.F. Method.

2- The Ampere-turn or M.M.F. Method.
3- Zero Power Factor or Potier
Method. All these methods require
1- Armature (or stator) resistance Ra
2- Open-circuit/No-load characteristic.
3- Short-circuit characteristic (but zero power factor lagging characteristic
for Potier method).

Value of Ra
Can be measured directly by voltmeter and ammeter method or by using Wheatstone bridge

Synchronous Impedance method

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O.C. Characteristic, S.C. Characteristic

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Synchronous
Example 1. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator supplies a load of 10 MW at p.f. 0.85
lagging and at 11 kV (terminal voltage). Its resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase and
synchronous reactance 0.66 ohm per phase. Calculate the line value of e.m.f. generated

Example 2 The effective resistance of a 2200V, 50Hz, 440 KVA, 1-phase, alternator is
0.5 ohm. On short circuit, a field current of 40 A gives the full load current of 200 A. The
electro- motive force on open-circuits with same field excitation is 1160 V. Calculate the
synchronous impedance and reactance

Example3 A60-KVA, 220V, 50-Hz, 1-ϕalternator has effective armature resistance of 0.016
ohm and an armature leakage reactance of 0.07 ohm. Compute the voltage induced in the
armature when the alternator is delivering rated current at a load power factor of (a) unity
(b) 0.7 lagging and (c) 0.7leading
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Example 4 In a50-kVA,star-connected,440-V,3-phase,50-Hzalternator,theeffective
armature resistance is 0.25 ohm per phase. The synchronous reactance is 3.2 ohm per phase
and leakage reactance is 0.5 ohm per phase. Determine at rated load and unity power
factor:(a) Internal e.m.f. Ea (b) no-load e.m.f. E0 (c) percentage regulation on full-load (d)
value of synchronous reactance which replaces armature reaction.
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Example 5. Find the synchronous impedance and reactance of an alternator in which a

given field current produces an armature current o f200A on short-circuit and a generated
e.m.f. of 50 V on open-circuit. The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm. To what induced voltage
must the alternator be excited if it is to deliver a load of 100A at a p.f .of 0.8 lagging, with a
terminal voltage of 200V

Example 6 From the following test results, determine the voltage regulation of a 2000-V, 1-
phase alternator delivering a current of 100 A at (i) unity p.f. (ii) 0.8 leading p.f. and (iii)
0.71 lagging p.f.
Test results : Full-load current of 100 A is produced on short-circuit by a field excitation of
2.5A.
An e.m.f. of 500 V is produced on open-circuit by the same excitation. The armature
resistance is 0.8Ω
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Example7 A 100-kVA, 3000-V, 50-Hz 3-phase star-connected alternator has effective

armature resistance of 0.2 ohm. The field current of 40 A produces short-circuit current of
200A and an open-circuit emf of 1040 V (line value). Calculate the full-load voltage
regulation at 0.8 p.f. lagging and 0.8 p.f. leading. Draw phasor diagrams.
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Example8. A3.5-MVA,Y-connected a alternator at 4160 volts at 50-Hz has the open- circuit
characteristic given by the following data

A field current of 200 A is found necessary to circulate full-load current on short-circuit

ofthe alternator. Calculate by (i) synchronous impedance method and (ii) ampere-turn
method the full- load voltage regulation at 0.8 p.f. Lagging. Neglect resistance. Comment
on the results obtained
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Example 9. The following test results are obtained on a 6,600-V alternator:

A field current of 20 A is found necessary to circulate full-load current on short-circuit of

the armature. Calculate by (i) the ampere-turn method and (ii) the synchronous impedance
method the full-load regulation at 0.8 p.f.(lag) .Neglect resistance and leakage reactance
.State the draw backs of each of these methods
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Example 10. A 3-phase, 800-kV A, 3,300-V, 50-Hz alternator gave the following results:

The armature leakage reactance drop is 10% and the resistance drop is 2% of the normal
voltage. Determine the excitation at full-load 0.8 power factor lagging by the m.m.f. method
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0

zero power factor

Example 11. A 3-phase, 6,00-V alternator has the following O.C.C. at normal speed :

Field amperes : 14 18 23 30 43
Terminal volts : 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

With armature short-circuited and full-load current flowing the field current is 17 A and
when the machine is supplying full-load of 2,000 kVA at zero power factor, the field current
is 42.5 A and the terminal voltage is 6,000 V.

Determine the field current required when the machine is supplying the full-load at 0.8 p.f.
lagging
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Output power
Example 12. Derive the condition for the maximum output of a synchronous generator
connected to infinite bus-bars and working at constant excitation. A 3- ϕ, 11-kV, 5-MVA, Y-
connected alternator has a synchronous impedance of (1 + j 10) ohm per phase. Its
excitation is such that the generated line e.m.f.is 14kV.If the a alternator is connected to
infinite bus- bars, determine the maximum output at the given excitation

Example 13. A 3-phase, 11-kVA, 10-MW, Y-connected synchronous generator has

synchronous impedance of (0.8 + j 8.0) ohm per phase. If the excitation is such that the
open circuit voltage is 14 kV, determine (i) the maximum output of the generator (ii) the
current and p.f. at the maximum output
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Synchronous motor

Example 14. A 75-kW, 3-ϕ, Y-connected, 50-Hz, 440-V cylindrical rotor synchronous motor

Operates at rated condition with 0.8 p.f. leading. The motor efficiency excluding field and
stator losses, is 95% and XS = 2.5 Ω. Calculate (i) mechanical power developed (ii) armature
current (iii) back e.m.f. (iv) power angle and (v) maximum or pull-out torque of the motor.
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