Std: Xll Home Assignment Sub:Mathematics

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 Choose the correct option:
1. Let A = {1. 2. 3.}, then the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1)} on A is
a. reflexive c. Symmetric
b. transitive d. None of these
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and consider the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2),(2, 3), (1, 3)}
then R is
a. reflexive but not symmetric c. Symmetric abd transitive
b. reflexive but not transitive d. Neither symmetric nor transitive
3. Let R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} be a relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The
relation R is:
a. a function c. Not symmetric
b. transitive d. Reflexive
4. Let R be the relation on the set R of all numbers defined by aRb iff |a – b| ≤ 1. Then R
is
a. reflexive and symmetric c. Transitive only
b. symmetric only d. Anti symmetric only
5. The mapping f: N → N given by f(n) = 1 + n2, n ∈ 𝑁 where N is the set of natural number,
is
a.one-one and on to c. One-one but not onto
b.onto but not one-one d.neither one-one nor onto
6. A relation R = {(a, b): a divides b} on the set N of all natural numbers is
a. reflexive c. Reflexive and transitive
b. symmetric d. Symmetric and transitive
7. Let A = {3, 5}. Then number of reflexive relations on A is
a.2 b.4
c.0 d.8

𝑥 2 −4
8. Let f(x) = 𝑥2+4 for |x| ≥ 2, then the f: ( - ∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞) → (−1, 1) is
 a.one-to-one into c.many one onto
b.one-to-one onto d. Many one into
9. Which one of the following relation on R is an equivalence relation?
(a)aR1b |𝑎| = |𝑏| (b) aR2b  a ≥ 𝑏
(c) aR3b  a divides b (d) aR4b  a < b

10. With reference to a universal set , the inclusion of a subset in another, is a relation
which is
a. symmetric only c. Reflexive only
b. equivalence only d. None of these
11. The function f: N→ N, where N is the set of natural numbers defined by f(x) =
7x + 11 is
a.injective c. Bijective
b.surjective d.None of these
12. Let f: R → r be a function defined by f(x) = x3 + 4. Then f is
a.injective c. Bijective
b.surjective d.None of theses
13. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of equivalence relation containing (1, 2) is
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
𝑥
14. If f: [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) and f(x) = 1+𝑥, then f in R is
a.one-one and onto c. Onto but not one-one
b.one-one but not onto d.neither one-one not onto
15. For rean numbers x and y, define a relation R; xRy iff x – y + √2 is an irrational
number. Then the relation R is
a. reflexive only c. Transitive only
b. symmetric only d. An equivalence relation
16. Let R1 and R2 be two equivalence relations in the set A. Then
a. R1 R2 is an equivalence relation
b. R1 R2 is an equivalence relation
c. R1 − R2 is an equivalence relation
d. None of theses
17. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 6)} be a relation on the
set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is
a. reflexive only c. Reflexive and symmetric only
b. reflexive and transitive only d. An equivalence relation
18. Let R be a relation on the set N divided by {(x, y): x, y 𝜖 N, 2x + y = 41}. Then R

is
a. reflexive c. Transitive
b. symmetric d. None of these
19. Let R be an equivalence relation on a finite set A having n elements. Then, the
number of ordered pairs in R is
a.less than n c. Less than or equal to n
b.Greater than or equal to n d. None of these
20. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then the relation R = { (a, b): 1 + ab > 0}on
S is
a. reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
b. reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
c. symmetric and trnasitive but not refglexive
d. reflexive, symmetric and transitive
21. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then the number of relations containing (1, 2) and (2, 3) which
are reflexive and transitive but not symmetric is
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
22. Given the ralation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} in the set A = {1, 2, 3}. Then the minimum
number of ordered pairs which when added to R makes it an equivalence relation is
a. 5 c. 7
b. 6 d. 8
23. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers
𝑛−1
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
2
F(n) = { 𝑛 is
− , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2

a.one one but not on to c.one one and on to both

b.on to but not one one d.neither one one nor on to
24. For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1. Then
 a. f is one one but not on to in R c. F is on to but not one one in R
b. f is one one and on to in R d. F neither one one nor on to
25. Let S be any nonempty set and P(S) be its power set. Let a relation R on P(S) be
defined as ARB to means A B i.e R = { (A, B): A  B; A, B 𝜖 P(S)}. Check whether R
is
a. reflexive c. Anti-symmetric
b.Transitive d. All of these
26. The rate of change of area of a circle w.r.t. its radius r at r = 6 cm is
a. 10 𝜋 c. 12 𝜋
b. 8 𝜋 d. 11 𝜋
27. The total revenur on rupees recieved from the sale of x units of a product is given
by R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5. The marginal revenue, when x = 15 is
a. 116 c. 90
b. 96 d. 126
28. A point on the parabola y2 = 18x at which the ordinate increases at twice the rate
of the abscissa is:
−9 9
a. (2, 4) c. ( 8 , 2)
9 9
b. (2, -4) d. (8 , 2)
29. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The rate
at which the area increases, when the side is 10 cm is
a. √3 cm2/sec c. 10 cm2/sec
b. 10√3 cm2/sec d. cm2/sec
30. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform
thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the
rate at which the thickness of ice decreases is
1 1
a. 54𝜋 cm/min c. 18𝜋 cm/min
1 5
b.36𝜋 cm/min d. 6𝜋 cm/min
31. If x is real, then minimum value of x2 – 8x + 17 is
a.- 1 c. 1
b.0 d. 2
32. If the rate of change in the circumference of a circle is 0.3 cm/sec, then the rate
 of change in area of the circle when the radius is 5 cm is
a. 1.5 sq. cm/sec c. 5 sq. cm/sec
b. 0.5 sq. cm/sec d. 3 sq. cm/sec
33. Let y = x2e-x, then the interval in which y increases w.r.t x is
a. (−∞, ∞) c. (0, 2)
b. (- 2, 0) d. (2, ∞)
𝑥
34. The function sin 𝑥 is an increasing function in the interval
−𝜋 𝜋
a. 0 > x > 2
c. x> 2
𝜋
b. 0 < x < 2 d. None of these
4𝑥 2 +1
35. The interval in which the function f(x) = 𝑥
is decreaning in
−3 −1 1
a. ( 2 , 2 ) c. (2 , 1)
−1 −1 −1
b. ( 2 , 2 ) d. (−1, 2 )
36. The function f(x) = tan-1 (sin x + cos x) is an increasing function in
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
a. (0, 4 ) c. ( 2 , 2 )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. (0, 2 ) d. (4 , 2 )
37. The function f(x) = 1 – x3 – x5 is decreasing for
a. 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 c. x ≥ 1
b. x ≤ 1 d. All values of x
38. If a < 0, thje function f(x) = eax + e- ax is monotonically decreasing for all values
of x, where
a. x < 0 c. x < 1
b. x > 0 d. x > 1
𝑥 3
39. In the interval (-3, 3), the function f(x) = 3 + 𝑥, x ≠0 is
a. decreasing c. Increasing
b. neither increasng nor decreasing d. None of these
40. The angle between the tangent to the curve y = x2 and x = y2 at (1, 1) is
3
a.0 c. Tan-14
1
b. Tan-11 d. Tan-13
4 sin 𝜃
41. The function y = 2+cos 𝜃 − 𝜃
 𝜋
a. is a decreasing function of 𝜃 in [0, 2 ]
𝜋
b. is an increasing function of 𝜃 in [0, 2 ]
𝜋
c. sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing function of 𝜃 in [0, 2 ]
d. None of these
𝜋 3𝜋
42. The function which is neither increasing nor decreasing in (2 , 2 ) is
a. cosec x c. x2
b. tan x d. |x – 1|
43. The rate of change of the surface area of a sphere of radius r when the radius is
increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec is proportional to
a. 1/r c. -1/r
b. r d. r2
44. The radius of a cylinder increasing at the rate of 3 m/sec and its altitude is
decreasing at the rate of 4 m/sec. The rate of change of volume when radius is 4 m and
altitude is 6 m is
a. 80 𝜋 cu.m/sec c. 80 cu.m/sec
b. 144 𝜋 cu.m/sec d. 64 cu.m/sec
1 𝑥
45. Maximum value of (𝑥) is
a.ee c. (e)- e
b. e1/e d.(1/e)e
log 𝑥
46. The maximum value of 𝑥
is
a.1 c. e
b.2/e d.1/e
𝑎2 𝑏2
47. The minimum value of 𝑐0𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 is
a.a2 – b2 c. a2 + b2
b. (a – b)2 d.(a + b)2
48. The point on the curve x2 = 2y which is nearest to the point (0, 5) is
a.(2√2, 4) c. .(2√2, 0)
b. (0, 0) d. (2, 2)
49. If the curve ay + x2 = 7 and x3 = y cut orthogonally at (1, 1), then the value of a is
a. 1 c. – 6
 b. 0 d. 6
2𝑥
50. The function is increasing on f(x) = log(1 + x) - 2+𝑥 is increasing on
a.(- 1, ∞) c. (- ∞, ∞)
b. (− ∞, 0) d.None of these
51. The function (x – sin x) decrease for
a.all x c. X < 𝜋/2
b. 0 < x < 𝜋/4 d. No value of x
1−𝑥+𝑥 2
52. For all real values of x, the minimum value of (1+𝑥+𝑥2)2 is

a.0 c.3
b.1 d.1/3
1
53. The maximum value of [𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 1]3, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 is
a. c. 1
b. ½ d. 0
54. The diagonal of a square is changing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec. Then the rate of
change of area, when the area is 400 cm2, is equal to
1
a. 20√2 cm2/sec c. 10√2 cm2/sec
10
b. 10√2 cm2/sec d. √2 cm2/sec
𝑥+, 𝑥 < 3
55. If f(x) = { 4, 𝑥 = 3 is continuous at x = 3, then  is
3𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 > 3
a. 4 c. 2
b. 3 d. 1
𝑥 2 −9
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 3
56. If f(x) = { 𝑥−3 is continuous at x = 3, then k =
2𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
a. 3 2x + 1 c. – 6
b. 0 d. 1/6
1
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
57. Is f(x) ={ is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
𝑘, 𝑥 = 0
a. 1 c. 0
b. – 1 d. 2
 1−cos 4𝑥
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 < 0
𝑥2
𝑎, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 0
58. If f(x) = √𝑥
is continuous at x = 0, then the value of a will be
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 > 0
{√(16+ √𝑥)−4
a. 8 c. 4
b. – 8 d. None of these
1−cos 𝑥
,𝑥 ≠ 0
59. If f(x) = { 𝑥 is continuous at x = 0, then k =
𝑘, 𝑥 = 0
a. 0 c. ¼
b. ½ d. -1/2
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
60. Let f be defined on [-5, 5] as f(x) = { . Then f(x) is
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
a.continuous at every x except x = 0 (b)Discontinuous at every x except x = 0

c.continuous everywhere d.Discontinuous everywhere

2𝑥 2 +7
61. The function f(x) = 𝑥3+3𝑥2−𝑥−3 is discontinuous for
a. x = 1 only c. x = 1, x = -1, x = -3 only
b. x = 1and x = -1only d. x = 1, x = -1, x = -3 & other values of x
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(1)
62. If f(x) = - √25 − 𝑥 2 , then lim 𝑥−1
is
𝑥→1

a.1/24 c.- √24

b.1/5 d. 1/√24
𝑑2 𝑦
63. If y = 5 cos x – 3 sin x, then 𝑑𝑥2 is equal to
a.– y c.25 y
b. y d. 9 y
√1+𝑝𝑥−√1−𝑝𝑥
, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
64. Let f(x) = { 𝑥
2𝑥+1
If f(x) is continuous in the interval [-1, 1], then
,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥−2

p equals
a. ½ c. – 1
b. -1 /2 d. 1
𝑑𝑦
65. If y = log (cos ex), then 𝑑𝑥 is
a.cos ex – 1 c. ex sin ex
b. e – x cos ex d. - ex tan ex
66. If f: R → R is defined by
 2 sin 𝑥−sin 2𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
F(x) = { 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 then the value of a so that f is continuous at x = 0 is
𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
a.2 c. – 1
b.1 d.0
67. If A= [ 2 5
], then (adj A)‘ is equal to
−11 7
−2 −5
a. [ ]
11 −7

c.[ 7 11
]
−5 2

b.[ 7 5
] d[ 7 −5
]
11 2 11 2
2 −2 −4
68. If [−1 3 4 ], then R5 equals
1 −2 −3
a.R c.- R
b. 2R d. – 2R
69. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then the value of |A| is
a.3 c.9
b.0 d.27
70. If A = [1 −3] and A2- 4A + 10I = A, then k s eaqual to
2 𝑘
a.- 4 c.4 and not 1
b.0 d. 1 or 4
𝑖 0 −𝑖 −𝑖 𝑖
71. If P = [ 0 −𝑖 𝑖 ] and Q = [ 0 0 ], then PQ =
−1 1 0 𝑖 −𝑖
−2 2
a. [ 1 −1 ] c.
−1 − 1
2 −2
[−1 1 ]
𝑖 −𝑖
2 −2
b. [ ] d.
−1 1
1 0 0
[0 1 0]
0 0 1
72. If A = [0 2
] and kA = [
0 3𝑎
], then a, b, k are respectively
3 −4 2𝑏 24
a.- 4, - 9, - 6 c. – 6, 7, 9
b.- 6, - 12, - 18 d.- 4, - 18, 6
 𝛼 7 −1
73. If the inverse of the matrix [2 2 1 ] does not exist, then the value of 𝛼 is
3 2 4
a.29/6 c.1/7
b.31/6 d.33/6
0 2 −3
74. If A = [−2 0 −1], then A is a
3 1 0
a.symmetric matrix c.diagonal matrix
b. skew-symmetric matrix d.None of these
75. If A = [1 2], then An is
0 1
𝑛
a.[1 2 − 2] c.[1 2𝑛]
0 1 0 1
2 2
b.[1 𝑛 ] d.[1 𝑛 ]
0 1 1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝛼
76. The determinant | 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏𝛼 | = 0, if a, b, c are in
𝑎𝛼 + 𝑏 𝑏𝛼 + 𝑐 0
a.A.P. c.H.P.
b.G.P. d. None of these

77. If a square matrix A = [aij], aij = i2 – j2 is of even order, then A is

a.symmetric matrix b.skew-symmetric matrix
c.Identity matrix d.None of these
78. If k is a scalar and A is an n x n square matrix, then |kA| =
a.k |A|n c. K|A|
b. kn|An| d. kn|A|
79. If A= [1 3], then determinant of A2 – 2A is
2 1
a.5 c. – 5
b. 25 d. – 25
1 1 1
80. |1 1 + 𝑥 1 |=
1 1 1+𝑦
a. 1 c. x
b. 0 d. xy
81. If A = [𝛼 2 ] and |A3| = 125, then 𝛼 =
2 𝛼
 a. ±3 c. ± 5
b. ± 2 d. 0
82. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = - 1, |B| = 3 then |3AB|
equals
a.- 9 c. – 27
b.- 81 d.81
1 𝑘 3
83. If ∆= |3 𝑘 −2| = 0 then k =
2 3 −1
a.- 1 c. 1
b. 0 d. None of these
0 𝑝−𝑞 𝑝−𝑟
84. |𝑞 − 𝑝 0 𝑞 − 𝑟| is equal to
𝑟−𝑝 𝑟−𝑞 0
a.0 c. Pqr
b. (p – q)(q – r)(r – p) d. 3pqr
85. Which of the following values of x and y make the following pair of matrices
equal?
3𝑥 + 7 5 0 𝑦−2
[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+1 2 − 3𝑥 8 4
a. x = -1/3, y = 7 c. Y = 7, x = -2/3
b. x = -1/3, y = -2/3 d. Not possible to find
1
86. If aij = 2 (3𝑖 − 2𝑗) and A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×2then A is equal to
1
2 2 2
2
a. [−1 ] c. [ 1 −1]
1 2 2
2
1 −1
b. [ 2 2 ] d. None of these
2 1
1 0 0
87. If A = [0 1 0 ] and I is the unit matrix of order 3, then A2 + 2A4 + 4 A6 is equal
𝑎 𝑏 −1
to
a. A7 c. 8A7
b. 8A8 d. 7A8
88. The square matrix [aij] in which aij = 0 for i ≠ j and aij = k(constant) for i = j is
called a
 a. unit matrix c. Diagonal matrix
b. null matrix d. Scalar matrix
3
7 1 2 4
89. [ ] [4] + 2 [ ] is equal to
9 2 1 2
5

a. [43] c. [45]
44 44

b. [43] 44
d. [ ]
45 45
1 0 𝑥 0
90. If A = [ ], B = [ ] and A = B2, then x equals
2 1 1 1
a.±1 b.- 1
c.1 d.2

91. If A = [ 1 2
] and B = [
−1 0
], then
−3 0 2 3
a. A2 = A c. AB ≠ BA
B. B2 = B d. AB = BA
𝑥 𝑦
92. If e[𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 ] = [1 1], then the values of x and y are respectively
𝑒 𝑒 1 1
a.-1, -1 c.0, 1
b.1, 1 d. 1, 0
93. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then the value of |A| is
a.3 b.0
c.9 d.27
2 4 1
94. If A = [5 −6 2], the trace of A is
2 1 5
a. 8 c. – 5
b. 1 d. 3
95. If 2A + 3B = [2 −1 4] and A + 2B = [5 0 2], then B =
3 2 5 1 6 2

a. [ 8 −1 2
] c. [ 8 1 −2
]
−1 10 −1 −1 10 −1

b.[ 8 1 2
] d.[8 1 2
]
−1 10 −1 1 10 1
96. The number of all the possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 2 or 0 is
a. 9 c. 81
b. 27 d. 512
97. If A(adj A) = 5I, where I is identity matrix of order 3, then |adj A| =
 a. 125 c. 10
b. 25 d. 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1
98. |𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1|=
−10 12 2
a.0 c.12𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 – 2
b.12𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 10𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 d.10 sin 2x
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) −sin(𝛼 + 𝑏) cos 2𝛽
99. The value of  = | sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 | is independent of
− cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽
a.𝛼 b.𝛽
c.𝛼, 𝛽 d.None of these

100. If A = [𝑘 8
] is a singular matrix, then the valuye of k is
4 2𝑘
a. 4 c. ± 4
b.- 4 d. 0
101. If sin-1x = y, then
a. 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 c. 0 < y < 𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
b. 2
≤𝑦≤ 2
d. 2 < 𝑦 < 2
102. The principal branch of sec-1x is
−𝜋 𝜋
a. [ 2 , 2 ] − {0} c. (0, 𝜋)
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
b. [0, 𝜋] − {2 } d. ( 2 , 2 )
103. The domain of the function cos-1 (2x – 1) is
a.[0, 1] c. (- 1, 1)
b. [- 1, 1] d. [0, 𝜋]
104. Domain of cos-1 [x] (where [.] denotes G.I.F.) is
a.[-1, 2] b.[-1, 2)
c.(-1, 2] d.None of these

105. The principal branch of cos-1x is

–𝜋 𝜋
a.[ 2 , 2 ] c. [0, 𝜋]
𝜋
b. (0, 𝜋) d. (0, 𝜋) − {2 }
106. The principal branch of cosec-1x is
 −𝜋 𝜋 –𝜋 𝜋
a. ( 2 , 2 ) c. [ 2 , 2 ]
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
b. [0, 𝜋] − {2 } d.[ 2 , 2 ] − {0}
7𝜋
107. Cos-1(cos 6 ) is equal to
7𝜋 𝜋
a. 6
c. 3
5𝜋 𝜋
b. 6
d.6

108. The principal value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √3

2
)} is
𝜋 𝜋
a. 6 c. 3
𝜋
b. − 3 d. None of these
1 1 1
109. Cos-1(2) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) + 4𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) is equal to
a. c. 4
b. d. 3
110. Sin (tan-1x), |x| < 1 is equal to
𝑥 1
a.√1− c. √1+𝑥 2
𝑥2
𝑥 1
b. √1+ d. √1−𝑥 2
𝑥2
5 2
111. The value of cot (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3) is equal to
a. 6/17 c. 4/17
b. 3/17 d.5/17
3 2
112. The value of tan [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3)] is
a. 6/17 c. 5/7
b. 7/16 d. None of these
113. If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (√cos 𝛼) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√cos 𝛼) = x then the value of sin x is
𝛼
a. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( 2 ) c. Tan 𝛼
𝛼 𝛼
b. 𝑐𝑖𝑡 2 ( 2 ) d. Tan ( 2 )
1 9𝜋 9𝜋
114. The principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 {√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 10 − sin 10 )}
3𝜋 9𝜋
a. 10 c. 20
17𝜋
b. 20
d. None of these